Food
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Federal Register - 68 FR 41507 July 11, 2003: Food Labeling: Trans Fatty Acids in Nutrition Labeling; Consumer Research to Consider Nutrient Content and Health Claims and Possible Footnote or Disclosure Statements, Advance notice of proposed rulemaking
[Federal Register: July 11, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 133)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 41507-41510]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr11jy03-17]
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Food and Drug Administration
21 CFR Part 101
[Docket No. 03N-0076]
RIN 0910-AC50
Food Labeling: Trans Fatty Acids in Nutrition Labeling; Consumer
Research to Consider Nutrient Content and Health Claims and Possible
Footnote or Disclosure Statements
AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.
ACTION: Advance notice of proposed rulemaking.
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SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing this advance
notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) to solicit information and data
that potentially could be used to establish new nutrient content claims
about trans fatty acids (trans fat); to establish qualifying criteria
for trans fat in current nutrient content claims for saturated fatty
acids (saturated fat) and cholesterol, lean and extra lean claims, and
health claims that contain a message about cholesterol-raising lipids;
and, in addition, to establish disclosure and disqualifying criteria to
help consumers make heart-healthy food choices. The agency is also
requesting comments on whether it should consider statements about
trans fat, either alone or in combination with saturated fat and
cholesterol, as a footnote in the Nutrition Facts panel or as a
disclosure statement in conjunction with claims to enhance consumers'
understanding about such cholesterol-raising lipids and how to use the
information to make healthy food choices. Information and data obtained
from comments and from consumer studies that will be conducted by FDA
also may be used to help draft a proposed rule that would establish
criteria for certain nutrient content or health claims or require the
use of a footnote, or other labeling approach, about one or more
cholesterol-raising lipids in the Nutrition Facts panel to assist
consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices. Elsewhere in this
issue of the Federal Register, FDA is amending its regulations on
nutrition labeling to require that trans fat be declared in the
nutrition label of conventional foods and dietary supplements on a
separate line under the line for the declaration of saturated fat.
DATES: Submit written or electronic comments by October 9, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Submit written or electronic comments to the Division of
Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630
Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments
to http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Julie Schrimpf, Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition (HFS-800), Food and Drug Administration, 5100
Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD 20740, 301-436-2373.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
In the Federal Register of November 17, 1999 (64 FR 62746) (the
November 1999 proposal), FDA (we) proposed, among other things, to: (1)
Amend our regulations on nutrition labeling to require that the amount
of trans fat present in a food, including dietary supplements, be
included in the amount and percent of Daily Value (% DV) declared for
saturated fat with a footnote indicating the amount of trans fat in a
serving of the product when the product contains 0.5 or more grams (g)
per (/) serving, (2) establish a nutrient content claim for ``trans fat
free,'' and (3) revise existing nutrient content and health claims that
have limits on levels of saturated fat to include a criterion for trans
fat. In that proposal, FDA concluded that dietary trans fat, like
saturated fat, has adverse effects on blood cholesterol measures that
are predictive of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (64 FR 62746 at
62754).
Comments received in response to the November 1999 proposal were
very diverse. Many comments strongly opposed the inclusion of trans fat
as part of the amount and % DV for saturated fat (see ``Food Labeling:
Trans Fatty Acids in Nutrition Labeling, Nutrient Content Claims, and
Health Claims'' (the trans fat final regulation) found elsewhere in
this issue of the Federal Register) and supported the declaration of
trans fat on a separate line immediately under that for saturated fat.
Comments relating to claims were equally diverse and indicated strongly
opposing views. Comments objecting to proposed definitions for nutrient
content claims were based on scientific, legal, and economic arguments
with some comments stating that the agency was acting in advance of
scientific justification. Moreover, comments encouraged the agency to
wait for the soon-to-be published report on macronutrients by the
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (IOM/NAS)
before finalizing the proposal. The comments explained that the IOM/NAS
was expected to review the available science on trans fat and might
establish a dietary reference intake (DRI) level from which FDA could
establish a daily reference value (DRV) that would assist it in
providing other information on the nutrition label, such as a % DV for
trans fat.
In September of 2002, the IOM/NAS issued the report entitled
``Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty
Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids'' (the IOM/NAS
macronutrient report) and found that, similar to saturated fat, there
is ``a positive linear trend'' between trans fat intake and low density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration, and therefore increased
risk of CHD (Ref. 1). Although the IOM/NAS macronutrient report
recommended that the intake of trans fat be as low as possible while
maintaining a nutritionally balanced diet, it did not provide a DRI for
trans fat or information that the agency needs to establish a DRV for
nutrition labeling purposes.
Dietary guidance for the general population similar to that in the
IOM/NAS macronutrient report was included in the Dietary Guidelines for
Americans (2000, 5th ed.) (Ref. 2), which recommended cutting back on
saturated and trans fats when reducing total fat intake. Moreover, the
National Cholesterol Education Program's Expert Panel on Detection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults
recommended that individuals at high risk for CHD keep their intake of
trans fat low (Ref. 3).
In light of recommendations in the IOM/NAS macronutrient report,
the agency published in the Federal Register of November 15, 2002 (67
FR 69171) a document reopening the comment period of the November 1999
proposal (November 2002 reopening of the comment period) to solicit
comments on a proposed footnote statement that would be used in place
of a % DV for trans fat on the nutrition label. In that document, the
agency recognized the importance of providing information on the trans
fat content of foods on food labels and set forth its thinking that the
proposed footnote statement would provide guidance to consumers when
using the quantitative information to help maintain healthy dietary
practices. Thus, in the absence of a basis on which to establish a DV,
the agency proposed to require an asterisk (or other symbol) in the %
DV column for trans fat, when it is listed,
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that is tied to a similar symbol at the bottom of the Nutrition Facts
box and the statement that ``Intake of trans fat should be as low as
possible.'' The agency asked for comments on the proposed footnote
statement.
A few comments to the November 2002 reopening of the comment period
supported the proposed footnote statement, ``Intake of trans fat should
be as low as possible,'' with or without some modification to the
statement. However, the majority of comments strongly opposed the
proposed footnote statement and recommended that FDA drop the footnote
and finalize the quantitative (gram/serving) label declaration of trans
fat on a separate line below saturated fat with no % DV. A more
thorough review of the comments can be seen in comment 17 of the trans
fat final regulation found elsewhere in this issue of the Federal
Register.
The dominant concern, from both industry and consumers, was that
the footnote would create a goal of achieving a ``zero'' trans fat
intake level so that the market (that is, manufacturer reformulations
and consumer preferences) would be driven toward products that were
devoid of trans fat, regardless of the level of saturated fat. One
comment submitted two consumer surveys that suggest the proposed
footnote statement may lead consumers to identify foods with much
higher levels of saturated fat but no trans fat as ``more healthful''
than those containing lesser amounts of saturated fat and trans fat
combined (see comment 17 in the trans fat final regulation found
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register).
Another concern expressed in comments was that the proposed
footnote statement was inconsistent with the IOM/NAS report (Ref. 1)
and other dietary guidelines. The comments argued that the footnote
statement implies that intake of trans fat should be zero, in other
words, a de facto DV of ``zero'' whereas the IOM/NAS macronutrient
report states that the intake of trans fat is unavoidable in ordinary
diets. Moreover, the report states that eliminating them from an
ordinary diet would require significant changes in dietary intake
patterns that may result in unknown and unquantifiable health risks.
The IOM recommendation was that intake of trans fat should be as low as
possible ``while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet.'' The
comments noted that the IOM/NAS macronutrient report makes similar
recommendations for saturated fat and cholesterol, which also have
adverse effects on LDL-C.
Thus, the comments expressed the belief that the proposed footnote
statement could mislead consumers into selecting foods with more
saturated fat in an effort to avoid foods containing trans fat.
Virtually all comments conveyed that trans fat and saturated fat (and
perhaps cholesterol) need to be viewed in tandem--not one at the
exclusion of the other(s).
Comments also raised concerns about the absence of consumer studies
to determine how the proposed footnote would be perceived. As noted
previously, industry comments perceived it as a warning label for
consumers to avoid trans fat-containing foods at all costs, resulting
in an increased intake of saturated fat and negating years of
government health messages to limit saturated fat intake. Comments also
indicated concerns about an additional footnote adding clutter to the
label and thereby discouraging consumers from reading it. The comments
strongly supported consumer research on the proposed and other possible
footnote statements to determine consumers' understanding of trans fat
in light of such statements and how trans fat may be perceived relative
to other cholesterol-raising lipids in a food, as well as how consumers
would react to the footnote.
In the trans fat final regulation, found elsewhere in this issue of
the Federal Register, we amend regulations on nutrition labeling to
require that trans fat be declared in the nutrition label of
conventional foods and dietary supplements on a separate line
immediately under the line for the declaration of saturated fat but
without a % DV or the proposed nutrient content claims or footnote
statement. In that document, we concurred with the comments that
support consumer testing to ensure that any claim or footnote statement
about trans fat, alone or in combination with other nutrients, such as
saturated fat and cholesterol, provides meaningful guidance to
consumers and drives the market in a nutritionally beneficial
direction. However, we concluded that based on information and
arguments presented in the comments, it is premature to establish new
or revised definitions for nutrient content claims or require the use
of the proposed footnote statement in the nutrition label. Instead, we
decided to issue this ANPRM and solicit comment and consumer research
on: (1) An appropriate basis for establishing qualifying criteria for
trans fat in trans fat nutrient content claims and current nutrient
content claims for saturated fat and cholesterol, lean and extra lean
claims, and health claims that contain a message about cholesterol-
raising lipids as well as disclosure and disqualifying levels; (2)
whether such claims mislead consumers about the total fatty acid
profile if levels of all cholesterol-raising lipids are not addressed,
and if so, whether qualifiers or disclosure statements would remedy
this problem; (3) the use of a footnote, (4) the language that may be
appropriate for use in a footnote, and (5) the impact of nutrient
content or health claims or a footnote or disclosure statement on
consumers' food selections.
II. Agency Request for Information
A. Nutrient Content Claims, Health Claims, Disclosure, and
Disqualifying Levels
FDA has a mandate to provide nutrition information on food labels
to assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices. As
explained in the trans fat final regulation, published elsewhere in
this issue of the Federal Register, although the science now supports a
relationship between trans fat intake and risk of CHD, the agency
believes that the current level of scientific evidence does not provide
the type of quantitative information that the agency would need to
support the establishment of a DRV for trans fat. In 1993, when the
agency established a DRV for saturated fat (58 FR 2206, January 6,
1993), it based the DRV on quantitative guidelines set forth by the
National Academy of Science 1989 report ``Diet and Health, Implications
for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk'' (Ref. 4) and a report from the
National Cholesterol Education Program (National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute of the National Institutes of Health) (Ref. 5) that stated
that saturated fat should provide less than 10 percent of total
calories. The agency derived a DRV of 20 grams for saturated fat
(rounded) as the amount of saturated fat that would provide
approximately 10 percent of the reference caloric intake (i.e., 2,000
calories/day) (55 FR 29476 at 29483, July 19, 1990). There is no such
quantitative recommendation at this time for trans fat, either as an
absolute amount or as a percentage of caloric intake. The IOM/NAS
report recommended keeping trans fat intake as low as possible while
recognizing that trans fat is unavoidable in ordinary, nonvegan diets
and that trying to eliminate trans fat from the diet entirely would
require significant changes in eating patterns that may introduce
undesirable effects. In the absence of a DRV for trans fat, the agency
is providing for mandatory trans fat labeling, without a % DV, to
provide
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consumers with information they need to help them make healthy food
choices in the context of their total daily diet.
In addition to the information on the Nutrition Facts panel,
nutrient content and health claims are important tools for providing
consumers with information about the level of one or more nutrients in
a food product. Because the level of scientific evidence does not
currently support the establishment of an appropriate reference value
for daily consumption of trans fat, such as a DRI level, from which the
agency could derive a DRV for trans fat, the agency decided, in the
trans fat final regulation, to withdraw those provisions of the
proposed trans fat rule pertaining to the establishment of a definition
of ``trans fat free,'' consideration of ``reduced trans fat'' and
``reduced saturated fat and trans fat'' claims and limits on the
amounts of trans fat wherever saturated fat limits are placed on
nutrient content claims, health claims, and disclosure and
disqualifying levels. However, the agency plans to continue to evaluate
the emerging science and revisit the need for establishing nutrient
content claims related to trans fat, and limits on trans fat in certain
nutrient content claims, health claims, and disclosure and
disqualifying levels through a new rulemaking once the scientific
evidence has evolved to a point at which the agency believes the
scientific evidence would support such a rulemaking. If a company wants
to make a statement about the fat content of a product that is
demonstrably true, balanced, adequately substantiated, and not
misleading, FDA would have to consider the exercise of its enforcement
discretion.
The agency is concerned about ensuring that consumers obtain the
best possible information related to trans fat and other cholesterol-
raising lipids on the food label. Therefore, we are interested in
receiving information from scientific bodies concerning recommended or
upper intake levels of trans fat. We are also requesting interested
persons to submit, as part of their comments on this ANPRM, scientific
information and data, including consumer research data and analyses of
risk inherent in selecting specific levels of trans fat, that would
assist the agency in establishing qualifying criteria for trans fat in
trans fat nutrient content claims, current nutrient content claims for
saturated fat and cholesterol, lean and extra lean claims, and health
claims that contain a message about cholesterol-raising lipids, and, in
addition, as disclosure and disqualifying levels. Alternatively, in the
absence of evidence to support the establishment of such qualifying
criteria, the agency is interested in receiving any available data to
support the usefulness of or need for a disclosure statement, in
conjunction with nutrient content or health claims, concerning levels
of saturated fat, trans fat, or cholesterol in a food or in the diet or
a message about the role of such cholesterol-raising lipids in
increasing the risk of CHD.
The agency is also interested in comments on the impact on
consumers' shopping choices of a qualifying criterion for trans fat in
saturated fat, cholesterol, lean and extra lean nutrient content claims
and in health claims that contain a message about cholesterol-raising
lipids. What kinds of products would consumers buy more or less of
because of such claims and a trans fat criterion?
B. Footnote Statements
We are asking interested persons and those with expertise in
consumer research to submit, as part of their comments on the ANPRM,
information and consumer research data on any of the following footnote
statements:
[sbull] Intake of saturated fat and trans fat should be kept low
while maintaining a nutritionally adequate diet;
[sbull] Intake of trans fat should be kept low while maintaining a
nutritionally adequate diet;
[sbull] Intake of saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol should
be kept low while maintaining a nutritionally adequate diet;
[sbull] As part of a nutritionally balanced diet, intake of
saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol should be kept low;
[sbull] Healthy diets start with diets low in saturated fat, trans
fat, and cholesterol; and
[sbull] Nutritionally adequate diets include diets low in saturated
fat, trans fat, and cholesterol.
Other footnote statements may also be considered.
In particular, we are interested in information about whether a
footnote about trans fat, alone or in combination with saturated fat
and cholesterol, would be helpful to consumers and what kinds of
footnote statements are likely to be helpful to consumers to achieve
the goal of conveying information about trans fat and/or other
cholesterol-raising lipids in a manner which ``enables the public to
readily observe and comprehend such information and to understand its
relative significance in the context of a total daily diet.'' (Section
2(b) of Public Law 101-535). Such information might consist of tests of
the ability of various footnotes to assist consumers in making product
choices or to draw correct inferences about product characteristics. It
might also be useful to know how different footnote statements are
comprehended by consumers and whether they are: (1) Seen as credible,
(2) understood as statements of dietary guidance or as product warning
statements, or (3) seen as confusing. As always, we will take into
account the adequacy of the sample, sample size, response rates, study
design, and the representativeness of the products and product
comparisons used in the study when we evaluate and/or design a study.
We intend to conduct consumer research of this kind in the near
future.
C. Specific Questions to be Considered
Comments are also requested on the following questions:
[sbull] How will nutrient content or health claims or a footnote or
disclosure statement about trans fat, either alone or in combination
with saturated fat and cholesterol, change, if at all, the way
consumers are likely to respond to the required declaration of the
amount of saturated and trans fats in the Nutrition Facts panel?
[sbull] Will a claim or a footnote or disclosure statement have an
impact on consumers' shopping choices, and, if so, what kinds of
products will consumers buy more of and less of?
[sbull] Is there any information, other than claims or a footnote
or disclosure statement, that FDA should consider requiring in labeling
that would be more helpful to consumers with respect to cholesterol-
raising lipids in maintaining a healthy diet and in getting accurate
and reliable nutrition information, or that would help consumers make
better use of the information about cholesterol-raising lipids on the
label?
[sbull] Since the amount of trans fat will be listed in the
Nutrition Facts panel right below the amount and % DV of saturated fat,
what additional effect will claims or a footnote or disclosure
statement about trans fat, either alone or in combination with
saturated fat and cholesterol, have on the line of products that
manufacturers choose to make?
[sbull] What kinds of existing products will manufacturers
reformulate because of claims or a footnote or disclosure statement?
[sbull] What kinds of new products will manufacturers develop
because of claims or a footnote or disclosure statement?
[sbull] What kinds of products will manufacturers stop producing
because of claims or a footnote or disclosure statement?
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[sbull] What First Amendment issues, if any, would be raised by
establishing qualifying criteria for trans fat in trans fat claims and
other nutrient content or health claims with existing criteria for
saturated fat and by requiring a footnote or disclosure statement?
[sbull] How will manufacturers weigh the consumer concerns about
both saturated and trans fats with the functional properties of those
fats in the food. For example, if, as some manufacturers have claimed,
functional considerations may sometimes cause trans fat to be replaced
with equal or greater amounts of saturated fat, then how will consumers
react to a potentially unhealthful substitution where a product lists
fewer grams of trans fat, but lists more grams of saturated fat and
reports a higher % DV for saturated fat? At what ratio of substitution
of saturated fat for trans fat would it not be advantageous to a
manufacturer to make such a substitution, even with a claim or footnote
or disclosure statement? What steps could FDA take to encourage more
healthful reformulation?
[sbull] In order to comply with the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, what options for regulatory relief
should we consider giving to small businesses?
III. References
The following references have been placed on display in the
Division of Dockets Management (see ADDRESSES) and may be seen between
9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except on Federal government
holidays. FDA has verified the Web site addresses, but is not
responsible for subsequent changes to the Web sites after this document
publishes in the Federal Register.
1. IOM/NAS, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy,
Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and
Amino Acids,'' National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. S1-S17,
8-1 to 8-97, and 11-1 to 11-48, 2002 (Internet address:
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html/
).
2. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines
for Americans, 5th ed., Washington DC; Home and Garden Bulletin No.
232, 2000 (Internet address: http://www.health.gov).
3. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program
(NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High
Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), chapter II,
``Rationale for Intervention'' and Chapter V ``Adopting Healthful
Lifestyle Habits to Lower LDL Cholesterol and Reduce CHD Risk,''
2001, (Internet address: http://www.NHLBI.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/index.htm
).
4. Committee on Diet and Health, Food and Nutrition Board,
National Research Council, ``Diet and Health: Implications for
Reducing Chronic Disease Risk,'' chapter 28, Washington, DC,
National Academy Press, 1989.
5. Population Panel, National Cholesterol Education Program,
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of
Health, ``Report of the Expert Panel on Population Strategies for
Blood Cholesterol Reduction, Executive Summary'' Bethesda, MD, NIH
Publication No. 90-3047, November 1990.
IV. How to Submit Comments
Interested persons may submit to the Division of Dockets Management
(see ADDRESSES) written or electronic comments regarding this document.
Submit a single copy of electronic comments to http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments
or two paper copies of any mailed comments, except
that individuals may submit one paper copy. Comments are to be
identified with the docket number found in brackets in the heading of
this document. Received comments may be seen in the Division of Dockets
Management between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday.
This ANPRM is issued under sections 201, 403, and 701 of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321, 343, and 371) and
under the authority of the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.
Dated: June 26, 2003.
Mark B. McClellan,
Commissioner of Food and Drugs.
[FR Doc. 03-17526 Filed 7-9-03; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4160-01-S
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