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Notes on Species Observation Schema

Species Observation Schema

The above diagram outlines the important classes used in the species observation schema developed as part of the SPIRE project.

Observation Dataset refers to a dataset composed of field observation of biological entities.

Field Session refers to the visit of a field observer to a particular place at a particular time.

Sample Aggregation refers to a collected set of sample units, or plots.

Sample Unit refers to the basic entity being observed and its associated properties.

Observation refers to an event where observers go into the field to monitor some environmental characteristic.

Biological Entity refers to a biological "thing" that has persistance over time.

Biological Entity State refers to the state of a biological entity at a time and space.

Semantic Web Resources

The following is a list of important web resources that describe many of the concepts and tools used in the Semantic Web.

Vocabularies

Dublin Core
The Dublin Core is a vocabulary set for describing bibliographic materials -- see http://dublincore.org/. Namespaces are at http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ for the 15 major elements, and a more elaborate term vocabulary is at http://purl.org/dc/terms/.
FOAF
The Friend-of-a-Friend vocabulary is an experimental vocabulary for describing social networks. See http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ for the namespace, and http://www.foaf-project.org/ for more information.
RSS
RSS is a set of standards for syndication, providing metadata for news headlines, weblog entries, and so on. Of the plethora of RSS specifications, RSS 1.0 (http://purl.org/rss/1.0/) is an RDF vocabulary.
Geospatial vocabularies
Several vocabularies have been developed to describe geospatial resources in terms for the Semantic Web. For points only, there is http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#. A more sophisticated treatment of geography following the OGC Well-known text descriptors is contained in 3 OWL ontologies referenced at http://www.mindswap.org/2004/geo/geoOntologies.shtml.
SKOS
The Simple Knowledge Organization Scheme (http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/) is a Semantic Web framework for describing thesauri and controlled vocabularies.
Creative Commons
This is a vocabulary for open copyright licenses, at http://web.resource.org/cc/.
SWED
Semantic Web Environmental Directory - this was a UK project producing a number of tools and ontologies, in particular see http://www.swed.org.uk/swed/swed_technical_resources.htm

Toolsets

Swoogle
This is a search engine for Semantic Web resources, from UMBC and at http://swoogle.umbc.edu/.
SWOOP
This is a lightweight editor for the Semantic Web ontology language OWL, from the UMD Mindswap lab, at http://code.google.com/p/swoop/.
RDF toolkits
There is a comprehensive list of programmatic toolkits for the Semantic Web language RDF, covering over a dozen different languages, at http://www.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/suhl/bizer/toolkits.
D2RQ
This is an declarative vocabulary and Java toolkit for mapping between relational databases and RDFS or OWL schemas, at http://www.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/suhl/bizer/d2rq/.
Scout Portal Toolkit/CWIS
This is a web application that easily allows you to set up a Dublin Core-based catalog of resources, at http://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/CWIS/.
SIMILE and Longwell
SIMILE (http://simile.mit.edu/)is a project out of MIT that is building ties between digital libraries and the Semantic Web. Of special note is the Longwell RDF browser, which is a catalog browser using facets to navigate.
SPARQL
This is a RDF query language, a bit like SQL, that is becoming popular. The specification is at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/.

Other resources

Semantic Web Reference Card
This reference card is at http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/v2.1/resource/html/id/94/.
Directory of Semantic Web schemas
One such directory is SchemaWeb at http://www.schemaweb.info/.
Resources on RDF
Dave Beckett maintains a comprehensive list of RDF resources at http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/discovery/rdf/resources/.
Developer weblogs
The site Planet RDF (http://planetrdf.com/) gives newsfeeds from the weblogs of a number of Semantic Web developers.
Semantic Web Interest Group
This group's IRC chats are summarized at http://rdfig.xmlhack.com/.


CAIN Semantic Web Schemas

As part of CAIN's work in developing semantic web technologies we have been developing schemas and ontologies expressed in the web ontology language OWL. These include the following:

What is Semantic Web?

The semantic web is a development associated with the World Wide Web, in which the goal is to have universal meaning and understanding of services and information on the internet, so that computers can "understand" aspects of the Web that they currently do not. With further development of semantic web schemas, the need for humans operating computers to find, combine, and act upon web-based information will decrease.

Planet RDF
It's triples all the way down
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