Resources & References

• CDC Feature: Prevent the Spread of Norovirus
• CDC Data & Statistics Feature: Surveillance for Norovirus Outbreaks
• Norovirus Illness: Key Facts[238 KB, 2 pages] (Updated Sep 2012)
• Norovirus: Facts for Food Handlers[223 KB, 2 pages] (Updated Sep 2012)
• Norovirus in Healthcare Facilities Fact Sheet [418 KB/2 pages]
• Facts About Noroviruses on Cruise Ships
• Tips for Healthy Cruising
• Norovirus in Healthcare Settings
• Updated Norovirus Outbreak Management and Disease Prevention Guidelines (2011)
• Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Norovirus Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Healthcare Settings, 2011
• A Norovirus Outbreak Control Resource Toolkit for Healthcare Settings (2012)
• EPA’s Registered Antimicrobial Products Effective Against Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus) [84 KB/11 pages]
• Foodborne Outbreak Online Database (FOOD)
• New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN)
• Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet)
• National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)

Recent Journal Articles on Norovirus from CDC Researchers

Outbreak Reports

• Hall AJ, Eisenbart VG, Lehman Etingüe A, Gould LH, Lopman BA, and Parashar UD. Epidemiology of Foodborne Norovirus Outbreaks, United States, 2001–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Oct.
• Desai R, Yen C, Wikswo ME, Gregoricus N, Provo J, Parashar UD, et al. Transmission of norovirus among NBA players and staff, winter 2010-2011. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(11):1115-1117.
• Alfano-Sobsey A, Sweat D, Hall A, Breedlove F, Rodriguez R, Greene S, et al. Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and secondary household transmission. Epidemiol Infect 2011:epub ahead of print.
• Wikswo ME, Cortes J, Hall AJ, Vaughan G, Howard C, Gregoricus N, et al. Disease transmission and passenger behaviors during a high morbidity norovirus outbreak on a cruise ship, January 2009. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(9):1116-22.
• Kirking HL, Cortes J, Burrer S, Hall AJ, Cohen N, Lipman H, et al. Likely transmission of norovirus on an airplane, October 2008. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(9):1216-21.
• Kornylo K, Kim DK, Widdowson MA, Turabelidze G, Averhoff FM. Risk of norovirus transmission during air travel. J Travel Med 2009;16:349-51.
• Malek M, Barzilay E, Kramer A, Camp B, Jaykus LA, Escudero-Abarca B, et al. Outbreak of norovirus infection among river rafters associated with packaged delicatessen meat, Grand Canyon, 2005. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:31-7.

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Surveillance and Disease Burden

• Hall AJ, Curns AT, McDonald LC, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. The Roles of Clostridium difficile and Norovirus among Gastroenteritis-Associated Deaths in the United States, 1999­-2007. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 4 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
• Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, et al. The Etiology of Severe Acute Gastroenteritis Among Adults Visiting Emergency Departments in the United States. J Infect Dis. Mar 29 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
• Yen C, Wikswo ME, Lopman BA, Vinjé J, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Impact of an emergent norovirus variant in 2009 on norovirus outbreaks activity in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2011:53(6):568-571.
• Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, et al. Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004¬-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(8):1381-1388.
• Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Williams K, Lee D, Vinjé J. Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(8):1389-95.
• Vega E, Vinjé J. Novel GII.12 Norovirus Strain, United States, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(8):1516-8.
• Lopman BA, Hall AJ, Curns AT, Parashar UD. Increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in US adults and the contribution of norovirus, 1996–2007. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:466–74.
• Rosenthal NA, Lee LE, Vermeulen BA, Hedberg K, Keene WE, Widdowson MA, et al. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, 2003-2006. Epidemiol Infect 2011;139(2):286-94.
• Zheng DP, Widdowson MA, Roger I Glass RI, Vinjé J. 2010 Molecular Epidemiology of GII.4 Noroviruses in the US between 1994 and 2006. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48(1):168-77.

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Diagnostics and Control

• Park GW, Barclay L, Macinga D, Charbonneau D, Pettigrew CA, Vinjé J. Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus. J Food Prot 2010;73(12):2232-8.
• Costantini V, Grenz L, Fritzinger A, Lewis D, Biggs C, Hale A, Vinjé J. Diagnostic accuracy and analytical sensitivity of IDEIA Norovirus assay for routine screening of human norovirus. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(8):2770-8.
• Hill VR, Mull B, Jothikumar N, Ferdinand K, Vinjé J. Detection of GI and GII noroviruses in ground water using ultrafiltration and TaqMan realtime RT-PCR. Food Environ Virol 2010;2:218-224

Reviews

• Desai R, Hembree CD, Handel A, Matthews JE, Dickey BW, McDonald S, et al. Severe Outcomes are Associated with Genogroup 2 Genotype 4 Norovirus Outbreaks: A Systematic Literature Review. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 4 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
• Lopman B, Gastañaduy P, Park GW, Hall AJ, Parashar UD, Vinjé J. Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Virol 2012;2(1):96-102.
• Glass RI, Parashar UD, Estes MK. Norovirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1776-85.
• Patel MM, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Noroviruses: A comprehensive review. J Clin Virol 2009;44:1-8.
• Patel MM, Widdowson MA, Glass RI, Akazawa K, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14(8):1224-31.

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MMWR Articles

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: Norovirus infections associated with frozen raw oysters — Washington, 2011. MMWR 2012;61(06):110.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks — United States, 2008. MMWR 2011;60(35):1197-202.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks — United States, 2007. MMWR 2010;59:973-979.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norovirus outbreaks on three college campuses — California, Michigan, and Wisconsin, 2008. MMWR 2009;58:1095-9.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks — United States, 2006. MMWR 2009;58:609-615.

Editorials and Commentaries

• Hall AJ. Noroviruses: The Perfect Human Pathogens? J Infect Dis. Apr 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
• Lopman B. Air Sickness: Vomiting and Environmental Transmission of Norovirus on Aircraft. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(6):521-2.

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