References (continued)
400. The Privacy Act states that disclosure of protected health information can only occur with written consent of
the individual. Although the Act enumerates a number of exemptions from the "written consent" requirement, it is
unclear whether any exemption would apply to the disclosure of personal information pertaining to evacuees and
their whereabouts. However, the Privacy Act's "routine use" exemption allows for the sharing of information when
compatible with the purposes for which it was collected. P.L. 93-579; 5. U.S.C. § 552a (1974).
http://www.justice.gov/archive/oip/privstat.htm.
401. Under the HIPAA Privacy Rule, the disclosure of protected health information can only occur with written
consent of the individual, unless the routine use exemption applies. P.L. 104-191, 101. Stat. 1936(1996).
402. Guidance released in 2010 states that "FERPA permits school officials to disclose, without consent, education
records, or personally identifiable information from education records, to appropriate parties in connection with an
emergency, if knowledge of that information is necessary to protect the health or safety of the student or other
individuals." U.S. Department of Education, Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Disclosure
of Student Information Related to Emergencies and Disasters, (Washington, DC: ED, June 2010), 4,
http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/pdf/ferpa-disaster-guidance.pdf .
403. The White House, The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned, (Washington, DC: The White
House, February 2006), 100, http://library.stmarytx.edu/acadlib/edocs/katrinawh.pdf .
404. When this box is checked on the electronic version, a message appears in red text indicating that the
unaccompanied minor should be escorted to the proper authorities in compliance with State evacuation procedures. Also added to NMETS were fields allowing input of information to describe an unaccompanied minor
(e.g., eye color, hair color, and other distinguishing features) and indicate the name of the agency or individual who has taken the minor into custody. FEMA is also exploring development of an unaccompanied minors registry which would serve as a central repository for registering unaccompanied minors located during a disaster. This system would assist States to uniformly register unaccompanied minors, search data fields, and reunite families more quickly.
405. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Guidelines for Juvenile Information Sharing, 16.
406. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Preliminary Observations on the Evacuation of Vulnerable
Populations due to Hurricanes and Other Disasters, GAO-06-790T, (Washington, DC: GAO, 2006), 9,
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06790t.pdf .
407. Michael H. Fox, Glen W. White, Catherine Rooney, and Jennifer L. Rowland, "Disaster Preparedness and
Response for Persons with Mobility Impairments," Journal of Disability Policy Studies 17, no. 4(2007):204.
408. Lori Peek and Laura M. Stough, "Children With Disabilities in the Context of Disaster: A Social Vulnerability
Perspective," Child Development 81, no. 4(2010):1260.
409. National Council on Disability, Effective Emergency Management: Making Improvements for Communities
and People with Disabilities, (Washington, DC: NCD, August 12, 2009), 77,
http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom//publications/2009/pdf/NCD_EmergencyManagement.pdf .
410. Federal Highway Administration, Evacuating Populations With Special Needs, ed. U.S. Department of
Transportation (Washington, DC: DOT, April 2009), 17-28,
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop09022/fhwahop09022.pdf .
411. Yet 25. States do not require all licensed child care facilities to have evacuation plans, 33. States do not require
all licensed child care facilities to have evacuation plans that account for children with special needs, and 10
States and the District of Columbia do not require schools to have a written evacuation plan that accounts for
multiple hazards. Save the Children, A National Report Card on Protecting Children During Disasters, (Westport,
CT: Save the Children, 2010), 4, http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/2010-Disaster-Report.pdf .
412. For additional information and recommendations on managing the needs of children with chronic health
conditions in child care and schools, including emergency planning recommendations, see: Elaine A. Donoghue
and Colleen A. Kraft, Managing Chronic Health Needs in Child Care and Schools: A Quick Reference Guide, ed.
American Academy of Pediatrics (Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP, 2009),
https://www.nfaap.org/netforum/eweb/dynamicpage.aspx?site=nf.aap.org&webcode=aapbks_productdetail&key=BAD2FE33-C4E2-447F-9936-9DA8978B08D7.
413. National Council on Disability, Effective Emergency Management: Making Improvements for Communities
and People with Disabilities, 77.
414. Federal Emergency Management Agency and Department of Homeland Security Office for Civil Rights and
Civil Liberties, Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 301: Interim Emergency Management Planning Guide
for Special Needs Populations, Version 1.0, (Washington, DC: DHS, August 15, 2008), 5,
http://www.fema.gov/pdf/media/2008/301.pdf .
415. Jaydeep Chaudhari, Janelle Booth, Zhirui Ye, David Kack, and Benedict Posadas, Evacuation Preparedness of
Public Transportation and School Buses in Rural Coastal Communities of the North Gulf Region, (Bozeman, MT:
Western Transportation Institute, April 15, 2010),
http://www.westerntransportationinstitute.org/download.ashx?file=documents/reports/4W2643_Final_Report.pdf .
416. Ibid., 15.
417. Ibid., ix.
418. Ibid., 32-33.
419. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics: 2009, ed. U.S. Department of
Education (Washington, DC: ED, April 2010), 84,
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/dt09_050.asp?referrer=report.
420. Federal Emergency Management Agency and Department of Homeland Security Office for Civil Rights and
Civil Liberties, Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 301: Interim Emergency Management Planning Guide
for Special Needs Populations, Version 1.0, 32-33.
421. Ibid., 32.
422. Ibid., 42-44.
423. P.L. 108-446(2004).
424. National Fire Protection Association, Personal Emergency Evacuation Planning Tool for School Students with
Disabilities, (Quincy, MA: NFPA, July 2007), 3,
http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/Fact%20sheets/EvacStudentDisabilities.pdf .
425. Ibid., 9-13.
426. Public Law (P.L.) 110-161, Section 604(2008).
427. http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov
Return to Contents
AHRQ Publication No. 10-M037
Current as of October 2010
Internet Citation:
National Commission on Children and Disasters. 2010 Report to the President and Congress. AHRQ Publication No. 10-M037, October 2010. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/prep/nccdreport/
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