The National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases

The scientific mission of the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch (PECRB) is to determine the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. We have used several different scientific approaches to find the cause of the disease including (1) epidemiologic (Knowler, Hanson, and Nelson); (2) clinical physiologic (Krakoff); and (3) molecular genetic approaches (Baier).

In few other laboratories in the world are scientists from such diverse backgrounds working together to apply the latest techniques in each discipline to solve a single problem. Due to this, the branch has made substantial progress in identifying the physiologic and genetic determinants of diabetes and its risk factors. In addition, several clinical trials have been conducted to intervene in the natural history of this disease to prevent the development of diabetes and the resulting and severe complications.

The branch welcomes new investigators to work in the field, in the clinical research center, and/or in the basic laboratories to help develop new ideas and strategies to achieve our scientific goals and, ultimately, to prevent this disease.

1. Thearle MS, Muller YL, Hanson RL, Mullins M, Abdussamad M, Tran J, Knowler WC, Bogardus C, Krakoff J, Baier LJ. Greater impact of melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency on rates of growth and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus during childhood compared with adulthood in Pima Indians. Diabetes 2011 Nov 21 [Epub ahead of print]. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
2. Malhotra A, Kobes S, Knowler WC, Baier LJ, Bogardus C, Hanson RL. A genome-wide association study of BMI in American Indians. Obesity (19): 2102-6, 2011. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
3. Jumpertz R, Le DS, Turnbaugh PJ, Trinidad C, Bogardus C, Gordon JI, Krakoff J. Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr (94): 58-65, 2011. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
4. Williams RC, Muller YL, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Mason CC, Bian L, Ossowski V, Wiedrich K, Chen YF, Marcovina S, Hahnke J, Nelson RG, Baier LJ, Bogardus C. HLA-DRB1 reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus by increased insulin secretion. Diabetologia (54): 1684-92, 2011. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
5. Mason CC, Hanson RL, Ossowski V, Bian L, Baier LJ, Krakoff J, Bogardus C. Bimodal distribution of RNA expression levels in human skeletal muscle tissue. BMC Genomics (12): 98, 2011. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
6. Ma L, Hanson RL, Traurig MT, Muller YL, Kaur BP, Perez JM, Meyre D, Fu M, Körner A, Franks PW, Kiess W, Kobes S, Knowler WC, Kovacs P, Froguel P, Shuldiner AR, Bogardus C, Baier LJ. Evaluation of A2BP1 as an obesity gene. Diabetes (59): 2837-45, 2010. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
7. Penesova A, Bunt JC, Bogardus C, Krakoff J. Effect of paternal diabetes on pre-diabetic phenotypes in adult offspring. Diabetes Care (33): 1823-8, 2010. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
8. Bian L, Hanson RL, Ossowski V, Wiedrich K, Mason CC, Traurig M, Muller YL, Kobes S, Knowler WC, Baier LJ, Bogardus C. Variants in ASK1 are associated with skeletal muscle ASK1 expression, in vivo insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes (59): 1276-82, 2010. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
9. Prokopenko I, Zeggini E, Hanson RL, Mitchell BD, Rayner NW, Akan P, Baier L, Das SK, Elliott KS, Fu M, Frayling TM, Groves CJ, Gwilliam R, Scott LJ, Voight BF, Hattersley AT, Hu C, Morris AD, Ng M, Palmer CN, Tello-Ruiz M, Vaxillaire M, Wang CR, Stein L, Chan J, Jia W, Froguel P, Elbein SC, Deloukas P, Bogardus C, Shuldiner AR, McCarthy MI; International Type 2 Diabetes 1q Consortium. Linkage disequilibrium mapping of the replicated type 2 diabetes linkage signal on chromosome 1q. Diabetes (58): 1704-9, 2009. [Full Text/Abstract]
   
   
10. Traurig M, Mack J, Hanson RL, Ghoussaini M, Meyre D, Knowler WC, Kobes S, Froguel P, Bogardus C, Baier LJ. Common variation in SIM1 is reproducibly associated with BMI in Pima Indians. Diabetes (58): 1682-9, 2009. [Full Text/Abstract]
    
    
11. Rong R, Hanson RL, Ortiz D, Wiedrich C, Kobes S, Knowler WC, Bogardus C, Baier LJ. Association analysis of variation in/near FTO, CDKAL1, SLC30A8, HHEX, EXT2, IGF2BP2, LOC387761, and CDKN2B with type 2 diabetes and related quantitative traits in Pima Indians. Diabetes (58): 478-88, 2009. [Full Text/Abstract]
    
    
12. Krakoff J, Ma L, Kobes S, Knowler WC, Hanson RL, Bogardus C, Baier LJ. Lower metabolic rate in individuals heterozygous for either a frameshift or a functional missense MC4R variant. Diabetes (57): 3267-72, 2008. [Full Text/Abstract]
    
    
13. Thameem F Farook VS Yang X Lee YH Permana PA Bogardus C Prochazka M. The transcribed endosulfine alpha gene is located within a type 2 diabetes-linked region on 1q: sequence and expression analysis in Pima Indians. Mol Genet Metab (81): 16-21, 2004. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
14. Muller YL, Bogardus C, Beamer BA, Shuldiner AR, Baier LJ. A functional variant in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 promoter is associated with predictors of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes (52): 1864-71, 2003. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
15. Muller YL, Bogardus C, Pedersen O, Baier LA. Gly482Ser missense mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 is associated with altered lipid oxidation and early insulin secretion in Pima Indians. Diabetes (52): 895-8, 2003. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
16. Lee YH, Tokraks S, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Permana PA. Identification of differentially expressed genes in skeletal muscle of non-diabetic insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive Pima Indians by differential display PCR. Diabetologia (46): 1567-75, 2003. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
17. Wolford JK, Colligan PB, Gruber JD, Bogardus C. Variants in the interleukin 6 receptor gene are associated with obesity in Pima Indians. Mol Genet Metab (80): 338-43, 2003. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
18. Yang X, Pratley RE, Tokraks S, Bogardus C, Permana PA. Microarray profiling of skeletal muscle tissues from equally obese, non-diabetic insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant Pima Indians. Diabetologia (45): 1584-93, 2002. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
19. Baier L, Kovacs P, Wiedrich C, Cray K, Schemidt A, Shen GQ, Sutherland J, Thuillez P, Muller YL, Traurig M, Bogardus C. Positional cloning of an obesity/diabetes susceptibility gene(s) on chromosome 11 in Pima Indians. Ann N Y Acad Sci (967): 258-64, 2002. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
20. Bogardus C, Tataranni PA. Reduced early insulin secretion in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Diabetes (51 Suppl 1): S262-4, 2002. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
21. Gautier JF, Wilson C, Weyer C, Mott D, Knowler WC, Cavaghan M, Polonsky KS, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Low acute insulin secretory responses in adult offspring of people with early onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes (50): 1828-33, 2001. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
22. Baier LJ, Permana PA, Yang X, Pratley RE ,Hanson RL, Shen GQ, Mott D, Knowler WC, Cox NJ, Horikawa Y, Oda N, Bell GI, Bogardus C. A calpain-10 gene polymorphism is associated with reduced muscle mRNA levels and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest (106): R69-73, 2000. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
23. Weyer C, Pratley RE, Salbe AD, Bogardus C, Ravussin E, Tataranni PA. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabolic adaptation to long-term weight change. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (85): 1087-94, 2000. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
24. Xia J, Bogardus C, Prochazka M. A type 2 diabetes-associated polymorphic ARE motif affecting expression of PPP1R3 is involved in RNA-protein interactions. Mol Genet Metab (68): 48-55, 1999. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
25. Weyer C, Bogardus C, Mott DM, Pratley RE. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest (104): 787-94, 1999. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
26. Xia J, Scherer SW, Cohen PT, Majer M, Xi T, Norman RA, Knowler WC, Bogardus C, Prochazka M. A common variant in PPP1R3 associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes (47): 1519-24, 1998. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
27. Pratley RE, Thompson DB, Prochazka M, Baier L, Mott D, Ravussin E, Sakul H, Ehm MG, Burns DK, Foroud T, Garvey WT, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C. An autosomal genomic scan for loci linked to prediabetic phenotypes in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest (101): 1757-64, 1998. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
28. Norman RA, Tataranni PA, Pratley R, Thompson DB, Hanson RL, Prochazka M, Baier L, Ehm MG, Sakul H, Foroud T, Garvey WT, Burns D, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C, Ravussin E. Autosomal genomic scan for loci linked to obesity and energy metabolism in Pima Indians. Am J Hum Genet (62): 659-68, 1998. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
29. Sakul H, Pratley R, Cardon L, Ravussin E, Mott D, Bogardus C. Familiality of physical and metabolic characteristics that predict the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Am J Hum Genet (60): 651-6, 1997. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
30. Bogardus C. Metabolic abnormalities in the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In: Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. LeRoith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM, eds. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia. Book: 459-467, 1996.
    
    
31. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, Ferraro R, Foley JE, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med (329): 1988-92, 1993. [ Full Text/Abstract ]
    
    
32. Sakul H, Pratley R, Cardon L, Ravussin E, Mott D, Bogardus C. Familiality of physical and metabolic characteristics that predict the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Am J Hum Genet (60): 651-6, 1997. [Full Text/Abstract]
    
    
33. Bogardus C. Metabolic abnormalities in the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In: Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. LeRoith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM, eds. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphi Book: 459-467, 1996.
    
    
34. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, Ferraro R, Foley JE, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med (329): 1988-92, 1993. [ Full Text/Abstract ]