Five amphibian species and three reptile species were detected during the 1996 site surveys. Amphibian and reptile species, and number of WPA/NWR's ("units") where detected, included Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) at 3 units, Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata) at 11 units, Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii) at 1 unit, Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) at 1 unit, Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) at 1 unit, Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) at 3 units, Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) at 1 unit, and Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) at 2 units. Opportunistic encounters added three species detected on USFWS units in 1996: Western Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus), Racer (Coluber constrictor), Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer). Other wetland surveys and opportunistic encounters in the region in 1996 included three additional species (one amphibian and two snake species) not recorded at the USFWS units during the inventory: Plains Spadefoot (Scaphiopus bombifrons), Western Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans), Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis).
Greatest detected diversity was on or near Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (CMR), which included all species encountered in 1996 except Plains Garter Snake; this species was detected on the adjacent UL Bend NWR, however, and probably occurs on the CMR as well. Almost 33% of all site surveys during the 1996 inventory were on or near the CMR, which is the largest unit on which site surveys were conducted. No amphibians or reptiles were noted on three USFWS units, one species on five units, two species on 4 units, three species on one unit, and seven species on one unit. For all (37) site surveys, no species were detected on 12, one species on 15, two species on 6, three species on 3, and four species on 1.
Historical records and earlier surveys indicated the presence of four additional species on USFWS lands not encountered during the 1996 surveys: Plains Spadefoot, Spiny Softshell (Trionyx spiniferus), Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglasi), Western Rattlesnake.
This document should be cited as follows:
Hendricks, P., and J. D. Reichel. 1998. Amphibian and reptile survey on Montana refuges: 1996. Montana Natural
Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 19 pp.
Preliminary data indicate that the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) has disappeared over much of its former range in western Montana and is declining in at least some areas of eastern Montana. Status and population trends of several toad species (Bufo spp.) are unknown, although declines of the Western Toad (Bufo boreas) have recently been reported in northern Idaho (C. Peterson pers. comm.), northwestern Montana (Werner and Reichel 1994), Yellowstone National Park (Koch and Peterson 1995) and Colorado (Carey 1993). Land-use practices, such as large-scale logging, continue to be detrimental to resident herpetofauna in some regions of the western U.S. (Bury et al. 1991), while the impacts of grazing on amphibians and reptiles and their habitats remain poorly studied and understood. Heavy grazing in and around breeding waters may also negatively impact amphibians and reptiles living in riparian and wetland sites by 1) eliminating emergent vegetation necessary for egg and larval survival, 2) lowering water quality, especially causing high siltation levels, 3) soil compaction and trampling of turtle eggs, and 4) trampling of eggs, larvae and adults. Additionally, "improving" seeps and springs for livestock watering may make them unavailable to breeding amphibians.
The Montana Natural Heritage Program currently (1997) lists five amphibian and five reptile species as Animal Species of Special Concern. Of these, Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys), Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens), Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina), Spiny Softshell (Trionyx spiniferus), Western Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus) and Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) occur or potentially occur in the region of focus in this report.
Historical locations of amphibians and reptiles were recorded from literature (see Bibliography) and museum specimen records. Records were received from over 20 major museums which have computerized their collections in North America (see Acknowledgments). Locations derived from these sources have been entered into a database and digitized. Distribution maps were created using survey and sighting data and historical records, including specimens.
Survey sites were chosen based on 3 criteria: 1) high priority sites as determined by the USFWS; 2) location of streams, seeps and wetlands on topographic maps; and 3) accessibility of the wetlands by roads. Based on the above, 3-6 sites were chosen daily for surveys. Six minutes to 2 hours were spent at each site, depending upon the size of the area and what was found. Initially, the entire shoreline, or a major part thereof, was searched by walking slowly along the edge and up into the surrounding vegetation, including rolling over rocks and logs. At regular intervals, the aquatic habitat was sampled for tadpoles or larvae using dipnets. If the initial sampling showed amphibian/reptile species present, further effort was expended in order to get some idea of abundance and distribution.
An attempt was made to capture at least the first few individuals of a species seen at a survey site. The species name was recorded along with developmental stage and sex (if possible); the animals were then released. On occasion, representative samples of the more common species in an area were preserved for permanent museum records and will be deposited at the Idaho State University Museum. Water temperature, air temperature, and a general description of the area were recorded. Standard data sheets were used during this project; the amphibian survey data sheet was developed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is used extensively by a variety of researchers in the western U.S. Much site-specific data was gathered during these surveys; not all data has been analyzed or is presented in this report, but is available from the Montana Natural Heritage Program.
Five amphibian species and three reptile species were detected during the 1996 site surveys on USFWS administered lands (Appendix 2). Amphibian and reptile species, and number of WPA/NWR's ("units") where detected, included Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) at 3 units, Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata) at 11 units, Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii) at 1 unit, Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) at 1 unit, Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) at 1 unit, Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) at 3 units, Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) at 1 unit, and Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) at 2 units.
Greatest detected diversity was on or near Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (CMR), which included all species encountered in 1996 except Plains Garter Snake; this species was detected on the adjacent UL Bend NWR, however, and probably occurs on the CMR as well. Almost 33% of all site surveys during the 1996 inventory were on or near the CMR, which is the largest unit on which site surveys were conducted. No amphibians or reptiles were noted on three USFWS units, one species on five units, two species on 4 units, three species on one unit, and seven species on one unit. No species were detected on 12, one species on 15, two species on 6, three species on 3, and four species on 1 of the site surveys.
Opportunistic sightings on USFWS units in 1996 added three species not reported during site surveys: Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer), Western Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus), Racer (Coluber constrictor). Historical records and earlier surveys indicated the presence of four additional species on USFWS lands not encountered during the 1996 inventory: Plains Spadefoot (Scaphiopus bombifrons), Spiny Softshell (Trionyx spiniferus), Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglasi), Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis).
In addition to the 37 site surveys on USFWS units, there were 132 site surveys in 1996 on other public lands (mostly BLM) in the region, and 36 opportunistic sightings (i.e. road kills, chance observations) for which data are available and the sightings considered reliable. Survey results included Tiger Salamander at 3 sites, Western Chorus Frog at 32 sites, Northern Leopard Frog at 10 sites, Plains Spadefoot at 2 sites, Painted Turtle at 5 sites, Plains Garter Snake at 8 sites and Western Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans) at 1 site. These surveys and opportunistic encounters in 1996 included three species not recorded at the USFWS units during the 1996 inventory: Plains Spadefoot, Western Terrestrial Garter Snake, Western Rattlesnake.
The following accounts are organized by USFWS unit, beginning with eight NWR's
(including two not visited in 1996) and followed by nine WPA's. Included in each account are a
description of the 1996 survey results and a summary of species previously documented from
each unit and in the MTNHP database in Helena.
Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge. No surveys were conducted on this refuge in 1996. There are records of four species (Tiger Salamander, Western Chorus Frog, Painted Turtle, Plains Garter Snake) for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge. Four surveys were conducted at this unit, three on 20 June and one on 25 July. Two species were noted, one each on two 20 June surveys: one adult Painted Turtle was seen in the Lakeside Unit near Dry Lake Canal, and Western Chorus Frog (3 adults and about 100 tadpoles) was observed in Goose Island Pond. Two other species were encountered in 1996. Two Gopher Snakes and one Racer were seen near the maintenance shop on 20 June. There are records of two additional species (Tiger Salamander, Western Rattlesnake) for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge. Twelve surveys were conducted on or near this refuge between 13-18 June. A total of seven species was detected at nine sites: Tiger Salamander (larvae) at 1 site, Western Chorus Frog at 8 sites (adults at 5 sites, tadpoles at 4 sites), Woodhouse's Toad at 3 sites (adults at 2 sites, tadpoles at 1 site), Great Plains Toad at 2 sites (adults at 1 site, a juvenile at 1 site), Northern Leopard Frog at 2 sites (1 adult at each), Painted Turtle (one adult) at 1 site, Common Garter Snake (one adult) at 1 site. Woodhouse's Toad was noted at two other sites in 1996: one adult near the mouth of Sand Creek on 14 June, one adult between the N & S Forks of Rock Creek. Three additional species were encountered in 1996. Western Hognose Snake was seen at 2 sites (Rd. 201 2 mi. E of Hwy 191 on 13 June, and 2 mi. S of Rock Creek Marina on 16 June). Gopher Snake was seen at 2 sites (Rd. 201 6 mi. E of Hwy 191 on 13 June, and Knox Ridge Rd. 1 mi. W of Hwy 191 on 14 June). Racer was seen at 1 site (Rd. 217 2 mi. S of Rock Creek Marina on 16 June). There are records of two additional species (Spiny Softshell, Western Rattlesnake) for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
Creedman Coulee National Wildlife Refuge. One survey was conducted at this unit on 3 June. At least ten adult Western Chorus Frogs were heard calling; no tadpoles were captured in 30 sweeps. There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
Thibadeau National Wildlife Refuge. This site was visited on 3 June, but only a small part (not surveyed) held any water and was a flooded hayfield; nearby Grassy Lake was plowed and dry. There are no records of amphibians or reptiles for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
Bend National Wildlife Refuge. Two surveys were conducted on this refuge on 19 June. A total of three species was detected: Western Chorus Frogs (tadpoles) at 2 sites, Painted Turtle (1 adult, 1 juvenile) at 1 site, Plains Garter Snake at 2 sites (5 and 4 adults, respectively). There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
War Horse National Wildlife Refuge. No surveys were conducted on this refuge in 1996. There are records of three species (Western Chorus Frog, Plains Spadefoot, Northern Leopard Frog) for this refuge in the MTNHP database.
Brown Waterfowl Protection Area. One survey was conducted at this WPA on 1 June. One species, Western Chorus Frog (about 50 calling adults), was observed; no tadpoles were caught in 15 sweeps. There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Dyrdahl Waterfowl Protection Area. One survey was conducted at this WPA on 11 July. One species, Western Chorus Frog (3 tadpoles), was captured in 50 sweeps of three potholes. There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Foster Creek Waterfowl Protection Area. One survey was conducted at this WPA on 22 July. No amphibian or reptile species were encountered. There are no records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Holm Waterfowl Protection Area. Two surveys were conducted at this WPA on 4 June. Two species were noted: Western Chorus Frog (about 50 calling adults, no tadpoles in 20 sweeps) was noted at Holm Reservoir, Western Chorus Frog (about 100 adults, no tadpoles in 20 sweeps) and Plains Garter Snake (1 adult) were noted at McLaren Reservoir. There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Jarina Waterfowl Protection Area. Two surveys were conducted at this WPA on 31 May. One species was noted: Western Chorus Frog (5 calling adults, no tadpoles) was noted at an unnamed lake 0.5 mi. ENE of NW Howe Lake. No species were noted in NE Howe Lake. There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Kingsbury Waterfowl Protection Area. Four surveys were conducted at this WPA on 3 June. A total of two species was detected on 2 surveys: Tiger Salamander (larvae and eggs) at 2 sites, Western Chorus Frogs (4 calling adults) at 1 site. There are records of four additional amphibian and reptile species (Short-horned Lizard, Gopher Snake, Racer, Western Rattlesnake) for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Korsbeck Waterfowl Protection Area. Four surveys were conducted at this WPA on 4 June. A total of two species was detected on 3 surveys: Tiger Salamander (1 larvae in Pond 1) at 1 site, Western Chorus Frogs at 3 sites (8 calling adults and 90 tadpoles in Pond 1, 60 tadpoles in Pond 2, 185 tadpoles in East Pond). There are no additional records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Pearse Waterfowl Protection Area. One survey was conducted at this WPA on 25 July. No amphibian or reptile species were encountered. There are no records of amphibians or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
Webb Waterfowl Protection Area. One survey was conducted at this WPA on 11 July. No
amphibian (50 sweeps) or reptile species were encountered. There are no records of amphibians
or reptiles for this WPA in the MTNHP database.
2) Due to the time constraints and the large area covered in the 1996 survey, it should not be regarded as a definitive index of all the amphibians and reptiles or their presence on the USFWS units. The secretive habits of many amphibians and reptiles, and our lack of knowledge regarding their reproductive behavior make it difficult to assess their overall status. We recommend that additional surveys be conducted.
3) When more breeding locations for amphibians are known, long-term monitoring of typical
marsh-pond habitats should be set up at several sites in order to evaluate relative numbers and
breeding success of the more common species: Tiger Salamander, Western Chorus Frog,
Woodhouse's Toad, Northern Leopard Frog, Plains Garter Snake, and Common Garter Snake.
Particular attention needs to be given to any toad and Northern Leopard Frog breeding sites
found. Life history and ecology of the amphibians in Montana is poorly known for most species.
Long-term monitoring will give us information on timing of breeding and habitat requirements
needed for successful reproduction.
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Site | Location | Elevation | Date | Start Time |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black Coulee NWR | T34N R25E S24 NW4 | ---- | 10 Jul 96 | 1730 |
Bowdoin NWR | T31N R31E S23 SE4 | 2224 | 20 Jun 96 | 1215 |
Bowdoin NWR* | T31N R31E S26 NW4 | 2220 | 20-Jun-96 | 1310 |
Bowdoin NWR | T30N R31E S15 NW4 | 2220 | 20-Jun-96 | 1435 |
Bowdoin NWR* | T30N R31E S05 SW4SE4 | 2220 | 25-Jul-96 | 915 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T21N R24E S01 NW4 | 2283 | 13-Jun-96 | 1210 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T21N R25E S02 NW4 | 2296 | 13-Jun-96 | 1415 |
Charles M. Russell NWR(BLM land) | T23N R25E S26 NW4SW4 | 2953 | 13-Jun-96 | 1630 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T21N R24E S08 NE4 | 2887 | 14-Jun-96 | 1105 |
Charles M. Russell NWR* | T21N R25E S06 SW4 | 2461 | 14-Jun-96 | 1550 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T21N R37E S13 NW4 | 2280 | 14-Jun-96 | 2210 |
Charles M. Russell NWR(BLM land) | T21N R37E S35 NW4 | 2526 | 15-Jun-96 | 930 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T23N R43E S21 NE4 | 2313 | 16-Jun-96 | 1130 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T23N R43E S21 SW4 | 2330 | 16-Jun-96 | 1530 |
Charles M. Russell NWR* | T23N R43E S32 NE4 | 2297 | 16-Jun-96 | 1435 |
Charles M. Russell NWR* | T21N R43E S28 NE4 | 2295 | 16-Jun-96 | 2010 |
Charles M. Russell NWR | T22N R32E S18 NW4 | 2297 | 18-Jun-96 | 1630 |
Creedman Coulee NWR | T37N R15E S16 SE4SW4 | ---- | 3-Jun-96 | 1520 |
Lake Thibadeau NWR* | T35N R16E S26,35,36 | ---- | 3-Jun-96 | 1710 |
UL Bend NWR | T22N R30E S23 NW4 | 2392 | 19-Jun-96 | 1030 |
UL Bend NWR | T22N R29E S33 SW4 | 2461 | 19-Jun-96 | 1405 |
Brown WPA | T37N R02W S34NW,S35NW | ---- | 1-Jun-96 | 1915 |
Dyrdahl WPA | T36N R29E S05 SE4 | 2850 | 11-Jul-96 | 2006 |
Foster Creek WPA* | T25N R05W S06 NW4 | 3930 | 22-Jul-96 | 1630 |
Holm WPA (Holm Res.) | T36N R18E S31 S2 | ---- | 4-Jun-96 | 1950 |
Holm WPA (McLaren Res.) | T35N R18E S06 S2 | ---- | 4-Jun-96 | 1915 |
Jarina WPA | T28N R09W S20 NW4NE4 | 4680 | 31-May-96 | 1620 |
Jarina WPA* | T28N R09W S20 SW4NW4 | 4730 | 31-May-96 | 1750 |
Kingsbury WPA | T21N R11E S17 NW4NE4 | 3200 | 3-Jun-96 | 1145 |
Kingsbury WPA* | T21N R11E S07 NE4SE4 | 3270 | 3-Jun-96 | 1300 |
Kingsbury WPA | T21N R11E S18 SE4NW4 | 3220 | 3-Jun-96 | 1415 |
Kingsbury WPA* | T21N R11E S07 SE4SE4 | ---- | 3-Jun-96 | 1530 |
Korsbeck WPA* (Pond 3) | T28N R27E S05 NW4 | ---- | 4-Jun-96 | 1825 |
Korsbeck WPA (Pond 2) | T29N R27E S31 SW4 | 2590 | 4-Jun-96 | 1755 |
Korsbeck WPA (East Pond) | T29N R27E S32 SE4NW4 | 2580 | 4-Jun-96 | 1515 |
Korsbeck WPA (Pond 1) | T29N R27E S31 E2 | 2770 | 4-Jun-96 | 1655 |
Pearse WPA* | T31N R32E S18 SW4 | 2228 | 25-Jul-96 | 1215 |
Webb WPA* | T37N R29E S30 NW4 | 2800 | 11-Jul-96 | 1930 |
* Sites with no herps found during survey
Site | Person Hrs:min | AMTI | BUWO | BUCO | PSTR | RAPI | CHPI | THSI | THRA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black Coulee | 0:35 | 0/* | |||||||
Bowdoin (Lakeside Unit) | 0:45 | 1/0 | |||||||
Bowdoin (Goose Is. Unit) | 0:35 | 2/* | |||||||
CMR (White Bottoms) | 0:40 | 0/* | 10/0 | 1/0 | |||||
CMR (Rock Cr. Res.) | 1:00 | 0/* | 1/0 | ||||||
CMR (BLM Deep Res.) | 0:40 | 10/0 | |||||||
CMR (Sand Cr. Trail pond) | 0:50 | 0/* | |||||||
CMR (Hell Cr. Mouth) | 1:50 | 90/0 | 90/0 | 90/0 | |||||
CMR (BLM Hart Cr.) | 2:00 | 0/* | 1/* | ||||||
CMR (N Fork Rock Cr.) | 1:30 | 0/* | |||||||
CMR (pond, Rds 817 & 836) | 1:00 | 3/0 | 0/* | 1/0 | 1/0 | ||||
CMR (Fourchette Bay) | 0:30 | 10/0 | |||||||
Creedman Coulee | 0:40 | 10/0 | |||||||
UL Bend (Valentine Res.) | 1:00 | 0/* | 1/1 | 5/0 | |||||
UL Bend (Res. Rd 212,201) | 0:40 | 0/* | 4/0 | ||||||
Brown | 0:40 | 50/0 | |||||||
Dyrdahl | 0:30 | 0/* | |||||||
Holm (Holm Res.) | 0:20 | 50/0 | |||||||
Holm (McLaren Res.) | 0:30 | 90/0 | 1/0 | ||||||
Jarina ENE of NW Howe Lk | 1:25 | 5/0 | |||||||
Kingsbury (N pond) | 0:15 | 0/* | 4/0 | ||||||
Kingsbury (NW pond) | 0:06 | 0/* | |||||||
Korsbeck (pond 2) | 0:15 | 0/* | |||||||
Korsbeck (E pond) | 0:15 | 0/* | |||||||
Korsbeck (pond 1) | 0:45 | 0/* | 8/* |
** AMTI (Ambystoma tigrinum), BUWO (Bufo woodhousii), BUCO (B. cognatus), PSTR (Pseudacris triseriata), RAPI (Rana pipiens), CHPI (Chrysemys picta), THSI (Thamnophis sirtalis), THRA (T. radix).