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Sunflower Bees: Diadasia spp.
A sunflower bee (Diadasia spp.) foraging on a sunflower. Photo Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Diadasia spp.
Description:Diadasia species are small to medium sized, ranging from 5 to 22 mm long. They are robust and hairy. Males have long antennae.
Life History:These bees are solitary ground-nesters, but they often nest in aggregations. Their nests are shallow and often have turreted (chimney-like) entrances. These bees usually fly in the morning and early afternoon. Each cell is provisioned with a nectar and pollen mixture and a single egg. Larvae hatch and turn into pupae. After a period of inactivity, adult bees emerge.
Distribution:Diadasia spp. are restricted to the New World. Most species occur in the western United States, although some occur in Canada as well.
Sunflower Bees Increase the Pollination Efficiency of Honey Bees
A sunflower bee (Svastra obliqua) foraging. Photo copyright Lynette Schimming.
Species in the genera Diadasia and Svastra are collectively called sunflower bees because, along with several other groups of plants, they are sunflower (Helianthus annuus) specialists. In addition to sunflowers, these bees specialize on mallows (Malvaceae), cacti (Cactaceae), evening primroses and willow herbs (Onagraceae), and wild bindweeds (Convolvulaceae). In fact, several cacti and mallows rely on sunflower bees for pollination services. Sunflower bees are found throughout the New World and generally are hairy bees. Males have long antennae.
Sunflower crops are typically planted in rows - pollen-producing male plants in one row, nectar-producing female plants in another. In order for pollination to occur, pollen must be moved from male plants to female plants by pollinators, primarily bees. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are often used to pollinate sunflower crops, but worker honey bees specialize in either collecting pollen or nectar and primarily visit only one type of row. However, the presence of native bees, like sunflower bees, causes honey bees to change their foraging activity - the native bees chase the honey bees between the rows of sunflowers, making them up to five times more efficient pollinators, increasing seed set from three to 15 seeds produced per honey bee visit. In fact, research by Sarah S. Greenleaf and Claire Kremen has shown that the only sunflower fields to achieve 100% pollination are those fields with abundant native bee populations. The most important of these native bee species are long-horned (Melissodes spp.) and sunflower (Diadasia and Svastra spp.) bees. In this study, pollination by native bees accounted for only 7% of total pollination, but they were indirectly responsible for an additional 40% of pollination by alternating honey bee behavior.
Sunflower bees are solitary bees. Solitary bees usually build and live in individual nests rather than in a hive or with a colony of bees, while social or communal bees do live colonially in hives or bee communities.
Sunflower Bees: Svastra spp.
A sunflower bee (Svastra spp.) foraging. Photo copyright Kurt Hawkins.
Svastra spp.
Description:Svastra spp. are moderate to large sized bees, usually between 7.5 and 20 mm long. They are hairy with pale hair bands on their abdomen. Males have long antennae.
Life History:Most Svastra spp. are solitary ground-nesters. However, some species do nest communally with two or more queens sharing a nest and each queen individually building and provisioning her own brood cells. Each cell is provisioned with a nectar and pollen mixture and a single egg. Larvae hatch and turn into pupae. After a period of inactivity, adult bees emerge.
Distribution:These bees are found in the New World and most occur in the United States and Central America, although several species do occur in Canada.
Resources: Svastra (Mitchell, T.B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States, VolumeII. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Tech. Bul. No.152,557 p.) The Great Sunflower Project: Svastra (L. Schonberg, M. Vaughan, and G. LeBuhn, The Great Sunflower Project)
Sunflower Bee: Svastra obliqua
Svastra obliqua
Description:The sunflower bee, Svastra obliqua, is 14.5 to 16 mm in length, and is one of the larger Svastra spp. Two forms of this bee exist: one has prominent bands of pale hair on the abdomen and in the other these hairs are absent and all hairs are dark or there are scattered patches of pale hair.
Distribution:This bee is found from Mexico to Montana, and east to Quebec, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Florida.
Status:This bee is one of the most common and abundant species in the Svastra genus. It is also one of the most common pollinators of hybrid sunflower crops.
Resources: Svastra obliqua (Mitchell, T.B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States, Volume II. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Tech. Bul. No.152, 557 p.)
Bee Monitoring Listserve
The purpose of this listserve is to disseminate information and foster discussions regarding the inventory and monitoring of bees as well as their identification.