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77 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Acer platanoides (tree)

Acer platanoides is a decidous maple, native to Europe. It is commonly planted as an ornamental along streets and in parks. It has escaped and invaded natural forested habitats all over North America. The dense canopy of A. platanoides's shades out native species and the shallow root system prevents native species from establishing. Its foliage releases toxins that alter the soils fungal and microbial composition. The full impact of this species has not been seen yet as the majority of Acer platanoides are still in the sapling stage awaiting openings in the canopy.

Common Names: érable plane, Norway maple, Spitzahorn

Synonyms: Acer platanoides f. stollii Schwer., Acer platanoides subsp platanoides , Acer platanoides subsp turkestanicum , Acer platanoides var schwedleri K. Koch, Acer platanoides var schwedleri Nichols., Acer turkestanicum

2. Adelges tsugae (insect)

Adelges tsugae is a small, aphid-like insect that has become a serious pest of eastern hemlock and Carolina hemlock. The most obvious sign of infestation is the presence of white, woolly egg masses on the underside of hemlock needles. Infested eastern North American hemlocks defoliate prematurely and will eventually die if left untreated. A. tsugae is a difficult insect to control as the white waxy secretion protects it from pesticides. It is dispersed to new habitats through the nursery trade and locally by wind, birds, mammals and humans. Hemlock trees provide important habitats for many wildlife species and A. tsugae has severe adverse ecological impacts which will become more severe as its distribution expands.

Common Names: hemlock woolly adelgid

3. Agrostis capillaris (grass)

Agrostis capillaris is a perennial grass that inhabits various environments ranging from urban to coastal wetland, including grassland as well as near arctic regions of the world. In areas of invasion A. capillaris reduces native biodiversity through disease transmission and competition. The many valuable uses of Agrostis capillaris have resulted in its widespread introduction into many non-native ranges around the world.

Common Names: agrostide commune, agróstide común, agrostide fine, agrostide ténue, agróstide tenue, browntop, capellini delle praterie, chépica alemana, colonial bent, colonial bent grass, common bent grass, gemeines Straußgras, Gewoon struisgras, heno ahumado, hierba fina, kus otu, New Zealand bent grass, Prince Edward Island bent grass, Rhode Island bent, Rhode Island bent grass, rödven, Rotes Straußgras, Rotstraußgras, waipu

Synonyms: Agrostis alba var. vulgaris, Agrostis sylvatica Huds., Agrostis tenius, Agrostis tenius Sibthorp, Agrostis tenuis var. aristata, Agrostis tenuis var. hispida, Agrostis tenuis var. pumila, Agrostis vulgaris

4. Bromus inermis (grass)

Bromus inermis is an invasive, perennial C3 grass that has made an extensive impact on the grasslands of North America. B. inermis has become established by invading disturbed prairies and through repeated introductions for soil retention and livestock graze. It is known to have negative impacts on growth of native plants by slowing their growth and increasing extinction. B. inermis is also known to significantly impact the population dynamics and movement behaviour of several native arthropod species in North American prairies.

Common Names: arva rozsnok, Austrian brome, awnless brome, bladfaks, brome de hongrie, brome sans arete, bromo inerme, bromo suave, bromo-liso, capim-cevadinha, cebadilla perenne, foderlosta, forasacco spuntato, grannelose trespe, Hungarian brome, idänkattara, ko suzume no chahiki, koster bezostyj, kweekdravik, magyar roz rok, rehukattara, Russian brome, smooth brome, smooth bromegrass, staklos hejre, stoklosa bezostna, sverep bezbbranný, vihneetön kattara, wehrlose trespe, wu mang que mai

Synonyms: Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub

5. Bromus rubens (grass)

Bromus rubens is a tufted, cool-season annual bunchgrass commonly found growing on shallow dry soil or poor textured, clayey soil. It becomes extremely competitive with other grasses and displaces native species. Red brome can produce large amount of biomass that increase the amount and continuity of fine fuels. The lack of a soil seed bank provides one avenue of control for this species.

Common Names: foxtail brome, foxtail chess, red brome

Synonyms: Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski, Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot

6. Bromus tectorum (grass)

The invasive grass Bromus tectorum is troublesome to farmers and many ecosystems. It usually thrives in disturbed areas preventing natives from returning to the area. Disturbance such as overgrazing, cultivation, and frequent fires encourage invasion. Once established the natives cannot compete and the whole ecosystem is altered.

Common Names: broncograss, cheat grass, cheatgrass brome, downy brome, downy chess, drooping brome, early chess, military grass, Mormon oats, slender chess, thatch bromegrass

Synonyms: Anisantha tectorum (L.), Bromus tectorum L. var. glabratus, Bromus tectorum L. var. hirsutus, Bromus tectorum L. var. nudus

7. Bubulcus ibis (bird)

Bubulcus ibis are small stocky herons that associate with grazing species of mammals both domestic and wild. They have strong migratory instincts and disperse thousands of miles in the direction of their choosing. They are, for the most part, self-introduced. They have been observed 'feeding on' native species of birds. They are known to host ticks that could introduce and spread certain tick-borne diseases.

Common Names: Afrikaanse koereiger, buff-backed heron, cattle egret, depulgabuey, elephant bird, garcilla bueyera, garcilla garrapatera, garcita de ganado, garrapatera, garrapatosa, garza de ganado, garza de vaquèra, garza ganadera, héron garde-boeufs, hippopotomus egret, Indian cattle egret, rhinoceros egret

Synonyms: Ardea ibis, Ardeola ibis, Bulbucus ibis

8. Butomus umbellatus (aquatic plant)

Butomus umbellatus commonly known as flowering rush, is a moderately tall, rush like perennial found on shores of lakes, ponds and riverbanks. It can tolerate water as deep or deeper than 2 metres, extending to the deepest range of emergent marsh species. Flowering rush can displace native riparian vegetation, and can be an obstacle to boat traffic. Once established, populations' increase and can persist indefinitely. Control of this species is very difficult, especially with herbicides because they easily wash away from the narrow leaves of this plant. Extensive physical methods of control must be employed to manage this invasive exotic. It can be spread over long distances by garden planting, and once established in a watershed it spreads locally by rhizomes and root pieces that break off. Muskrats use parts of the plant and contribute to its local spread. Boaters can also transport flowering rush on their equipment.

Common Names: butome à ombelle, flowering rush, flûteau, grassy rush, jonc fleuri, water gladiolus

9. Camelina sativa (herb)

Camelina sativa can prosper in many different climates and soils. Its ability to survive in a diverse range of habitats enables it to be introduced fairly easily into new environments. It is considered a common weed in many areas, but other areas embrace it for the use of its oils as a food, fuel or for its possible medicinal value. This is a hermaphroditic species, which contains seeds after pollination that are known for the oils that they produce.

Common Names: big-seed false flax, camelina, camelina pilosa, caméline ciliée, Cameline cultivee, false flax, German sesame, gold-of-pleasure, Huttentut, large-seeded false flax, Leindotter, Lin bâtard, Oljedodre, Ruistankio, Saatdotter, Sæd-Dodder, Siberian oilseed

Synonyms: Camelina parodii Ibarra & La Porte, Myagrum sativum L. (basionym)

10. Carduus nutans (herb)

Carduus nutans readily invades disturbed areas and outcompetes native plants. The best form of prevention is maintaining a healthy native ecosystem in recently disturbed sites. It is also invades grazed pastures in USA, New Zealand and Australia, where it reduces the amount of pasture available for livestock. Keeping pastures competitive is the best way to prevent establishment of seedlings.

Common Names: chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle

Synonyms: Carduus nutans L. var. leiophyllus, Carduus nutans L. var. macrocephalus, Carduus nutans L. var. vestitus, Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus, Carduus nutans ssp. macrocephalus, Carduus nutans ssp. macrolepis, Carduus thoermeri

11. Centaurea biebersteinii (herb)

Centaurea biebersteinii is a biennial or short-lived perennial composite and a very aggressive invader. It has been reported to grow on a wide variety of habitats, especially industrial land, including gravel pits, stockpiles, power lines, grain elevators, railroad, equipment yards, pasture, range, and timbered range. It is often associated with irrigation, preferring areas of high available moisture. It appears best adapted to well-drained, light- to coarse-textured soils that receive summer rainfall. Seeds may germinate over a wide range of soil depths, soil moisture content and temperatures. Dispersal is generally passive as seeds are shaken from drying capitula. Movement over greater distances requires transport by rodents, livestock, vehicles, or hay or commercial seed.

Common Names: gefleckte Flockenblume, gewöhnliche Rispen-Flockenblume, spotted knapweed

Synonyms: Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub, Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam.

12. Centaurea diffusa (herb)

Centaurea diffusa is a 0.2-1.0m tall, biennial or short-lived perennial species, with a long tap root. The plant is well adapted for survival in disturbed, semiarid environments as typified by degraded rangeland and pasture, fallow land, neglected residential and industrial properties, gravel pits, clearcuts, river and ditch banks, and transportation rights-of-way. It appears to grow best on well-drained, light textured soils. It is not tolerant of flooding or shade. Seeds can be dispersed by manure transportation and when seed-laden plants become attached to the undercarriages of vehicles and equipment. Seeds can also be dispersed by wind, water, humans, and by wildlife foraging activity. Movement of contaminated forage and feed grains by livestock producers has also contributed to the weed’s widespread distribution.

Common Names: chaber drobnoglówkowy, diffuse knapweed, sparrige Flockenblume, white knapweed

Synonyms: Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Sojak

13. Centaurea solstitialis (herb)

Centaurea solstitialis is a winter annual that can form dense impenetrable stands that displace desirable vegetation in natural areas, rangelands, and other places. It is best adapted to open grasslands with deep, well-drained soils and an annual precipitation range of 25 to 150cm per year. It is intolerant of shade. Although populations can occur at elevations as high as 2,400 m, most large infestations are found below 1,500 m. Human activities are the primary mechanisms for the long distance movement of C. solstitialis seed. The short, stiff, pappus bristles are covered with barbs that readily adhere to clothing, hair, and fur. The movement of contaminated hay and uncertified seed are also important long distance transportation mechanisms. Wind disperses seeds over short distances.

Common Names: geeldissel, golden star thistle, sonnwend-Flockenblume, St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow centaury, yellow cockspur, yellow star thistle

Synonyms: Leucantha solstitialis (L.) A.& D. Löve

14. Cirsium arvense (herb)    

Cirsium arvense is an herbaceous perennial in the Aster family. It occurs in nearly every upland herbaceous community within its range, and is a particular threat in grassland communities and riparian habitats. C. arvense is shade intolerant and can tolerate soils with up to 2% salt content. It grows on all but waterlogged, poorly aerated soils, including clay, clay loam, silt loam, sandy loam, sandy clay, sand dunes, gravel, limestone, and chalk, but not peat. It spreads primarily by vegetative means, and secondarily by seed. The seeds spread as a contaminant in agricultural seeds in hay and in cattle and horse droppings and on farm machinery. It produces an abundance of bristly-plumed seeds that are easily dispersed by the wind and they may also be transported by water.

Common Names: Californian thistle, Canada thistle, Canadian thistle, creeping thistle, field thistle, perennial thistle

Synonyms: Carduus arvensis (L.) Robson, Cirsium arvense var. argenteum (Vest) Fiori, Cirsium arvense var. horridum Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium arvense var. mite Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium arvense var. vestitum Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium incanum (Gmel.) Fisch., Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. ex Bieb., Serratula arvensis L.

15. Columba livia (bird)    

Columba livia is native to Europe and has been introduced worldwide as a food source, or for game. These pigeons prefer to live near human habitation, such as farmland and buildings. They cause considerable damage to buildings and monuments because of their corrosive droppings. They also pose a health hazard, since they are capable of transmitting a variety of diseases to humans and to domestic poultry and wildlife.

Common Names:  pombo-doméstico, agreste, b? câu, bákteduvvá, balandis, bareski-golumbaika, baresko-golumbo, bjargdúfa, bládúgva, bládúva, bydue, calman-creige, calmane creggey, carrier pigeon, colm aille, colom roquer, colom roquer, colom wyls, colomba salvaria, colomen ddôf, colomen y graig, colomp salvadi, columba da chasa, columba selvadia, columbu agreste, columbu aresti, columbu de is arrocas, colu'r aille, common pigeon, didu, div gulab, divlji golub, dobato, domaci golob, domestic dove, domestic pigeon, dubet, dziwi holb, Felsentaube, feral pigeon, feral rock pigeon, golab miejski¦Golab skalny, golab skalny, golub pecinar, golub pecinar, gradski Golub, güvercin, haitz-uso, Haustaube, Strassentaube, holub domácí, holub skalní, homing pigeon, húsdúfa, kaljutuvi, kalliokyyhky, kawarabato, kawara-bato, kesykyyhky, kieminis, klinšu balodis, klippduva, klippedue, kolombo, kolomm an garrek, naminis karvelis, paloma, paloma bravia, paloma casera, paloma común, paloma de castilla, paloma doméstica, pecinar, pëllumbi i egër i shkëmbit, piccione, piccione domestico, piccione selvatico, piccione selvatico semidomestico, piccione terraiolo, piccione torraiolo, pichon, pigeon, pigeon biset, pigeon biset domestique, pigeon de ville, pigeon domestique, pomba brava, pombo da rocha, pombo o pombo-doméstico, pombo-das-rochas, porumbel de stânca, pustynnik, rock dove, rock dove pigeon, rock pigeon, rotsduif, ruve, sizij golub, sizy Golub, sizyj golub', skalen g'l'b, šyzy holub, szirti galamb, tamduva, tidori, tidu, Tkhakapuyt Aghavni, tudun tal-gebel, tzidu, Verwilderte Haustaube, Xixella, yuan ge, ziwy golub

16. Corbicula fluminea (mollusc)

Corbicula fluminea is a freshwater clam that has caused millions of dollars worth of damage to intake pipes used by power, water, and other industries. Many native clams are declining as C. fluminea outcompetes them for food and space. C. fluminea requires well-oxygenated waters and prefers fine, clean sand, clay, and coarse sand substrates. C. fluminea spreads when it is attached to boats or carried in ballast water, used as bait, sold through the aquarium trade, and carried with water currents.

Common Names: Asian clam, Asiatic clam, prosperity clam

Synonyms: Corbicula fluminalis (Muller, 1774), Corbicula leana (Prime), Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1884)

17. Coronilla varia (herb)

Coronilla varia is a perennial herb with creeping stems that may reach 0.6 - 2 metres. It is tolerant of drought, heavy precipitation, and cold temperatures, but it is intolerant of shade. C. varia is adapted to all coarse and medium textured soils, but it does not grow well in fine textured, saline, and alkaline soils. It reproduces prolifically and spreads rapidly via creeping rhizomes. In the United States C. varia has been extensively planted for erosion control along many roads and other disturbed areas. It has also been widely planted for ground cover on steep banks, mine reclamation, and as a cover crop on cropland.

Common Names: arvejilla morada, axseed, bunte Kronwicke, coronilla morada, coronille bigarrée, coronille variée, crown-vetch, ruda inglesa, trailing crown-vetch

Synonyms: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen subsp. orientalis Jahn

18. Cronartium ribicola (fungus)

White pine blister rust, a widely known tree disease in North America, is caused by the introduced fungus Cronartium ribicola. C. ribicola is a heteroecious (requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle) and macrocyclic rust fungus . The two host groups of this fungus are five-needle Pinus spp. and plants of the currant / gooseberry genus (Ribes spp.). Spores on infected pines are carried by wind to infect Ribes spp. during spring and spores on infected Ribes spp. are also disseminated by wind to infect five needle pines during autumn. Large-scale weather events that bring moist conditions to a region increase opportunities for infection and spore travel distance. Infection is also influenced by topographic features combined with microclimate, such as in saddles or on mountaintops frequented by late summer fog.

Common Names: white pine blister rust

19. Ctenopharyngodon idella (fish)

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is a large cyprinid introduced worldwide as a biological control of aquatic vegetation as well as a food fish. It is a voracious feeder which is incredibly efficient at removing aquatic weeds. However they can completely eliminate vegetation from water systems, resulting in widespread ecological effects. Grass carp are also known to compete with native fish, carry parasites such as Asian tapeworm (Bothriocephalus opsarichthydis), and induce other harmful effects to introduced waters.

Common Names: amur, amur bialy, amur biely, amur i bardhe, amurkarpfen, beli amur, belyi amur, bílý amur, byal amur, Cá Châm Treng, carpa China, carpa do limo, carpa erbivora, carpa herbivora, carpe de roseau, carpe herbivore, Chinese carp, Chinese graskarper, chortofagos kyprinos, crap-de-iarba, gardd carp, græskarpe, graskarp, gräskarp, gräskarp, graskarpe, graskarpen, graskarper, graskarpfen, grass carp, hullu, hullugende, kap makan rumput, kap rumput, Pla Chao Hea, Pla Chao Heu, pla van heu, ruohokarppi, silver orfe, sôgyo, tongsan, trey srokchen, waan ue, white amur

Synonyms: Ctenopharingodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes, 1844), Ctenopharyngodon laticeps (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idellus (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus tschiliensis (Valenciennes, 1844), Pristiodon siemionovii (Valenciennes, 1844), Sarcocheilichthys teretiusculus (Valenciennes, 1844)

20. Cynoglossum officinale (herb)

Cynoglossum officinale otherwise known as hound's tongue in common vernacular is a biennial herbaceous plant that invades disturbed areas and waste places. It occurs widespread throughout North America, in the U.S. and Canada. The leaves of the plant, in particular the rosette leaves, are high in toxic alkaloids that can poison livestock. Hound's tongue also has a thick, deep taproot that makes it successful at competing with native vegetation for soil resources. The seeds of hound's tongue are burred so they easily attach to the fur of animals or on the clothing and shoes of humans allowing them to spread to new uninfested areas.

Common Names: beggar's lice, common bur, common houndstongue, Cynoglosse officinal, dog bur, dog's tongue, ebnyelvufu, Echte Hundezunge, Echte Hundszunge, Gebräuchliche Hundszunge, Gemeine Hundszunge, Gewone hondstong, glovewort, gypsy flower, Harilik rass, hondstong, hound's tongue, houndstongue, Hundetunge, Hundetunge, Hundtunga, Közönséges ebnyelvufu, Læge-Hundetunge, Langue-de-chien, Lengua de perro, Lingua-di-cane vellutina, Orvosi ebnyelvufu, Ostrzen pospolity, rats and mice, Rohtokoirankielet, sheep lice, Užanka lékarská, woolmat

Synonyms: Cynoglossum officinale f. bicolor

21. Cyprinus carpio (fish)    

The introduction of fish as a source of protein for human consumption into tropical and subtropical lake systems is continuing apace. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been cultured for 2500 years and is also a popular angling and ornamental fish; is the third most frequently introduced species in the world. Its method of feeding churns up the sediments on the bottom of the water and uproots macrophytes, making it an keystone ecosystem engineer that altering habitats for native fish and other native aquatic species.

Common Names: Cá Chép, carp, carpa, carpat, carpe, carpe, carpe commune, carpeau, carpo, cerpyn, ciortan, ciortanica, ciortocrap, ciuciulean, common carp, crapcean, cyprinos, escarpo, Europäischer Karpfen, European carp, fancy carp, feral carp, German carp, grass carp, grivadi, ikan mas, Japanese domesticated carp, kapoor-e-maamoli, kapor, kapr obecný, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp dziki a. sazan, karpa, karpar, karpe, Karpe, karpen, karper, karpfen, karpion, karppi, kerpaille, king carp, koi, koi carp, korop, krapi, kyprinos, læderkarpe, lauk mas, leather carp, leekoh, lei ue, mas massan, mirror carp, olocari, Oriental carp, pa nai, pba ni, pla nai, ponty, punjabe gad, rata pethiya, saran, Saran, sarmão, sazan, sazan baligi, scale carp, sharan, skælkarpe, soneri masha, spejlkarpe, sulari, suloi, tikure, trey carp samahn, trey kap, ulucari, weißfische, wild carp, wildkarpfen

Synonyms: Carpio carpio gibbosus (Kessler, 1856), Carpio flavipinna Valenciennes, 1842, Carpio vulgaris Rapp, 1854, Cyprinus acuminatus Heckel & Kner, 1858, Cyprinus acuminatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus angulatus Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus atrovirens Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus bithynicus Richardson, 1857, Cyprinus carpio anatolicus Hanko, 1924, Cyprinus carpio aralensis Spiczakow, 1935, Cyprinus carpio brevicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio elongatus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio fluviatilis Pravdin, 1945, Cyprinus carpio longicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio monstrosus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio oblongus Antipa, 1909, Cyprinus chinensis Basilewsky, 1855, Cyprinus conirostris Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus festetitsii Bonaparte, 1845, Cyprinus flamm Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus fossicola Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus melanotus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus nordmannii Valenciennes, 1842, Cyprinus sculponeatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus thermalis Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus tossicole Elera, 1895, Cyprinus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842

22. Cytisus scoparius (shrub)

The densely growing Cytisus scoparius is a shrub indigenous to Europe and northern Asia that favours temperate climates and is found in abundance on sandy pastures and heaths. It is sparingly naturalized in sandy soil in North America. It grows best in dry, sandy soils in full sunlight and can also do well on soils high in boron. Where introduced, it colonizes pastures and cultivated fields, dry scrubland and "wasteland", and native grasslands. Most rapid spread of the plant has occurred along waterways where the seed is distributed by water. It is also spread rapidly along roads, where the seed is distributed by passing vehicles. Wind, birds, and other animals may also transport seeds. Seed re-introduction may occur from the sheep droppings during grazing.

Common Names: Besenginster, broomtops, common broom, European broom, genêt à balais, giesta, Irish broom, Scotch broom

Synonyms: Genista scoparius (Lam.)., Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer ex Koch, Spartium scoparium (Linn.).

23. Elaeagnus angustifolia (tree, shrub)

Native to southern Europe and western Asia, Elaeagnus angustifolia is commonly found growing along floodplains, riverbanks, stream courses, marshes, and irrigation ditches Seedlings are tolerant of shade and the plant thrives in a variety of soil and moisture conditions, including bare mineral substrates.E. angustifolia can withstand competition from other shrubs and trees and can spread vegetatively by sprouting from the root crown and sending up root suckers. The fruits float and are probably dispersed via water transport. Also, the seeds ingested with the fruit by birds and small mammals are dispersed in their droppings.

Common Names: árbol del paraíso, árvore-do-paraíso, chalef, oleaster, olivier de Bohême, olivo de Bohemia, panjino, Russian-olive, trebizond-date

Synonyms: Elaeagnus angustifolia var. orientalis (L.) Kuntze, Elaeagnus hortensis M. Bieb, Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schltdl., Elaeagnus orientalis L.

24. Erodium cicutarium (herb)

Erodium cicutarium is an annual, winter annual or biennial that is a pioneer on disturbed and arid sites. It can cause yield reductions of crops and the seed is very difficult to clean out of small seeded crops. Erodium cicutarium is considered a noxious weed as it crowds out or outcompetes crops and native plant species. Erodium cicutarium provides forage for rodents, desert tortoise, big game animals, livestock and also upland game birds and songbirds. Prevention may be the best method for controlling Erodium cicutarium, however, it may be impossible to actually prevent this species from colonising, or to eradicate it, once present. There are few known chemical control methods for Erodium cicutarium besides, general herbicide controls.

Common Names: alfilaree, alfilaria, alfilerillo, California filaree, cutleaf filaree, filaree, heronsbill, loiquilahuen, pin-grass, pin-weed, redstem, redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, relojito, stork's bill, tachuela

25. Euphorbia esula (herb)

Native to Europe and temperate Asia, Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is found throughout the world, with the exception of Australia. This aggressive invader is one of the first plants to emerge in the spring and displaces native vegetation by shading and out-competing them for available water and nutrients. Leafy spurge contains a highly irritating substance called ingenol that, when consumed by livestock, is an irritant, emetic and purgative.

Common Names: Esels-Wolfsmilch, euphorbe feuillue, euphorbia, euphorbia esule, faitours-grass , Heksenmelk, Hungarian spurge, leafy spurge, Scharfe Wolfsmilch, spurge, vargtoerel, wolf's milk

Synonyms: Euphorbia gmelinii (Steudel), Euphorbia intercedens, Euphorbia pseudovirgata, Euphorbia virgata (Waldst. & Kit.), Euphorbia zhiguliensis (Schur), Galarhoeus esula, Tithymalus esula

26. Hieracium aurantiacum (herb)

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Orange hawkweed, Hieracium aurantiacum is a perennial herb native to Europe. It has distinctive orange flowers which appear over summer until early autumn and produce tiny black seeds. H. aurantiacum can also spread vegetatively via stolons. The ability ofH. aurantiacum to grow in a range of conditions - it is both snow and frost tolerant, and can grow in gravelly and acidic soils, full sun through to part shade and semi-arid through to humid environments - increases its invasiveness. H. aurantiacum has been known to invade disturbed ecosystems, roadsides, grasslands, pastures, open forests, alpine meadows and other mountain habitats. H. aurantiacum has been described as a 'sleeper weed' in Australia, i.e., a weed that spreads significantly and grows significantly in population many years (usually 50+ years) after naturalisation.

Common Names: devil's weed, devil's-paintbrush, épervière orangée, fox-and-cubs, grim-the-collier, king-devil, orange hawkweed, orange paintbrush, red daisy flameweed

Synonyms: Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip.

27. Hypericum perforatum (herb)

Hypericum perforatum, more commonly known as St. John's wort, is a native flowering perennial plant of Eurasia. It has been widely introduced, mainly by human vectors, to North and South America, parts of Africa, Australia and New Zealand. St. John's wort can survive in a wide range of environments and has the ability to store reserves in its root crown and compensate during harsh times, which makes this plant difficult for management control. In recent years Hypericum perforatum has gained media attention for its use in alternative medicine, mainly for treating depression.

Common Names: äkta johannesört, äkta mannablod, amber, bassant, binbirdelikotu, Blutkraut, casse-diable, castellas, common St Johnswort, common St. John's wort, corazoncillo, eala bhuidhe, Echtes Johanniskraut, gammock, Gemeines Johanniskraut, goatsbeard, goatweed, Hartheu, herb john, herbe De Saint-Jean, herbe de St. Jean, hierba de San Juan, hipérico, iperico, johannesblöda, Johanneskruid, johannesört, Johanniskraut, klamathweed, läpikuisma, lule gjaku, lulebasan, lulemaji, mäkikuisma, mansblod, millepertuis, millepertuis perfore, penny john, perforate St. John's wort, racecourse weed, randpirk, rosin rose, St. John's grass, St. John's wort, tipton weed, todabuena, touch and heal, Tüpfel-Hartheu, Tüpfel-Johanniskraut, Unserer Frauen Bettstroh, Y fendigedig

Synonyms: Hypericum officinale (Gater), Hypericum perforatum var. perforatum, Hypericum perforatum var. angustifolium, Hypericum perforatum var. microphyllum, Hypericum perforatum var. veronense, Hypericum veronense, Hypericum vulgare (Bauhin)

28. Impatiens glandulifera (herb)

Impatiens glandulifera, or Himalayan balsam, is a problematic invasive which has spread throughout Europe, parts of North America and New Zealand following introductions as an ornamental. It is an annual herb which thrives in riparian zones and disturbed areas. Its high reproductive rate, early germintation, propensity for establishing thick stands, rich nectar production, hardiness, and habitat tolerance and plasticity have allowed it to spread rapidly, dominate landscapes, and compete with and displace native plant species. Eradication has proven very difficult once established and preventative measures are recommended.

Common Names: balsamie de l'himmalaya, bitine sprige, Drüsiges Springkraut, Himalayan balsam, Indian balsam, Indisches Springkraut, jättebalsamin, jättipalsami, Kæmpe-Balsamin, kjempespringfrø, Niecierpek gruczolowaty, Niecierpek himalajski, ornamental jewelweed, policeman's helmet, puku sprigane, risalísa, verev lemmalts, Washington orchid

Synonyms: Impatiens glanduligera Lindley, Impatiens roylei Walpers.

29. Iris pseudacorus (herb)

Iris pseudacorus is a perennial monocot forb that forms dense stands of robust plants. It thrives in temperate climates and can grow in water up to 25cm deep. It is a fast-growing and fast-spreading invasive plant that can out-compete other wetland plants, forming almost impenetrable thickets. Iris pseudacorus is poisonous to grazing animals and caution should be used if pulling out this plant as it causes skin irritations. It has typically been introduced as an ornamental, but has also been used in erosion control and for making dyes and fibre.

Common Names: fleur-de-lis, iris jaune, pale-yellow iris, water flag, yellow flag, yellow iris, yellow water iris, yellow-flag iris

Synonyms: Iris acoriformis Boreau , Iris acoroides Spach , Iris bastardii Boreau , Iris curtopetala F. Delaroche , Iris flava Tornab. , Iris lutea Lam. , Iris paludosa Pers. , Iris pseudacorus L. var. parviflora Bastard , Iris sativa Mill.

30. Lepidium latifolium (herb)

Lepidium latifolium is an herbaceous perennial that invades wetlands, riparian areas and other water courses. It can tolerate a wide range of soil water potential and survive up to 50 days in submerged soil. Lepidium latifolium is extremely competitive and forms monospecific stands that crowd out desirable native species.

Common Names: Breitblättrige Kresse, broad-leaf peppergrass, broadleaf pepperweed, erva-pimenteira, giant whiteweed, grande passerage, ironweed, lepidio, mastuerzo montesino, peppergrass, peppergrass mustard, perennial peppercress, perennial peppergrass, perennial pepperweed, piperisa, slender perennial peppercress, tall whitetop, Virginia pepperweed

Synonyms: Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach

31. Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana) (amphibian)

The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana)) is native to North America. It has been introduced all over the world to over 40 countries and four continents. Many introductions have been intentional with the purpose of establishing new food sources for human consumption. Other populations have been established from unintentional escapes from bullfrog farms. Consequences of the introduction of non-native amphibians to native herpetofauna can be severe. The American bullfrog has been held responsible for outbreaks of the chytrid fungus found to be responsible for declining amphibian populations in Central America and elsewhere. They are also important predators and competitors of endangered native amphibians and fish. The control of this invasive in Europe partly relies upon increasing awareness, monitoring and education about the dangers of releasing pets into the wild. Strict laws are also in place to prevent further introductions. Eradication is achieved largely by physical means including shooting, spears/gigs, bow and arrow, nets and traps.

Common Names: bullfrog, grenouille taureau, North American bullfrog, Ochsenfrosch, rana toro, Stierkikker

Synonyms: Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802

32. Lotus corniculatus (herb)

Lotus corniculatus (bird's foot trefoil) is a low growing perennial legume that has long been valued as an agricultural crop. Lotus corniculatus is native to much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, but now has a near global distribution. Over most of its range, Lotus corniculatus is not considered invasive, although in a few areas it has out-competed native vegetation.

Common Names: birdfoot deervetch, birdsfoot trefoil, bird's-foot trefoil, bloomfell, buinuzlu Gurdotu, cat's clover, common lotus, cornette, cornichão, crowtoes, cube, cuernecillo, cuernecillo del campo, devil's fingers, devil's-claw, Dutchman's clogs, ebert khoshoontzor, ekhdzherarvuit, gafgaz gurdotu, garden birdsfoot trefoil, garden bird's-foot-trefoil, Gemeiner Hornklee, ghizdei marunt, ginestrina, granny's toenails, ground honeysuckle, harilik noiahammas, hen-and-chickens, hop 'o my thumb, Hornklee, karingtand, keltamaite, komonica zwycrajna, kurdglisprchkhila, kurdlis prukhila, lady's fingers, lady's slippers, lotier corniculé, loto corniculado, lyadvenetz baltiiski, lyadvenetz kavkazski, lyadvenetz komarova, lyadvenetz krymski, lyadvenetz olgi, lyadvenetz polevoi, lyadvenetz rogatyi, lyadvenetz ruprekhta, lyadvenetz somnitelnyi, lyadvenetz zhigulevski, palyavaya akatzyya, paprastasis garzdenis, pied-de-poule, ragaine vanagnadzini, rutvitza ragataya, sheep-foot, tryzaouka, upright trefoil, yellow treefoil, zayachchy bratki

Synonyms: Lotus ambiguus Besser ex Spreng., Lotus ambiguus Spreng, Lotus arvensis Pers., Lotus balticus Miniaev, Lotus carpetanus Lacaita, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian., Lotus ciliatus sensu Schur, Lotus corniculatus L. var. crassifolia Fr., Lotus corniculatus L. var. kochii Chrtkova, Lotus corniculatus L. var. maritimus Rupr., Lotus corniculatus subsp. major (Scop.) Gams, Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis (Pers.) Ser., Lotus corniculatus var. glaber Opiz, Lotus corniculatus var. major (Scop.) Brand, Lotus corniculatus var.arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex DC., Lotus filicaulis Durieu, Lotus frondosus (Freyn) Kuprian, Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.larson, Lotus komarovii Miniaev, Lotus major Scop., Lotus olgae Klokov, Lotus peczoricus Miniaev and Ulle, Lotus ruprechtii Miniaev , Lotus tauricus Juz., Lotus ucrainicus Klokov, Lotus zhegulensis Klokov

33. Lumbricus terrestris (annelid)

Lumbricus terrestris is a common earthworm, or nightcrawler, which is native to Europe and has recently received attention for its invasion of North America. It has invaded areas of Canada, the northern United States and parts of northeastern Europe. Its invasion fronts aided by translocations via bait trade, agriculture, horticulture, and unintentional transport have introduced this species throughout Canada and northern hardwood forests of the United States. L. terrestris alters ecosystems by rapidly consuming leaf litter, thereby altering nutrient cycling and availability, affects seedling establishment and plant communities through its interaction with seeds. It may also displace native earthworm species.

Common Names: dilly worm, green crawler, large crawler, night crawler, nitro crawler

34. Lythrum salicaria (aquatic plant, herb)    

Lythrum salicaria is an erect perennial herb with a woody stem and whirled leaves. It has the ability to reproduce prolifically by both seed dispersal and vegetative propagation. Any sunny or partly shaded wetland is vulnerable to L. salicaria invasion, but disturbed areas with exposed soil accelerate the process by providing ideal conditions for seed germination.

Common Names: Blutweiderich, purple loosestrife, rainbow weed, salicaire pourpre, spiked loosestrife

Synonyms: Lythrum salicaria var. gracilior Turcz., Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum (P. Mill.) DC., Lythrum salicaria var. vulgare DC.

35. Melilotus alba (herb)

Native to Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, Melilotus alba (commonly known as white sweet clover) was introduced to the United States and first recorded in 1739.

Common Names: almengó blanc, bai hua cao mu xi, bokhara-clover , Bokharaklee, donnik belyi, fehér somkóró, heuin jeon dong ssa ri, hierba orejera, honey clover, honey-lotus, hubam, hubam clover, hvid stenkløver, hvit steinkløver, melilot, melilot blanc , mélilot blanc, meliloto bianco, meliloto blanco, meliloto-branco, Melilotos, mielcón, mielga, nostrzyk bialy, Shirobana shinagawa hagi, trébol de olor blanco, trébol oloroso, tree clover, valkomesikkä, Vit sötväppling, Weisser honigklee, Weißer steinklee, white melilot, white millet, white sweetclover

Synonyms: Melilotus alba Desr., Melilotus alba L., Melilotus albus Medik, Melilotus albus var. annuus H.S. Coe, Melilotus leucanthus W.D.J. Koch ex DC., Melilotus officinalis subsp. albus (Medik.) H. Ohashi and Tateishi

36. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (fish)

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a weatherfish native to southeast Asia that has established populations in Europe, Australia, and the United States. It is an important food fish common to aquaculture and the majority of its introductions are believed to be the result of escapes from fish farms. Although little is known about its impacts it has the potential to compete with native fish for resources, reduce macroinvertebrate populations, and decrease water quality.

Common Names: Aasianmutakala, Amur mud loach, Amur weatherfish, amurskii v'yun, Asian pond loach, cá Ch?ch bùn, cá diét, Chinese weatherfish , dojo, dojo, dojô, dojo loach, dojou, Japanese loach, Japanese weatherfish, kinesisk smerling, kinesisk Vejrfisk, loche asiatique, loche d'étang, misgurno, misgurno de Asia, mud loach, nai chau, oriental weatherfish, oriental weatherloach, Ostasiatischer Schlammpeitzger, panispis, pond loach, u-u, vostochnyi, weather loach

Synonyms: Cobitis anguillicaudata (Cantor, 1842), Misgurnus anguillicaudatus anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842), Misgurnus crossochilus (Sauvage, 1878), Misgurnus fossilis anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842), Misgurnus lividus (Sauvage & Dabry de Thirersant), Misgurnus mizolepis elongatus (Kimura, 1934), Misgurnus mizolepis grangeri (Nichols, 1925), Misgurnus mizolepis multimaculatus (Rendahl, 1944), Misgurnus mizolepis punctatus (Oshima, 1926), Misgurnus mizolepis unicolor (Lin, 1932), Misgurnus mohoity leopardus (Nichols, 1925), Misgurnus mohoity yunnan (Nichols, 1925), Misgurnus multimaculatus (Rendahl, 1944), Ussuria leptocephala (Nikolskii, 1903)

37. Myocastor coypus (mammal)

Myocastor coypus (coypu) is a large semi-aquatic rodent which originated from South America. However, due to escapes and releases from fur farms there are now large feral populations in North America, Europe and Asia. Their burrows penetrate and damage river banks, dykes and irrigation facilities. Myocastor coypus' feeding methods lead to the destruction of large areas of reed swamp. Habitat loss caused by coypus impacts plant, insect, bird and fish species.

Common Names: Biberratte, coipù, coypu, nutria, ragondin, ratão-do-banhado, Sumpfbiber

38. Myriophyllum aquaticum (aquatic plant)    

Myriophyllum aquaticum is a bright or glaucous green perennial freshwater herb. It exhibits two different leaf forms depending on whether it is growing as a submerged plant or as an emergent. It is found in freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and canals, and appears to be adapted to high nutrient environments. Myriophyllum aquaticum does well in good light and a slightly alkaline environment. Almost all Myriophyllum aquaticum plants are female, and male plants are unknown outside of South America. Rhizomes function as a support structure for adventitious roots and provide buoyancy for emergent growth during the summer. Myriophyllum aquaticum has been introduced for use in indoor and outdoor aquaria. It is also a popular aquatic garden plant. It has escaped cultivation and spread via plant fragments and intentional plantings. Whilst there is some belief that Myriophyllum aquaticum is susceptible to herbicides, there is very little information available regarding successful management.

Common Names: brazilian watermilfoil, myriophylle du Brésil, parrot feather, parrot feather watermilfoil, parrotfeather, parrot's-feather, pinheirinho-d'água, thread-of-life, waterduisendblaar, water-feather

Synonyms: Enydria aquatica (Vell.), Myriophyllum brasiliense (Camb.), Myriophyllum proserpinacoides (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.)

39. Myriophyllum spicatum (aquatic plant)

Myriophyllum spicatum is a submerged aquatic plant that can rapidly colonise a pond, lake or area of slow-moving water. It creates dense mats of vegetation that shade out other native aquatic plants, diminish habitat and food resource value for fish and birds, and decreases oxygen levels in the water when the plant decays.

Common Names: Eurasian water-milfoil, spike water-milfoil

Synonyms: Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. muricatum Maxim.

40. Onopordum acanthium (herb)

Onopordum acanthium is a herb of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that is native to Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to temperate climates elsewhere, including much of North America and Australia. In North America, Onopordum acanthium is a weed problem on western rangeland and produces significant economic losses for ranchers. Seeds are dispersed locally by wind, humans, water, livestock, and wildlife are involved in long distance dispersal.

Common Names: cotton thistle, heraldic thistle, Scotch cotton thistle, Scotch thistle, woolly thistle

41. Orconectes virilis (crustacean)

Orconectes virilis is a crayfish native to the Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, and Great Lakes drainages of the United States. It has become introduced to locations throughout the United States through live pet and bait trade and has also established in a few locations in Europe. Its important impacts to introduced systems include competition with and displacement of native fish and crayfish and the reduction of snail, macroinvertebrate, and macrophyte abundance and biodiversity.

Common Names: northern crayfish, virile crayfish

42. Oreochromis aureus (fish)

Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) is native to parts of Africa and the Middle East and is an important food source throughout the world. Oreochromis aureus are easily raised as they are resilient and prolific and have a high grain-to-feed conversion rate. Worldwide introductions for use in aquaculture have provided an essential source of protein to many nations. However, these characteristics have allowed them to dominate many of their introduced ranges by displacing native species and restructuring aquatic communities in areas where they have established by means of escape from confinement or deliberate release.

Common Names: abiad hasani, amnon hayaor, amnun hayarden, amnun yarden , an-boh boh, biering-pill , blue tilapia, bolti azrak, epia, fartere, gargassa, gargaza, Goldtilapia, guldtilapia, holinga, Ifunu, Israeli tilapia, Israelse tilapia, Jordan St. peter's fish, karpassa, karwa, kpeloi, kultatilapia, kurpertilapia, mpupa, musht lubbad, partere, sale, sayray, sohn-pill, tilapia, tilapia azul, tome, tsokungi, ukuobu, waas, wass khoss, wass xos, wass-bor

Synonyms: Chromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864), Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia aurea exul (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia aurea (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia kacherbi (Wunder, 1960), Tilapia kashabi (Elster, 1958), Tilapia lemassoni (Blache & Milton, 1960), Tilapia monodi (Daget, 1954)

43. Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)    

Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) has spread worldwide through introductions for aquaculture. Established populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in the wild are as a result of intentional release or escapes from fish farms. Oreochromis mossambicus is omnivorous and feeds on almost anything, from algae to insects.

Common Names: blou kurper, common tilapia, fai chau chak ue, Java tilapia, kawasuzume, kurper bream, malea, mojarra, mosambik-maulbrüter, Mozambikskaya tilapiya, Mozambique cichlid, Mozambique mouth-breeder, Mozambique mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, mphende, mujair, nkobue, tilapia, tilapia del Mozambique, tilapia du Mozambique, tilapia mossambica, tilapia mozámbica, trey tilapia khmao, weißkehlbarsch, wu-kuo yu

Synonyms: Chromis dumerilii Steindachner, 1864, Chromis natalensis Weber, 1897, Chromis vorax Pfeffer, 1893, Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters, 1852), Tilapia arnoldi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917, Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852)

44. Passer domesticus (bird)    

Passer domesticus (the house sparrow) is a small bird, native to Eurasia and northern Africa, that was intentionally introduced to the Americas. Passer domesticus are non-migratory birds that are often closely associated with human populations and are found in highest abundance in agricultural, suburban and urban areas. They tend to avoid woodlands, forests, grasslands and deserts. Particularly high densities of Passer domesticus were found where urban settlements meet agricultural areas. They may evict native birds from their nests and out-compete them for trophic resources. Early in its invasion of North America, Passer domesticus began attacking ripening grains on farmland and was considered a serious agricultural pest. Recent surveys indicate populations are declining.

Common Names: English sparrow, Europese huismuis, gorrion casero, Gorrion domestico, house sparrow, house sparrow, moineau domestique, town sparrow

45. Phragmites australis (grass)

Phragmites australis grows on level ground in tidal and non-tidal marshes, lakes, swales and backwater areas of rivers and streams. It is found on sites that are seasonally flooded with not more than 50cm of water. It grows on most soil textures from fine clay to sandy loams and is somewhat tolerant of saline or alkaline conditions. Phragmites australis is especially common along railroad tracks, roadside ditches and piles of dredge spoil, wherever slight depressions will hold water. Throughout most of its range, it typically forms closed mono-dominant stands in both disturbed and pristine areas. It is capable of vigorous vegetative reproduction and its seeds, which are normally dispersed by wind, may be transported by birds that nest among the reeds. The seeds are also dispersed by water. Newly opened sites may be colonised by seed or by rhizome fragments carried to the area in soils and on machinery or naturally in floodwaters. Invasion and continued spread is aided by disturbances or stresses such as pollution, alteration of the natural hydrologic regime, dredging and increased sedimentation. In coastal marshes, spread of Phragmites australis is also facilitated by natural disturbance caused by tidal movements of dead vegetation.

Common Names: cane, caniço, carrizo común, common reed, ditch reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, phragmites, reed grass, roseau, roseau cane, roseau commun, Schilf, schilfrohr, yellow cane

Synonyms: Arundo aggerum Kittel, Arundo altissima Benth., Arundo australis Cav., Arundo barbata Burchell, Arundo graeca Link, Arundo isiaca Delile, Arundo karka Retz., Arundo maxima Forssk., Arundo palustris Salisb., Arundo phragmites L., Arundo phragmites L. var. humilis (DeNot.) Asch. & Graebn., Arundo phragmites L. var. isiaca Griseb., Arundo vallatoria Gray, Arundo vulgaris Lam., Calamagrostis nigricans Merat, Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail, Czernya arundinacea C.Presl, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed, Phragmites berlandieri E.Fourn., Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites communis Trin. forma flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma isiacus (Griseb.) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma nigricans (Merat) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) A.Löve & D.Löve, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. isiacus (Griseb.) Oppenh. & Evenari, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Clayton, Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Fernald, Phragmites communis Trin. var. flavescens Custor ex Gaudin, Phragmites communis Trin. var. humilis (DeNot.) Parl., Phragmites communis Trin. var. isiacus (Griseb.) Coss., Phragmites communis Trin. var. vulgaris Boenn., Phragmites flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Hegetschw. & Heer, Phragmites humilis DeNot., Phragmites isiacus Kunth, Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Moldenke, Phragmites nakaiana Honda, Phragmites phragmites (L.) H.Karst., Phragmites vulgaris Crep., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. humilis (DeNot.) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. isiacus (Griseb.) T.Durand & Schinz, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. typicus Beck, Phragmites vulnerans Asch., Reimaria diffusa Spreng., Trichoon karka (Retz.) Roth, Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle, Xenochloa arundinacea Lichtenstein ex Roem. & Schult.

46. Poecilia reticulata (fish)    

Poecilia reticulata is a small benthopelagic fish native to Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela and the Caribbean Islands. It is a popular aquarium species and is also commonly used in genetics research. In the past Poecilia reticulata was widely introduced for mosquito control but there have been rare to non-existing measurable effects on mosquito populations. It can occupy a wide range of aquatic habitats and is a threat to native cyprinids and killifishes. It is a carrier of exotic parasites and is believed to play a role in the decline of several threatened and endangered species.

Common Names: guppie , guppii , guppy, hung dzoek ue, ikan seribu, lareza tripikaloshe, lebistes, lepistes, Mexicano, miljoenvis, miljoonakala, million fish, millionenfisch, millions, poisson million, queue de voile, rainbow fish, sarapintado, Sardinita, Wilder Riesenguppy, zivorodka duhová

Synonyms: Acanthophacelus guppii (Günther, 1866), Acanthophacelus reticulatus (Peters, 1859), Girardinus guppii Günther, 1866, Girardinus reticulatus (Peters, 1859), Haridichthys reticulatus (Peters, 1859), Heterandria guppyi (Günther, 1866), Lebistes poecilioides De Filippi, 1861, Lebistes poeciloides De Filippi, 1861, Lebistes reticulatus (Peters, 1859), Poecilia reticulatus Peters, 1859, Poecilioides reticulatus (Peters, 1859)

47. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (=Fallopia japonica (Houtt. Dcne.) (herb, shrub)    

Polygonum cuspidatum is an herbaceous perennial native to Japan. It has been introduced to Europe and North America as an ornamental and is also used to stabilise soil, especially in coastal areas. It requires full sun and is found primarily in moist habitats but also grows in waste places, along roadways and other disturbed areas. Once established, P. cuspidatum forms dense stands that shade and crowd out all other vegetation, displacing native flora and fauna, and the overwintering canes and leaves are slow to decompose.

Common Names: crimson beauty, donkey rhubarb, German sausage, huzhang , itadori , Japanese bamboo, Japanese fleece flower, Japanese knotweed, Japanese polygonum, kontiki bamboo, Mexican-bamboo , peashooter plant, renouée du Japon, reynoutria fleece flower, sally rhubarb

Synonyms: Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Dcne., Pleuropterus cuspidatus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Moldenke, Pleuropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small, Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc., Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. var. compactum (Hook f.) Bailey, Polygonum zuccarinii Small, Reynoutria japonica Houtt.

48. Populus alba (tree)

Populus alba is a member of the willow family (Salicaceae) that is native to Eurasia. It is a dioecious species and female mature trees can produce large seed crops. Populus alba spreads to new locations when mature trees release thousands of wind-dispersed seeds that may be carried long distances. It is an especially strong competitor as it can grow in a variety of soils and resprout easily in response to damage. Local spread of male and female trees occurs vegetatively via root suckers.

Common Names: alamo blanco, gattice, gin-doro, hakuyo, peuplier blanc, pioppo bianco, silber-pappel, silver-leaf poplar, urajiro-hako-yanagi, white poplar, xin bai yang

Synonyms: Populus alba L. var. bolleana (Lauche), Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis (Bunge)

49. Potamogeton crispus (aquatic plant)

Potamogeton crispus is an aquatic plant that grows in fresh and slightly brackish waters. It becomes invasive in some areas because of its tolerance to low light and low water temperatures. These tolerances allow it to outcompete native plants in the spring. Using this life cycle, P. crispus can be controlled best in spring or early summer when native species are still dormant and temperatures are low enough for endothal herbicides to be effective.

Common Names: curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed

50. Potamopyrgus antipodarum (mollusc)

Potamopyrgus antipodarum is an aquatic snail native to New Zealand that has invaded Australia, Europe, and North America. It can inhabit a wide range of ecosystems, including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and estuaries. P. antipodarum may established extremely dense populations that can comprise over 95% of the invertebrate biomass in a river, alter primary production, and compete with or displace native mollscs and macroinvertebrates. They can spread rapidly in introduced areas and are able to withstand desiccation, a variety of temperature regimes, and are small enough that many types of water users could be the source of introduction to new areas.

Common Names: Jenkin's spire shell, New Zealand mudsnail

Synonyms: Hydrobia jenkinsi (Smith, 1889), Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith, 1889)

51. Procambarus clarkii (crustacean)

Procambarus clarkii is a highly adaptable, tolerant, and fecund freshwater crayfish that may inhabit a wide range of aquatic environments. It is native to parts of Mexico and the United States and has established throughout the world as a result of commercial introductions for harvest as a food source. Invasive populations have been reported from Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. Impacts include aggressive competition with native crayfish, introduction of the crayfish plague, reduction of macrophyte assemblages, alteration of water quality, predation on and competition with a variety of aquatic species, and negative impacts on agricultural and fishing industries. Management strategies for P. clarkii include trapping and removing populations, creating barriers to prevent its spread, prohibiting the transport of live crayfish, and improving public education about it risks to the environment. Encouraging farming of native species as well as research on economically productive harvesting of native crayfish has the potential to reduce further introductions.

Common Names: Louisiana crayfish, red swamp crayfish

52. Pylodictis olivaris (fish)

Pylodictis olivaris is one of the largest members of the catfish family and its introduction is the most biologically harmful of all fish introductions in North America as it predates heavily on native fish. Native to the warm water streams and rivers of the Mississippi River basin, it has been introduced east of the Appalachian Mountains and into several western states. P. olivaris prefers the slow moving water of large rivers and lakes and can be spread by unintentional stock contamination of channel catfish shipments, but in most cases, it has been intentionally stocked.

Common Names: mud cat, opelousas, shovelhead cat, yellow cat

Synonyms: Hopladelus olivaris, Leptops olivaris, Opladelus olivaris, Pelodichthys olivaris, Silurus olivaris

53. Robinia pseudoacacia (tree)    

Robinia pseudoacacia is a leguminous deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States that has been widely introduced to other parts of North America. It is commonly found in disturbed areas such as old fields, degraded woods, forest edges, and roadsides, but it poses the greatest threat to dry and sand prairies and oak savannas. R. pseudoacacia has been planted on reclaimed land to control erosion and has been used for ornamental purposes. It reproduces vigorously by root suckering and stump sprouting to form groves of trees interconnected by a common root system.

Common Names: acacia blanc, black locust, false acacia, Post locust, robinia akacjowa, robinier, robinier faux acacia, robinier faux-acacia, yellow locust

Synonyms: Robinia pseudoacacia var. rectissima (L.) Raber

54. Rubus discolor (vine, climber)

Rubus discolor is a perennial species of blackberry that forms large impenetrable thickets of prickly canes. Thickets can become so dense that native species diversity is reduced through shading out and inaccessibility. Thorny stems block access of humans, livestock, equipment and vehicles to pastures and waterways, and leaf litter accumulations within thickets, creating potential fire hazards.

Common Names: Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry

Synonyms: Rubus armeniacus, Rubus fruticosus L., Rubus grabowskii Weihe ex Gunther et al., Rubus macrostemon (Focke) Sampaio, Rubus praecox Bertol., Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Muell. ex Genev, Rubus thyrsanthus (Focke) Foerster.

55. Sagina procumbens (herb)

Sagina procumbens is a herb native to Eurasia and North Africa. It has become naturalised in temperate regions and is invasive in some sub-Antarctic islands. It forms dense mats, threatening the integrity of terrestrial ecosystems. Once it becomes established it can be difficult to eradicate due to its persistence in the seed bank.

Common Names: beads, birdeye pearlwort, birdseye, birdseye pearlwort, mossy pearlwort, pearlwort, procumbent pearlwort, spreading pearlwort

56. Salmo salar (fish)    

Salmo salar ranks among the most popularly cultivated fish in the world. Commercial stocks have inflicted significant impacts of wild populations of wild salmon and other fish by way of competition, hybridization, and spread of disease. Great care should be taken to protect these wild fish populations while cultivating S. salar.

Common Names: alabalik atlantik, Amerikanskiy atlanticheskiy losos', Atlanterhavslaks, Atlantic salmon , Atlantic salmon, Atlantischer salmon, Atlantisk laks, black salmon, bradan, braddan, breeder, caplin-scull salmon, common atlantic salmon, echter lachs, fiddler, grayling, grilse, grilt, gullspångslax, hengst, hoplax, Ijle zalm, Jacobzalm, kapisalirksoak, kapisilik, kavisilik, kebleriksorsoak, kelt, kumaliq, kutenut lohi, k'wit'thet, k'wolexw, lachs, laks, laks, laks atlantisk, landlocked salmon, las, lax, lax, lax, lohi, losos, losos, losos, losos atlantsky, losos obecný, losos szlachetny a. atlantycki, N. Atlantic salmon, nedfaldslaks, ouananiche, ouinanish, outside salmon, parr, saama, saamakutaak, saamarug, sake masu-rui, salmao, salmão, salmâo-do-atlântico, sãlmao-do-atlântico, salmling, salmo, salmó, salmon, salmón, salmón del atlántico, salmon peel, salmone, salmone atlantico, salmone del reno, sâma, saumon atlantique , saumon d'eau douce, schaanexw, sea salmon, sebago salmon, semga, shamet skelex, shmexwalsh, silver salmon, sináech, skællaks, sk'wel'eng's schaanexw, slhop' schaanexw, slink, smolt, solomos, solomós, somon de atlantic, spak'ws schaanexw, spring fish, spring salmon, st'thkway', tacon atlantique, unaniche, vraklax, winnish, zalm

Synonyms: Salmo brevipes Smitt, 1882, Salmo caerulescens Schmidt, 1795, Salmo goedenii Bloch, 1784, Salmo gracilis Couch, 1865, Salmo hamatus Cuvier, 1829, Salmo hardinii Günther, 1866, Salmo nobilis Olafsen, 1772, Salmo nobilis Pallas, 1814, Salmo ocla Nilsson, 1832, Salmo renatus Lacepède, 1803, Salmo rilla Lacepède, 1803, Salmo salar biennis Berg, 1912, Salmo salar brevipes relictus Berg, 1932, Salmo salar brevipes Smitt, 1882, Salmo salar europaeus Payne, Child & Forrest, 1971, Salmo salar saimensis Seppovaara, 1962, Salmo salar lacustris Hardin, 1862, Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo salmo Valenciennes, 1848, Salmo salmulus Walbaum, 1792, Trutta relicta Malmgren, 1863, Trutta salar (Linnaeus, 1758)

57. Salmo trutta (fish)    

Salmo trutta has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and stocked for sport fisheries. It is blamed for reducing native fish populations, especially other salmonids, through predation, displacement and food competition. It is a popular angling fish.

Common Names: an breac geal, aure, bachforelle, blacktail, breac geal, brook trout, brown trout, denizalabaligi, denizalasi, Europäische Forelle, finnock, forelle, galway sea trout, gillaroo, gwyniedyn, havørred, havsöring, herling, hirling, kumzha, k'wsech, lachförch, lachsforelle, lassföhren, losos taimen, losos' taimen, mahiazad-e-daryaye khazar, meerforelle, meritaimen, morska postrv, morskaya forel', orange fin, öring, orkney sea trout, ørred, ørret, pastrav de mare, peal, pstruh morsky, pstruh obecný, pstruh obecný severomorský, pstruh obycajný, salmo trota, salmon trout, sea trout, sewin, siwin, sjøaure, sjøørret, sjourrioi, taimen, thalasopestrofa, troc, troc wedrowna, trota fario, trout, trucha, trucha común, trucha marina, truita, truite brune, truite brune de mer, truite de mer, truite d'europe, truta marisca, truta-de-lago, truta-fário, truta-marisca, urriði, whiting, whitling, zeeforel

Synonyms: Fario argenteus Valenciennes, 1848, Salar ausonii parcepunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858, Salar ausonii semipunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858, Salar ausonii Valenciennes, 1848, Salar bailloni Valenciennes, 1848, Salar gaimardi Valenciennes, 1848, Salar spectabilis Valenciennes, 1848, Salmo albus Bonnaterre, 1788, Salmo albus Walbaum, 1792, Salmo brachypoma Günther, 1866, Salmo caecifer Parnell, 1838, Salmo cambricus Donovan, 1806, Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877, Salmo cornubiensis Walbaum, 1792, Salmo cumberland Lacepède, 1803, Salmo eriox Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo fario loensis Walbaum, 1792, Salmo fario major Walecki, 1863, Salmo gadoides Lacepède, 1803, Salmo gallivensis Günther, 1866, Salmo islayensis Thomson, 1873, Salmo lacustris septentrionalis Fatio, 1890, Salmo levenensis Yarrell, 1839, Salmo mistops Günther, 1866 , Salmo montana Walker, 1812, Salmo orcadensis Günther, 1866, Salmo orientalis McClelland, 1842, Salmo phinoc Shaw, 1804, Salmo polyosteus Günther, 1866, Salmo saxatilis Paula Schrank, 1798, Salmo spurius Pallas, 1814, Salmo stroemii Gmelin, 1788, Salmo sylvaticus Gmelin, 1788, Salmo taurinus Walker, 1812, Salmo trutta abanticus Tortonese, 1954, Salmo trutta ciscaucasicus Dorofeyeva, 1967, Salmo trutta ezenami (non Berg, 1948), Salmo trutta trutta Linnaeus, 1761, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1759, Trutta fluviatilis Duhamel, 1771, Trutta marina Duhamel, 1771, Trutta marina Moreau, 1881, Trutta salmanata Ström, 1784, Trutta salmonata Rutty, 1772

58. Salsola tragus (shrub)

Salsola tragus is an annual weed that begins life as a typical multiple branched bush but then takes on a spherical form. Once the spherical form is achieved the plant breaks at the soil line and becomes a tumbleweed which is blown by the wind, spreading thousands of seeds. It is abundant in semi-desert regions and is a typical plant of salty soils, where rainfall is not abundant. It infests range and semi-arid pasture lands as well as cropland, railroad, and highway rights of way, as well as vacant agricultural, residential and industrial areas. Salsola tragus is a road hazard, as tumbling plants can surprise drivers and cause traffic accidents. It is also responsible for allergic sensitisation in Europe and North America. It should be noted that nitrates and soluble oxalates accumulate in the plants photosynthetic parts at levels poisonous to sheep.

Common Names: ci sha peng, hari-hijikii, Russian tumbleweed, Russian-cactus, Russian-thistle, soude épineuse, soude roulante, spineless saltwort, tumbleweed, Ukraine Salzkraut

Synonyms: Salsola australis R. Br., Salsola iberica auct., Salsola kali auct. w. N. Amer., Salsola kali subsp. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Rilke, Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó, Salsola kali subsp. tragus (L.) Nyman, Salsola kali var. tenuifolia Tausch, Salsola pestifer A. Nelson, Salsola ruthenica Iljin, Salsola tragus subsp. iberica Sennen & Pau

59. Salvelinus fontinalis (fish)

Introduced as a highly desirable fish for both angling and aquaculture throughout the world, Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) is an invasive that threatens native amphibians and fish, as well as the ecology of lakes and streams. Several native fish and amphibians face threatened or endangered status as a result of their introduction. Removal of Salvelinus fontinalis has been conducted in many places to allow for the recovery of endemic species.

Common Names: Âait, aanaatlik, aanak, American brook charr, Amerikanischer bachsaibling, Amerikanischer saibling, Amerikanski goletz, Amerikanskiy golets, ana, Âna, anakleq, anokik, anuk, aurora trout, azad mahi cheshmahi, Bachsaibling, bäckröding, baiser, Beekforel, bekkeror, bekkerøye, breeder, bronforel, brook char, brook charr, brook trout, brookie, char, coaster, common brook trout, eastern brook trout, eastern speckled trout, Elsässer saibling, fântânel, giigaq, humpbacked trout, i ha luk, iqaluk, iqaluk tasirsiutik, kawamasu, kaynak alabaligi, kildeorred, kildeørred, lindableikja, lord-fish, masamek, masamekos, masamekw, masumèk, mountain trout, mud trout, native trout, omble de fontaine, pastrav fântânel, pataki szajbling, pstrag zrodlany, puronieriä, salmerino di fontaine, salmerino di fontana, salmerino di fonte, salter, salvelino, salvelinos, saumon de fontaine, sea trout, siven, siven americký, sivon americký, sivon potocny, slob, speckled char, speckled trout, specks, squaretail, square-tail, squaretailed trout, Tiegerfisch, trout, trucha de arroyo, truite, truite de mer, truite mouchetée, truta-das-fontes, whitefin

Synonyms: Baione fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814), Salmo canadensis Griffith & Smith, 1834, Salmo fontinalis Mitchill, 1814, Salmo hudsonicus Suckley, 1861, Salvelinus timagamiensis Henn & Rinckenbach 1925

60. Salvelinus namaycush (fish)

Salvelinus namaycush is a freshwater fish of the trout family, found primarily in lakes and large rivers worldwide. The distribution is broad due to the sport fishing industry and the demand for Salvelinus namaycush. In many of the introduced locations Salvelinus namaycush is an invasive species and reduces native biodiversity through competition and predation of endemic species. There have been some successful attempts to control Salvelinus namaycush using gillnetting and trapping.

Common Names: akalukpik, Amerikanische Seeforelle, Amerikanischer seesaibling, Amerikansk søørred, Canadarødding, Canadaröding, Canadarøding, Canadaröye, Canadarøye, Col-lic-puk, cristivomer, Great Lakes char, Great Lakes trout, grey trout, harmaanieriä, hupin, iclook, idlorak, ihok, iiuuraq, ikalukpik, ikhiloktok, ikhloark, ilortoq, iqluq, ishioraliktâq, islorak, isok, isuuq, isuuqiaq, isuuqiq, isuuraaryuk, isuuraq, ivitaruk, kanadarødding, kanadaröding, kanadarøding, keyteeleek, k'wit'thet, k'wsech, lake charr, lake trout, laker, landlocked salmon, Mackinaw trout, Masamacush, milaqkkâyoq, mountain trout, murta, naaqtuuq, näluarryuk, namaycush, namekus, nauktoq, nemakos, nemeks, némèkus, omble d'Amérique, omble du Canada, salmon trout, salvelino-lacustre, severoamerikanskiy kristivomer, shamet skelex, shmexwalsh, sigguayaq, siscowet, siscowet, siuktuuk, siuyuktuuq, siven obrovký, sivon velký, sk'wel'eng's schaanexw, slhop' schaanexw, spak'ws schaanexw, taque, togue, touladi, trota di lago americana, trucha lacustre, truite de lac d'Amérique, truite grise, truta-do-lago

Synonyms: Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum, 1792), Cristovomer namayacush (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo amethystinus (Mitchill, 1818, Salmo amethystus (Mitchill, 1818, Salmo confinis (DeKay, 1842), Salmo ferox (Perley, 1852), Salmo namaycush (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo pallidus (Rafinesque, 1817), Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792)

61. Setaria verticillata (grass)

Setaria verticillata is a native European grass, invading agricultural, urban, and other disturbed areas throughout North America, Central America, South America Africa, Asia, and the North and South Pacific. A problematic crop weed S. verticillata, has inflicted considerable environmental and economic costs, is known to adapt to local conditions rapidly, and has developed resistance to atrazine and other C 1/5 herbicides.

Common Names: almorejo, almorejo verticilado, alorejo, amor de hortelano, bristly foxtail, bur bristle grass, bur grass, capim-grama, carreig, cola de zorro, dukhain, fieno stellino, foxtail, hooked bristlegrass, kamala, khishin, kirpi dari, Kletten Borstenhirse, kolvhirs, Kransnaaldaar, lagartera, lossaig, mau‘ pilipili , milha-verticilada, oehoe, panico maggiore, panissola, pata de gallina, pega-pega, pega-saias, quam el-far, Quirl Bortenhirse, rabo de zorro, rough bristle grass, setaire verticillée, setaria spondyloti, whorled pigeon grass, Wirtel Borstenhirse, yah hang chnig-chok, zacate pegarropa, zaratsukienokorogusa

Synonyms: Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) (Scribn.), Ixophorus verticillatus (L.) (Nash, 1859), Panicum adhaerens (Forssk., 1775), Panicum aparine (Steud., 1854) , Panicum asperum (Lamk., 1778), Panicum respiciens (A. Rich., 1854), Panicum rottleri (Nees, 1841) , Panicum verticillatum (L., 1762), Panicum verticillatum L., Pennisetum respiciens (A. Rich., 1851) , Pennisetum verticillatum (L.) (Nash, 1817), Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br., Setaria adhaerens (Forssk., 1919), Setaria ambigua (Guss.), Setaria aparine (Stued. 1912), Setaria carnei (A.S. Hitchc.), Setaria nubica (Link), Setaria respiciens (A. Rich, 1852), Setaria verticillformis (Dumort.), Setaria virdis (Terracc., 1894)

62. Sonchus asper

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Sonchus asper is a perennial or annual herb native to Eurasia and Africa. It has been introduced to a wide range of countries around the world, including some sub-Antarctic islands such as Gough Island, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. It is considered a weed in agricultural systems mainly due to its role in harbouring diseases and pests. It produces large numbers of seeds that are dispersed by wind.

Common Names: chaudronnet, laiteron âpre, laiteron épineux, laiteron piquant, laiteron rude, lastron piquant, perennial sowthistle, prickly sow thistle, prickly sowthistle , prickly sow-thistle, rough sow thistle, serralha áspera, serralha espinhosa, serralha preta, spiny annual sow thistle, spiny sowthistle, spiny-leaf sow-thistle

Synonyms: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. asper, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. glaucescens (Jord.) J. Ball, Sonchus asper Linn., Sonchus nymanii Tineo & Guss.

63. Sonchus oleraceus

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Sonchus oleraceus is an annual herb native to Eurasia and northern Africa. It has been introduced to a wide range of countries around the world. It is a common weed in disturbed areas and is a major problem in agricultural systems mainly due to its role in harbouring diseases and pests. It produces large numbers of seeds that are dispersed by wind.

Common Names: annual sowthistle, colewort, common Milk Sow-thistle, common sowthistle, common sow-thistle, hare's colewort, hare's lettuce, laiteron commun, laiteron maraîcher, laiteron potager, lastron, leita ruga, milk thistle, milky tassel, pualele, serralha branca, serralha macia, smooth sow thistle, soft thistle, sow thistle, sow-thistle, swinies, thalaak

64. Sorghum halepense (grass)    

Sorghum halepense is an extremely invasive noxious weed with a worldwide distribution. High seed production and an extensive rhizomal system makes it difficult to eradicate. This species has a number of detrimental effects including: toxicity to grazing stock, fire risk during summer and competitive exclusion of other plants. It reduces soil fertility, acts as a host for crop pathogens and is a known allergen.

Common Names: Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, gumai, herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho, sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson

Synonyms: Andropogon arundinaceus Scop. 1772, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. 1804, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. anatherus Piper 1915, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. genuinus Stapf ex Hook. f. 1896, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. muticus (Hack.) Asch & Graebn. 1915, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. typicus Asch & Graebn. 1898, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. ssp. halepensis (L.) Hack 1889, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subvar. genuinus Hack 1889, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subvar. leiostachys Hack 1889, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subvar. muticus Hack 1889, Blumenbachia halepensis (L.) Koeler 1802, Holcus halepensis L. 1753, Milium halepense (L.) Cav. 1802, Sorghum almum Parodi 1943, Sorghum almum Parodi var. typicum Parodi 1943, Sorghum controversum, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. muticum (Hack.) Grossh. 1928, Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden, Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench var. halepense (L.) Kuntze 1891

65. Tilapia zillii (fish)

In its native, tropical range, Tilapia zillii is important as a food fish as well as for aquaculture. Tilapia zillii provided 70% of Egypt's fish production, however outside its native range, this freshwater fish has the ability to establish itself even in highly salinated waters, only being held back by a low tolerance to cold water. Often introduced for use in aquatic weed control, Tilapia zilli can alter native benthic communities through the elimination of macrophytes and exhibits aggressive behaviour towards other fish species.

Common Names: akpadi sila, akpasila, amnun matzui, a-sannoh, bere, biare, biering, bugu, bulti, cichlid, didee, disiwulen, Engege, Epia, Erihere, falga, garagaza, gargaza, gba gba ferah, gbatchekede, guring, ifunu, isiswe, karfasa, karwa, ka-yainkain, kido, kokine, kpro ibre, kuda, loroto, mango fish, mojarra, mojarrita, mpupa, ngege, ngipie, ngorkei, njabb, obrouyou, pastenague boulee, perege, punavatsatilapia, redbelly tilapia, sato, sili, silla, sohn, striped tilapia, tegr-pere, tha thompo, tihil, tilapia, tome, tsokungi, ukuobu, waas, waas gnoul, wesafun, Zilles Buntbarsch, zilli's cichlid, zill's tilapia

Synonyms: Acerina zilli (Gervais, 1848), Chromis andreae (Gunther, 1864), Chromis coeruleomaculatus (Rochebrune, 1880), Chromis faidherbii (Rochebrune, 1880), Chromis melanopleura (Dumeril, 1861), Chromis menzalensis (Mitchell, 1895), Chromis tristrami (Gunther, 1860), Chromis zillii (Gervais, 1848), Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Coptodus zillii (Gervais, 1848), Glyphisidon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Haligenes tristrami (Gunther, 1860), Sarotherodon zillei (Gervais, 1848), Sarotherodon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Tilapia faidherbi (Rochebrune, 1880), Tilapia melanopleura (Dumeril, 1861), Tilapia menzalensis (Mitchell, 1895), Tilapia multiradiata (Holly, 1928), Tilapia shariensis (Fowler, 1949), Tilapia sparrmani multiradiata (Holly, 1928), Tilapia tristrami (Gunther, 1860)

66. Verbascum thapsus (herb)

Verbascum thapsus is an erect herb in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is found in neglected meadows and pasture lands, along fencerows and roadsides. It can produce 100,000-180,000 seeds per individual plant and seeds may remain viable for over 100 years. Verbascum thapsus threatens natural meadows and forest openings, where it adapts easily to a wide variety of site conditions and an established population can be extremely difficult to eradicate. Verbascum thapsus was once used as a herbal remedy for bronchitis, colds and congestion.

Common Names: Aaron's-rod , barbasco, big taper , bouillon blanc, common mullein , flannel mullein , flannel plant , flannelleaf , gordolobo comun, great mullein , guardalobo, hag taper , molène, mullein , torches , velvet dock , velvet plant , verbasco, woolly mullein

67. Vinca major (herb)

Vinca major is introduced to new locations usually as an ornamental or medicinal herb. It spreads locally from dumped garden waste, plant fragments carried downstream and as a garden escape along shady corridors. It grows most vigorously in moist shady areas in forests, along streams and urban areas. Once established the herb competes with native vegetation by smothering all native groundcover vegetation and preventing the regeneration of trees and shrubs. Vinca major is a serious threat to the understorey of forested areas and streamside vegetation.

Common Names: bigleaf periwinkle, blue periwinkle, greater periwinkle, large periwinkle, periwinkle

Synonyms: Vinca major L. var. variegata Loud.

68. Vulpes vulpes (mammal)

The European red fox is probably responsible for declines of some small canids and ground-nesting birds in North America, and numerous small- and medium-sized rodents and marsupials in Australia. A programme to reduce predation pressure on native fauna within the critical weight range of 35 g to 5.5 kg in Western Australia has involved the use of 1080 fox baits.

Common Names: fuchs, lape, lis, raposa, red fox, renard, rev, Rotfuchs, silver, black or cross fox, volpe, vos, zorro

Synonyms: Canis vulpes (Linnaeus 1758)

69. Yersinia pestis (micro-organism)

Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes plague, a highly contagious and lethal disease and the cause of three disease pandemics throughout human history. It is a zoonotic disease and exists in natural cycles involving transmission between rodent hosts and flea vectors. Humans are usually infected through bites from rodent fleas that carry the disease. Modern antibiotics are effective against Y. pestis, but if treatment is delayed or inadequate then the disease can cause severe illness or death.

Common Names: bubonic plague, chuma, pest, peste, plague

Synonyms: Bacillus pestis, Bacillus pestis (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Migula 1900, Bacterium pestis , Bacterium pestis Lehmann and Neumann 1896, Pasteurella pestis, Pasteurella pestis (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Bergey et al. 1923, Pestisella pestis , Pestisella pestis (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Dorofeev 1947

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Biostatus not specified

1. Carpodacus mexicanus (bird)

Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch) is native to the western United States and Mexico. In 1940, wild birds illegally sold as "Hollywood Finches" in New York were released by dealers anxious to avoid prosecution, and populations now exist throughout eastern North America. In many areas, house finches are not considered a nuisance and are appreciated for their musical song and bright colours. However, they are highly adaptable to urban and suburban environments as they peck and feed on practically all deciduous fruits, berries, grains and seed. Consequently, large populations have become a nuisance, even in their native range, where they have caused economic losses in agricultural areas.

Common Names: house finch, pinzon mexicano

2. Molothrus ater (bird)

Molothrus ater is a small blackbird that can be found in almost every habitat, open woodlands, fields and marginal habitats in between. It is commonly associated with agriculture (cattle pastures, feed lots) and is migratory, spending time year-round in the southern United States, but occurring only during the breeding season in the northern and mountainous regions of the United States. Molothrus ater has undergone a rapid range expansion with habitat alterations, due to forest clearing, domestic cattle grazing, urbanisation and conversion of forested habitats to agricultural land.

Common Names: brown-headed cowbird, buffalo bird, cowbird

3. Myxobolus cerebralis (micro-organism)

Myxobolus cerebralis is a microscopic parasite that causes a chronic disease which often results in high mortalities among young, hatchery reared fish. It is called "whirling disease" as infected fish swim in radical, circular motions. Myxobolus cerebralis has a wide distribution that appears to be expanding. It is thought that the principle method of spread is through the stocking of live, infected fish. Myxobolus cerebralis has a two-host life cycle that involves fish and the bottom-dwelling tubifex worm, which releases Myxobolus cerebralis spores into the water.

Common Names: whirling disease

4. Phalaris arundinacea (grass)

Phalaris arundinacea is a cool-season perennial grass that grows successfully in northern latitudes and can be invasive in wet habitats. Since it is tolerant of freezing temperatures and begins to grow very early in the spring, it can outcompete many other species. Any moist, fertile habitat provides good conditions for P. arundinacea. It is considered a serious threat in wet meadows, wetlands, marshes, fens, old fields, floodplains, wet prairies, roadsides and ditchbanks. The invasion is promoted by disturbances, such as ditching of wetlands, stream channels, deforestation of swamp forests, sedimentation, overgrazing and intentional planting. P. arundinacea tolerates frequent and prolonged flooding as well as submergence. It is moderately tolerant of drought and saline or alkaline soils. P. arundinacea spreads within sites by creeping rhizomes and forms dense and impenetrable mats of vegetation. New sites are colonised by seeds. P. arundinacea tolerates a small amount of shade, such as forest edges but not closed forest interiors.

Common Names: alpiste roseau, caniço-malhado, gardener's-garters, hierba cinta, kusa-yoshi, pasto cinto, reed Canary grass, ribbon grass, Rohrglanzgras, variegated grass

Synonyms: Phalaris arundinacea f. variegata (Parn.) Druce, Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta L., Phalaris japonica Steud., Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch., Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch. var. picta (L.) Tzvelev

5. West Nile virus (micro-organism)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus native to Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. WNV is mostly transmitted by Culex mosquitoes in a cycle involving birds as amplifying hosts. However infected mosquitoes can also transmit the virus to other animals and humans. Most animals are “dead-end” hosts and do not contribute to virus spread or evolution in nature, because infection in non-avian species results in low virus levels that is insufficient for infection of mosquitoes.
Since its introduction into the United States in the New York City area in 1999 WNV has continued to expand its range across the United States and into Canada, Mexico and Central and South America. WNV causes severe disease humans, horses and other vertebrates. Most people infected with West Nile virus have only mild illness. However the virus can also cause severe neuroinvasive diseases, often leading to death. No specific medication exists to treat West Nile virus infection, and there is currently no vaccine available for humans. Control measures focus on reducing mosquito breeding habitat: standing water in urban areas, agricultural areas, and wetlands.

Common Names: West Nile virus

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Native Species

1. Branta canadensis (bird)

Branta canadensis, Canada geese are very adaptable. They can live in a broad range of habitats, which includes cohabitation with humans. In addition, Canada geese are highly fecund and lacking in amount of predators. Population growth of this species over the past years has caused problems in many different areas including environmental, aesthetic, and human health. Canada geese can either be migratory or resident, which enables them to occupy a large geographical range. This species has created issues not only in areas where it has been introduced, but also in its native locations due to the population explosion of the species. Although this species has created problems, it also has been of economic use as well as being, at times, an enjoyable aspect of wildlife.

Common Names: bernache du Canada, branta kanadarra, Canada goose, ganso Canadiense, ganso do Canadá, oca del Canadá

Synonyms: Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Branta canadensis interior Todd, 1938, Branta canadensis maxima Delacour, 1951, Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich, 1946 , Branta canadensis parvipes Cassin, 1852

2. Discula destructiva (fungus)

Discula destructiva is a fungus that has caused serious losses to North American native flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and other native and introduced species (C. nuttallii and C. kousa, respectively) of dogwood found in the natural environment and in ornamental plantings. Infection is more likely to occur at higher elevations and on moist to wet sites, and shade increases the risk of infection and mortality. Spores are washed onto new leaf tissue during periods of wet weather or sprinkler irrigation. Spores of Discula destructiva land on shoots and leaves penetrating them directly and causing the quick death of the plant tissue due to the production of several toxins by the fungus. Larger trees often die 2 to 3 years after the first symptoms are found in the leaves. Management of Discula destructiva is not readily available, but there are strategies available to enhance high value and ornamental populations of dogwoods through extensive care of individual trees.

Common Names: dogwood anthracnose

3. Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)    

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) are one of the most widely introduced fish species in the world. Native to western North America, from Alaska to the Baja Peninsula, Oncorhynchus mykiss have been introduced to numerous countries for sport and commercial aquaculture. Oncorhynchus mykiss is highly valued as a sportfish, with regular stocking occurring in many locations where wild populations cannot support the pressure from anglers. Concerns have been raised about the effects of introduced trout in some areas, as they may affect native fish and invertebrates through predation and competition.

Common Names: Alabalik, Alabalik türü, Amerikaniki Pestrofa, Aure, Baiser, Baja California rainbow trout, Brown trout, Coast angel trout, Coast rainbow trout, Coast range trout, Dagova pastarva, Forel rajduzhna, Forelle, Hardhead, Kamchatka steelhead, Kamchatka trout, Kamloops, Kamloops trout, Kirjolohi, K'wsech, Lord-fish, Masu, Nijimasu, Orret, Pastrva, Pestropha, pstrag teczowy, Pstrag teczowy , Pstruh duhový, Pstruh dúhový, rainbow trout, Rainbow trout , Redband, redband trout, Regenbogenforelle, Regenbogenforelle , Regenboogforel, Regnbåge, Regnbågslax, Regnbogasilungur, Regnbueørred, Regnbueørret, Salmon trout, Salmones del Pacífico, Silver trout, Stahlkopfforelle, Stålhovedørred, Steelhead, steelhead trout, Steelhead trout , Summer salmon, Sxew'k'em, Trofta ylberi, Trofte ylberi, Trota, Trota iridea, Trucha, trucha arco iris, Trucha arco iris , Trucha arcoiris, truite arc-en-ciel, Truta , Truta-arco-iris, Urriöi

Synonyms: Fario gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Onchorrhychus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Oncorhynchus kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo gairdneri irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdneri shasta (Jordan, 1894), Salmo gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gilberti (Jordan, 1894), Salmo iridea (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo irideus argentatus (Bajkov, 1927), Salmo irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo kamloops whitehousei (Dymond, 1931), Salmo kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo masoni (Suckley, 1860), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) , Salmo nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Salmo purpuratus (Pallas, 1814), Salmo rivularis kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo rivularis (Ayres, 1855), Salmo stellatus (Girard, 1856), Salmo truncatus (Suckley, 1859)

4. Phragmites australis (grass)

Phragmites australis grows on level ground in tidal and non-tidal marshes, lakes, swales and backwater areas of rivers and streams. It is found on sites that are seasonally flooded with not more than 50cm of water. It grows on most soil textures from fine clay to sandy loams and is somewhat tolerant of saline or alkaline conditions. Phragmites australis is especially common along railroad tracks, roadside ditches and piles of dredge spoil, wherever slight depressions will hold water. Throughout most of its range, it typically forms closed mono-dominant stands in both disturbed and pristine areas. It is capable of vigorous vegetative reproduction and its seeds, which are normally dispersed by wind, may be transported by birds that nest among the reeds. The seeds are also dispersed by water. Newly opened sites may be colonised by seed or by rhizome fragments carried to the area in soils and on machinery or naturally in floodwaters. Invasion and continued spread is aided by disturbances or stresses such as pollution, alteration of the natural hydrologic regime, dredging and increased sedimentation. In coastal marshes, spread of Phragmites australis is also facilitated by natural disturbance caused by tidal movements of dead vegetation.

Common Names: cane, caniço, carrizo común, common reed, ditch reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, phragmites, reed grass, roseau, roseau cane, roseau commun, Schilf, schilfrohr, yellow cane

Synonyms: Arundo aggerum Kittel, Arundo altissima Benth., Arundo australis Cav., Arundo barbata Burchell, Arundo graeca Link, Arundo isiaca Delile, Arundo karka Retz., Arundo maxima Forssk., Arundo palustris Salisb., Arundo phragmites L., Arundo phragmites L. var. humilis (DeNot.) Asch. & Graebn., Arundo phragmites L. var. isiaca Griseb., Arundo vallatoria Gray, Arundo vulgaris Lam., Calamagrostis nigricans Merat, Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail, Czernya arundinacea C.Presl, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed, Phragmites berlandieri E.Fourn., Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites communis Trin. forma flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma isiacus (Griseb.) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma nigricans (Merat) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) A.Löve & D.Löve, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. isiacus (Griseb.) Oppenh. & Evenari, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Clayton, Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Fernald, Phragmites communis Trin. var. flavescens Custor ex Gaudin, Phragmites communis Trin. var. humilis (DeNot.) Parl., Phragmites communis Trin. var. isiacus (Griseb.) Coss., Phragmites communis Trin. var. vulgaris Boenn., Phragmites flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Hegetschw. & Heer, Phragmites humilis DeNot., Phragmites isiacus Kunth, Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Moldenke, Phragmites nakaiana Honda, Phragmites phragmites (L.) H.Karst., Phragmites vulgaris Crep., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. humilis (DeNot.) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. isiacus (Griseb.) T.Durand & Schinz, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. typicus Beck, Phragmites vulnerans Asch., Reimaria diffusa Spreng., Trichoon karka (Retz.) Roth, Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle, Xenochloa arundinacea Lichtenstein ex Roem. & Schult.