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Office of Human Services Emergency Preparedness and Response
National Commission on Children and Disasters: 2010 Report to the President and Congress

References

1. Public Law (P.L.) 110-161 (2008).

2. P.L. 110-329 (2009).

3. National Commission on Children and Disasters, Interim Report, (Washington, DC: NCCD, October 14, 2009), http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20091014_508IR_partII.pdf .

4 P.L. 110-161 (2008).

5. U.S. Census Bureau, "USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau," http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html.

6. U.S. Census Bureau, "Interim State Population Projections, 2005," http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/PressTab5.xls.

7. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Progress Report on Children and Disasters: U.S. Agencies Take Modest Steps to Achieve Commission Goals," (Washington, DC: NCCD, May 11, 2010), 2, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100511_NCCD_Progress_Report_FINAL.pdf .

8. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, "At Risk Individuals, Behavioral Health, and Human Services Coordination," http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Pages/default.aspx.

9. Public Law (P.L.) 109-417 (2006).

10. Trevor Riggen, American Red Cross, Testimony of Trevor Riggen before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Washington, DC, October 20, 2009, 2, http://transportation.house.gov/Media/file/Economic%20Development/20091020/Riggen%20Testimony.pdf .

11. National Commission on Children and Disasters, Interim Report, (Washington, DC: NCCD, October 14, 2009), 3, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20091014_508IR_partII.pdf .

12. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Meeting Minutes of the November 10, 2009 Public Meeting," (Washington, DC: NCCD, November 10, 2009), 2, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/minutes/20091110_MinutesV02.pdf .

13. Craig Fugate, Testimony of Craig Fugate before the U.S. Senate, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery, Washington, DC, December 10, 2009, 3, http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing_ID=bba3b475-bd7e-4138-9cdf-3ed88c17f73e.

14. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Meeting Minutes of the November 10, 2009 Public Meeting," 2.

15. Department of Homeland Security, Fiscal Year 2010 Homeland Security Grant Program Supplemental Resource: Children in Disasters Guidance, (Washington, DC: DHS, June 2009), 1, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/government/grant/2010/fy10_hsgp_children.pdf .

16. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Gulf Coast Hurricanes: Lessons Learned for Protecting and Educating Children, GAO-06-680R, (Washington, DC: GAO, 2006), 2, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06680r.pdf .

17. National Commission on Children and Disasters, Interim Report, 3.

18. Federal Emergency Management Agency, "FEMA National Advisory Council Meeting," (Washington, DC: DHS, February 10, 2010), 5, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/nac/feb10_11_exec.pdf .

19. Craig Fugate, Statement of Craig Fugate before the U.S. House of Representatives, House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee of Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, "Post Katrina—What It Takes to Cut Bureaucracy and Assure a More Rapid Response After a Catastrophic Disaster," Washington, DC, July 27, 2009, 6, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/testimony/072709_fugate.pdf .

20. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, "TE&LL Calendar of Events," Training, Exercises and Lessons Learned Newsletter, August 2010, 1-6.

21. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Summary Report: Field Visit, Miami, Florida," (Washington, DC; NCCD, 2010), 2, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/Summary_FLFieldVisit_FINAL.pdf.

22. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Disaster Assistance: Greater Coordination and an Evaluation of Programs' Outcomes Could Improve Disaster Case Management, GAO-09-561, (Washington, DC: GAO, 2009), http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09561.pdf.

23. P.L. 109-295; 120 Stat. 1394 (2006).

24. This document and any subsequent guidance and tools are part of the developing National Disaster Recovery Strategy. Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Disaster Recovery Framework: Draft, ed. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Washington, DC: DHS, February 5, 2010), 4, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/recoveryframework/omb_ndrf.pdf .

25. Federal Emergency Management Agency, "FEMA Releases Draft National Disaster Recovery Framework, Press Release No. HQ 10-012," http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=50366.

26. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Comments: National Disaster Recovery Framework," (Washington, DC: NCCD, February 26, 2010), 1-5, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100224_NCCD_NDRFCommentsV04FINAL.pdf .

27. Similar to Emergency Support Functions in the NRF, RSFs would outline categories of governmental and nongovernmental recovery resources and provide strategic objectives for their use.

28. Rebuild Iowa Office, "Welcome to the Rebuild Iowa Office Web site," http://www.rio.iowa.gov.exit disclaimer

29. P.L. 93-579; 5 U.S.C. § 552a (1974).

30. Children's Health Fund, Reforming Disaster Case Management: National Lessons from Louisiana, (New York, NY: CHF, December 2009), 15, http://www.childrenshealthfund.org/sites/default/files/Disaster%20Case%20Management%20Roundtable%20Repor t%20and%20Recommendations_Finaldraft.pdf .exit disclaimer

31. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Minutes: Field Visit, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," (Washington, DC: NCCD, 2010), 3-4, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100106_IowaFieldVisit_MinutesV03FINAL.pdf .

32. Ibid., 20-21.

33. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Progress Report on Children and Disasters: U.S. Agencies Take Modest Steps to Achieve Commission Goals," 3-4.

34. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Meeting Minutes of the Human Services Recovery Subcommittee," (Washington, DC: NCCD, March 23, 2010), 2, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/NCCD%20Subcommittees/20100322_HSRSubcommitteeReport.pdf .

35. Individuals are given 60 days to register for assistance from FEMA following a disaster. Ibid., 2.

36. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g (1974).

37. U.S. Department of Education, "Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Disclosure of Student Information Related to Emergencies and Disasters," (Washington, DC: ED, June 2010), http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/pdf/ferpa-disaster-guidance.pdf .

38. Public elementary and secondary schools were expected to have record attendance in fall 2009, with 49.8 million students enrolling. Private elementary and secondary school attendance should reach 5.8 million students. National Center for Education Statistics, "Fast Facts," http://www.nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372.

39. The number of children under the age of 6 in some type of child care situation each week exceeds 12 million. National Association of Child Care Resource & Referral Agencies, Child Care in America: 2009 Fact Sheets, (Arlington, VA: NACCRRA, April 2009), 3, http://www.naccrra.org/docs/policy/state-fact-sheet-2009.pdf.

40. In 2007, more than 1.6 million delinquency cases were processed nationwide resulting in 149,000 youth being placed out of their home. Charles Puzzanchera, Benjamin Adams, and Melissa Sickmund, Juvenile Court Statistics 2006-2007, ed. National Center for Juvenile Justice (Pittsburgh, PA: NCJJ, 2010), 9, 50, http://www.ncjjservehttp.org/ncjjwebsite/pdf/jcsreports/jcs2007.pdf .exit disclaimer

41. One of DHS' core missions is to "enhance the ability of State, territory, local, and tribal governments to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks and other disasters." U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security Grant Programs Overview, (Washington, DC: DHS, December 8, 2009), 2, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/grant-program-overview-fy2010.pdf .

42. David Schonfeld, "Are We Ready and Willing to Address the Mental Health Needs of Children?: Implications From September 11th," Pediatrics 113, no. 5(2004):1400, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/113/5/1400.

43. Annette M. LaGreca, Wendy K. Silverman, Eric M. Vernberg, and Michael C. Roberts (eds.), Helping Children Cope with Disasters and Terrorism, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press, 2002), 327-357.

44. John Pane, Daniel F. McCaffrey, Nidhi Kalra, and Annie J. Zhou, "Effects of Student Displacement in Louisiana During the First Academic Year After the Hurricanes of 2005," Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 13, no. 2(2008):168-211, http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/2008/RAND_RP1379.pdf.

45. Ann S. Masten and Joy D. Osofsky (Eds.), "Disasters and Their Impact on Child Development [Special Section]," Child Development 81, no. 4(2010):1029-1286.

46. Annette M. LaGreca, Wendy K. Silverman, Eric M. Vernberg, and Michael C. Roberts (eds.), Helping Children Cope with Disasters and Terrorism, 11-33.

47. David Abramson, Irwin Redlener, Tasha Stehling-Ariza, Jonathan Sury, Akilah Banister, and Yoon Soo Park, Impact on Children and Families of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Preliminary Findings of the Coastal Population Impact Study, Research Brief 2010-8, ed. National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health (New York. NY, August 3, 2010), 4, 7, http://www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/files/NCDP_Oil_Impact_Report.pdf .

48. National Commission on Children and Disasters, Interim Report, (Washington, DC: NCCD, October 14, 2009), 9, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20091014_508IR_partII.pdf .

49. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Progress Report on Children and Disasters: U.S. Agencies Take Modest Steps to Achieve Commission Goals," (Washington, DC: NCCD, May 11, 2010), 5, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100511_NCCD_Progress_Report_FINAL.pdf .

50. Disaster Mental Health Subcommittee, Disaster Mental Health Recommendations: Report of the Disaster Mental Health Subcommittee of the National Biodefense Science Board, ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Washington, DC: HHS, 2008), 8-10.

51. Ibid., 9.

52. George Foltin, David Schonfeld, and Michael Shannon, Pediatric Terrorism and Disaster Preparedness: A Resource for Pediatricians, AHRQ Publication Number 06(07)-0056, ed. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Rockville, MD: AHRQ, 2006), 279, http://www.ahrq.gov/research/pedprep/resource.htm.

53. Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Disaster Recovery Framework Draft, (Washington, DC: FEMA, February 5, 2010), 13, http://www.fema.gov/pdf/recoveryframework/omb_ndrf.pdf.

54. National Commission on Children and Disasters, Interim Report, 11.

55. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Minutes: Field Visit, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," (Washington, DC: NCCD, 2010), 5, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100106_IowaFieldVisit_MinutesV03FINAL.pdf .

56. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Progress Report on Children and Disasters: U.S. Agencies Take Modest Steps to Achieve Commission Goals," 5.

57. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program Guide, ed. Federal Emergency Management Agency and Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (Washington, DC: FEMA, 2009), 9, http://download.ncadi.samhsa.gov/ken/pdf/cmhs/CCP_Program_Guidance_ver1.1.pdf .

58. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Catastrophic Disasters: Federal Efforts Help States Prepare for and Respond to Psychological Consequences, but FEMA's Crisis Counseling Program Needs Improvements, GAO-08- 22, (Washington, DC: GAO, 2008), 10, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0822.pdf .

59. Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration, "Emergency Mental Health and Traumatic Stress: An Overview of the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program," http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cmhs/emergencyservices/ccp_pg01.asp.

60. Ibid.

61. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Catastrophic Disasters: Federal Efforts Help States Prepare for and Respond to Psychological Consequences, but FEMA's Crisis Counseling Program Needs Improvements, 20.

62. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Summary Report: Field Visit, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," (Washington, DC: NCCD, 2010), 2-3, http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100106_IowaFieldVisit_Summary.pdf .

63. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Catastrophic Disasters: Federal Efforts Help States Prepare for and Respond to Psychological Consequences, but FEMA's Crisis Counseling Program Needs Improvements, 10.

64. If a State documents the need for additional services, FEMA may extend an RSP grant for an additional 90 days or, in the case of a catastrophic disaster, an even longer period. Ibid., 11.

65. Ibid., 10-11.

66. Ibid., 10-11.

67. Ibid., 20.

68. Ibid., 20.

69. Ibid., 20.

70. Ibid., 22.

71. As a result of the cascading nature of the events in Iowa, the Iowa Department of Human Services had to complete 16 grant applications to implement their CCP program, Project Recovery Iowa. In discussions with the Commission, Iowa officials reported difficulty using the needs assessment tool to estimate resource requirements and budgetary needs for ISP services within the 14 days allotted. Iowa officials indicated that this difficulty contributed to underestimating the needs of their citizens. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Summary Report: Field Visit, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," 2-3.

72. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Catastrophic Disasters: Federal Efforts Help States Prepare for and Respond to Psychological Consequences, but FEMA's Crisis Counseling Program Needs Improvements, 21.

73. National Commission on Children and Disasters, "Minutes: Field Visit, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," 7-8.

74. Ibid., 7-8.

75. Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), "Emergency Mental Health and Traumatic Stress: An Overview of the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program."

76. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Catastrophic Disasters: Federal Efforts Help States Prepare for and Respond to Psychological Consequences, but FEMA's Crisis Counseling Program Needs Improvements, 11.

77. Ramya Sundararaman, Sarah A. Lister, and Erin D. Williams, Gulf Coast Hurricanes: Addressing Survivors' Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Needs, RL33738, ed. Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: The Library of Congress, 2006), 2-3.

78. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Hurricane Katrina: Barriers to Mental Health Services for Children Persist in Greater New Orleans, Although Federal Grants Are Helping to Address Them, GAO-09-563, (Washington, DC: GAO, 2009), 7, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09563.pdf .

79. Ramya Sundararaman and C. Stephen Redhead, Mental Health Parity: Federal and State Action and Economic Impact, RL31657, ed. Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: The Library of Congress, 2008), 1.

80. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Catastrophic Disasters: Federal Efforts Help States Prepare for and Respond to Psychological Consequences, but FEMA's Crisis Counseling Program Needs Improvements, 28.

81. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. SAMHSA's "six operating principles are (1) disaster-trained clinical professionals are a key component of specialized crisis counseling teams; (2) an active outreach must be maintained; (3) appropriate assessment and referral techniques will be utilized; (4) specialized techniques must be appropriate to the short-term, temporary nature of CCP and phases of disaster recovery; (5) specialized techniques must focus on immediate practical needs and priorities of survivors; and (6) training, supervision, and oversight are critical to successful implementation and operation." Ibid., 29.

84. Ibid.

85. Ibid.

86. Ibid.

87. Ibid., 33.

88. Ibid., 34.

89. Ramya Sundararaman, Sarah A. Lister, and Erin D. Williams, Gulf Coast Hurricanes: Addressing Survivors' Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Needs, 13.

90. Jane Koppelman, The Provider System for Children's Mental Health: Workforce Capacity and Effective Treatment, ed. National Health Policy Forum (Washington, DC: NHPF, 2004), 3-5, http://www.nhpf.org/library/issue-briefs/IB801_ChildMHProvider_10-26-04.pdf .exit disclaimer

91. American Academy of Pediatrics, Improving Mental Health Services in Primary Care: Reducing Administrative and Financial Barriers to Access and Collaboration, (Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP, 2009), 2-5, http://practice.aap.org/content.aspx?aid=2775.exit disclaimer

92. David Schonfeld, "Are We Ready and Willing to Address the Mental Health Needs of Children?: Implications From September 11th," 1400.

93. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Hurricane Katrina: Barriers to Mental Health Services for Children Persist in Greater New Orleans, Although Federal Grants Are Helping to Address Them, 12.

94. Under SERG, SAMHSA has authority to award noncompetitive grants from its discretionary funding to fund emergency mental health and substance abuse treatment services not permitted under CCP, whether or not there has been a major disaster declaration. Although Congress provided funding for the response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita through several supplemental appropriations, SAMHSA did not receive any supplemental funding. Accordingly, SERG grants totaling only $600,000 were split among Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Ramya Sundararaman, Sarah A. Lister, and Erin D. Williams, Gulf Coast Hurricanes: Addressing Survivors' Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Needs, 6.

95. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases, "Chemical-Biological Terrorism and Its Impact on Children," Pediatrics 118, no. 3(2006): 1271, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/3/1267.

96. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Final Report) 2008, (Washington, DC: EPA, 2008), xxi, http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=199243.

97. MCM refer to drugs, biological products, or devices that treat, identify, or prevent harm due to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive agents.

98. The SNS "has large quantities of medicine and medical supplies to protect the American public if there is a public health emergency severe enough to cause local supplies to run out. Once Federal and local authorities agree that the SNS is needed, medicines will be delivered to any State in the U.S. within 12. hours. Each State has plans to receive and distribute SNS medicine and medical supplies to local health departments as quickly as possible." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)," http://www.bt.cdc.gov/stockpile.

99. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Center for Research for Mothers and Children, Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology Branch, "Meeting Minutes, BPCA Biodefense Meeting," (Rockville, MD: NIH, September 8-9, 2008), http://bpca.nichd.nih.gov/collaborativeefforts/upload/Biodefense-09-08.pdf .

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