Isaac Fulwood, Chairman
UNITED STATES PAROLE COMMISSION
This report was prepared by Peter B. Hoffman,
Ph.D.,
a consultant to the Parole Commission. It updates an
earlier history of the Parole Commission prepared by
Dr. Hoffman in 1997 when he was Staff Director of
the Parole Commission.
INTRODUCTION
Parole of federal prisoners began after enactment of legislation
on June 25, 1910. There were three federal penitentiaries and parole
was granted by a parole board at each institution. The membership
of each parole board consisted of the warden of the institution,
the physician of the institution, and the Superintendent of Prisons
of the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C.
By legislation of May 13, 1930, a single Board of Parole in Washington,
D.C. was established. This Board consisted of three members, serving
full time, appointed by the Attorney General. The Bureau of Prisons
performed the administrative functions of the Board. In August
1945, the Attorney General ordered that the Board report directly
to him for administrative purposes. In August 1948, due to a postwar
increase in prison population, the Attorney General appointed two
additional members, increasing the Board of Parole to five members.
By legislation of September 30, 1950, the Board was increased
to eight members appointed by the President, with the advice and
consent of the Senate, for six-year, staggered terms. The Board
was placed in the Department of Justice for administrative purposes.
Three of the eight members were designated by the Attorney General
to serve as a Youth Corrections Division pursuant to the Youth
Corrections Act.
In October 1972, the Board of Parole began a pilot reorganization
project that eventually included the establishment of five regions,
creation of explicit guidelines for parole release decision-making,
provision of written reasons for parole decisions, and an administrative
appeal process. By October 1974, five regions were operational
with one member and five hearing examiners assigned to each region.
The chairman and two members remained in Washington, D.C., at the
headquarters office.
In May 1976, the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act took
effect. This Act re-titled the Board of Parole as the United States
Parole Commission and established it as an independent agency within
the Department of Justice. The Act provided for nine commissioners
appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the
Senate, for six year terms. These included a chairman, five regional
commissioners, and a three-member National Appeals Board. In addition,
the Act incorporated the major features of the Board of Parole's
pilot reorganization project: a requirement for explicit guidelines
for parole decision-making and written reasons for parole denial;
a regional structure; and an administrative appeal process. The
Youth Corrections Division of the Board of Parole was eliminated
and its duties absorbed by the Commission.
Eight years later, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 created
a United States Sentencing Commission to establish sentencing guidelines
for the federal courts and established a regime of determinate
sentences. The Chairman of the Parole Commission is an ex-officio,
non-voting, member of the Sentencing Commission. The decision to
establish sentencing guidelines was based in substantial part on
the success of the U.S. Parole Commission in developing and implementing
its parole guidelines. On April 13, 1987, the U.S. Sentencing Commission
submitted to Congress its initial set of sentencing guidelines,
which took effect on November 1, 1987. Defendants sentenced for
offenses committed on or after November 1, 1987 serve determinate
terms under the sentencing guidelines and are not eligible for
parole consideration. Post-release supervision, termed "supervised
release," is provided as a separate part of the sentence under
the jurisdiction of the court.
Under the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, the
United States Parole Commission retained jurisdiction over defendants
who committed their offenses prior to November 1, 1987. At the
same time, the Act provided for the abolition of the Parole Commission
on November 1, 1992 (five years after the sentencing guidelines
took effect). This phase-out provision did not adequately provide
for persons sentenced under the law in effect prior to November
1, 1987 who had not yet completed their sentences. Elimination
of, or reduction in, parole eligibility for such cases would raise
a serious ex post facto issue. To address this problem,
the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the life
of the Parole Commission until November 1, 1997.
The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 again extended
the life of the Parole Commission for the same reason. This Act
authorized the continuation of the Parole Commission until November
1, 2002. In addition, it provided for a reduction in the number
of Parole Commissioners - to two Commissioners by December 31,
1999, and one Commissioner by December 31, 2001 - and required
the Attorney General, beginning in 1998, to report to Congress
annually on whether it was more cost effective for the Parole Commission
to continue as a separate agency or for its remaining functions
to be transferred elsewhere. The Attorney General has reported
each year that it is more cost effective for the Parole Commission
to continue as a separate agency.
The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement
Act of 1997 gave the Parole Commission significant additional
responsibilities. First, the Act provided for the abolition
of the District of Columbia Board of Parole by August 5, 2000
and the transfer of its responsibilities to the U.S. Parole
Commission. On August 5, 1998, the Parole Commission assumed
jurisdiction over all parole release decisions for prisoners
confined under D.C. Code felony sentences. On August 5, 2000,
the Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over parole and mandatory
release supervision and revocation decisions for all persons
serving D.C. Code felony sentences. Second, the Act required
the District of Columbia to move to a determinate sentencing
system (at least for certain offenses), provided for terms of
supervised release to follow the determinate sentences to be
imposed, and gave the Parole Commission ongoing responsibility
for supervision and revocation decisions for D.C. Code offenders
subject to terms of supervised release under the new determinate
sentencing system. In August 2000, the District of Columbia
enacted a determinate sentencing system for all offenses committed
on or after August 5, 2000.* At
the end of 2001, the first D.C. Code determinate sentence cases
were released from prison on supervised release under the jurisdiction
of the Parole Commission. Third, the Act repealed the portion
of the 1996 Act that reduced the number of Parole Commissioners
authorized and instead provided for five Parole Commissioners.
Since the decision to abolish the Parole Commission in the Comprehensive
Crime Control Act of 1984, Congress has twice extended the
life of the Parole Commission, most recently until November
1, 2002. Congress also has given the Parole Commission additional
ongoing responsibilities, including the responsibility for making
prison-term decisions in foreign transfer treaty cases for offenses
committed on or after November 1, 1987 (Anti-Drug Abuse Act
of 1988); jurisdiction over all state defendants who are
accepted into the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program
(Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988); the responsibility for the
release and supervision of all remaining indeterminate sentence
D.C. Code felony offenders (National Capital Revitalization
and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997); and responsibility
for the supervision of all new-law D.C. Code determinate sentence
felony offenders released on supervised release (National
Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of
1997). In addition to the above responsibilities, the Parole
Commission continues to have responsibility for the remaining "old-law" indeterminate
sentence federal offenders in prison or under supervision, as
well as ongoing responsibility for military code offenders serving
sentences in Bureau of Prisons institutions.
In the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996, Congress
recognized that some form of parole function would have to remain
beyond 2002, but this Act did not envision the substantial, ongoing
responsibilities for D.C. Code felony offenders given the Parole
Commission by the National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government
Improvement Act of 1997.
The 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations
Authorization Act of 2002 extended the life of the Parole
Commission until November 1, 2005. The Act also requests a study
be completed prior to that date examining whether responsibility
for supervised release for offenders sentenced out of the District
of Columbia Superior Court should remain with the Parole Commission
or be transferred to another agency. As of the preparation of
this document (May 2003), the status of the Parole Commission
beyond November 1, 2005 remains unresolved.
Part 1 presents a chronological history of the federal parole
system from its origin to the present day.
Part 2 provides a list of the sixty-three men and women who have
served as Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S.
Parole Commission and a brief biographical sketch for each.
Part 3 illustrates the workload of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S.
Parole Commission from 1931 to the present.
Part 4 contains a list of books, articles, and other materials
relevant to the history of the federal parole system.
Back to top
PART 1 - A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL
PAROLE SYSTEM
The precursors of parole in the federal system were (1) the exercise
of the Presidential power to commute sentences, and (2) the reduction
in the term of imprisonment by institutional officials for good
conduct. In each case, the prisoner was released from imprisonment
prior to the expiration of the sentence set by the court.
Set forth below is a chronological history of the federal parole
system. Significant events are shown corresponding to the date
listed. At the end of each entry, the source material is shown
in brackets. Entries without a bracketed citation are based either
on the source described in the entry itself or on the personal
knowledge of the author. The following are the primary source materials
used:
AGSRP |
Attorney General's Survey of Release Practices, Volumes
I (Digest of Federal and State Laws on Release Procedures) and IV
(Parole). (1939). U.S. Department of Justice. |
ARUSBP |
Annual Report of the United States Board of Parole.
The year covered by the report is shown in parentheses. |
ARUSPC |
Annual Report of the United States Parole Commission.
The year covered by the report is shown in parentheses. |
EUSBPR |
An Evaluation of the U.S. Board of Parole Reorganization.
(1975). Management Programs and Budget Staff, Office of Management
and Finance, U.S. Department of Justice. |
FPJ |
Federal Probation Journal. Administrative Office
of the U.S. Courts. The volume and number are shown in parentheses
(e.g., 4/2 is Volume 4, Number 2). |
HUSBP |
History of the United States Board of Parole. (undated,
circa 1976). A mimeographed document prepared by James C.
Neagles, Staff Director of the U.S. Board of Parole. |
PDMR |
Parole Decision-Making Reports. (1973). Research
Center of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
A set of fourteen reports describing the Parole Decision-Making
Project. |
PDMSR |
Parole Decision Making: Selected Reprints. U.S. Parole
Commission. The volume number is shown in parentheses. Six
volumes containing reprints of articles concerning parole
decision making. Many of the articles were prepared by staff
of the U.S. Parole Commission. |
CHRONOLOGICAL
HISTORY
Date |
Event |
1867 |
The first statute providing for the reduction of sentences
of federal prisoners because of good conduct was enacted.
This statute authorized a deduction of one month in each
year from the term of sentence of federal prisoners confined
in state jails or penitentiaries, upon the certificate of
the warden or keeper with the approval of the Secretary of
the Interior. [AGSRP] |
1870 |
The Department of Justice was created. [AGSRP]
The good time statute was amended to provide that the
good time specified in the act of 1867 applied only to
institutions in which no other good time credits were
allowed. In all other cases, the deductions applicable
to state prisoners were to apply. [AGSRP] |
1872 |
The duties of the Secretary of the Interior relating to
the imprisonment and discharge of federal prisoners were
transferred to the Department of Justice. [AGSRP] |
1875 |
The schedule of credits was changed so that federal prisoners
in any state or territorial institution in which no system
of good time credits existed might earn a credit of five
days for each month in which no charge of misconduct was
sustained. [AGSRP] |
1891 |
As part of legislation providing for the establishment of
federal prisons, the Attorney General was given authority
for the reduction of sentences for good behavior, but not
to exceed two months for the first or any succeeding year
of imprisonment. [AGSRP] |
1902 |
A general revision of the good-time credit statute was
made, placing all federal prisoners, wherever confined,
on an equal basis. The schedule of good-time credits was
made more liberal and graduated so as to increase with
the length of sentence. The credits allowed per month
follow: Five days upon a sentence of not less than 6 months
nor more than 1 year; six days upon a sentence of more
than one year and less than 3 years; seven days on sentence
of at least 3 years but less than 5 years; eight days
on a sentence of at least 5 years but less than 10 years;
and ten days on a sentence of 10 years or more. In addition,
a prisoner in a camp or employed in prison industry could
earn an additional three days per month in the first year
and five days per month in each succeeding year. [AGSRP]
Good-time credits are primarily under the control of
the officials of the institution at which the prisoner
is confined. Forfeitures for breach of institutional rules
are determined by the warden after the prisoner has been
given a hearing before a disciplinary board composed of
three members of the prison staff with the deputy warden
or disciplinary officer acting as chairman. The prisoner
has the privilege of replying and may choose some member
of the staff to represent him as counsel. This board thoroughly
investigates the alleged misconduct, hears the prisoner
and any witnesses he may wish to present, and the members
individually recommend to the warden the extent of discipline.
The Bureau of Prisons issues general policies concerning
the administration of good-time deductions. [AGSRP]
The Attorney General is granted authority to restore
credits lost because of misconduct of prisoners in any
United States penitentiary upon recommendation and evidence
submitted to him by the warden in charge. As to prisoners
in state or territorial institutions, restorations are
governed by the rules of the particular institution. [AGSRP]
There was no post-release supervision for persons released
by good time. [HUSBP] |
1910 |
The federal parole system was created with the passage
of an act authorizing the parole of prisoners sentenced
to terms of one year or more. Any such prisoner was made
eligible for parole upon the expiration of one-third of
his or her sentence. The power to grant and revoke parole
was placed in the hands of the respective boards of parole
established at the several penitentiaries and prisons.
The board of parole at each penitentiary was composed
of the superintendent of prisons in the Department of
Justice and the warden and physician of the particular
penitentiary. The board of parole at any federal prison
other than a penitentiary was composed of the superintendent
of prisons and such officers of the particular prison
as the Attorney General designated. [AGSRP]
The first person to hold the position of Superintendent
of Prisons was Robert V. Ladow. [HUSBP]
A parole officer was provided for each penitentiary to
supervise parolees and to perform such other duties as
the board of parole might direct. It was provided that
supervision of parolees might also be devolved upon the
United States Marshals. [AGSRP]
The parole officer at each penitentiary served mainly
as a clearing house for the volunteers and United States
Marshals who had personal contact with the parolees. [ARUSBP
(1970-72)]
The Act of 1910 also provided that whenever any person
has been convicted of any offense against the United States
and sentenced and confined in any state reformatory or
institution, he becomes subject to the parole laws applicable
to the inmates of such institution. [AGSRP]
The Act of 1910 further provided that no parole from
either a state or federal institution became effective
until approved by the Attorney General. [AGSRP]
Upon violation of parole, the Warden or any member of
the institutional board of parole was empowered to issue
a warrant for his retaking. A revocation hearing was conducted
by the board of parole at the institution soon after his
return. Each institution employed a parole officer (at
a salary not to exceed $1,500) to assist parole applicants
in obtaining employment and supervise parolees after release.
U.S. Marshals were used as parole supervisors when needed.
A system of monthly reports by parolees and their "first
friends" was initiated. [HUSBP] |
1911 |
The first Rules of the Board of Parole were promulgated.
[HUSBP] |
1913 |
The federal parole statute was amended so as to make
prisoners serving a life term eligible for parole after
the service of 15 years. [AGSRP]
No further amendments were made to the parole law until
1930. [AGSRP] |
1930 |
The federal parole system was materially altered by legislation
in 1930:
- In lieu of the several institutional parole boards,
there was created a single parole board in the Department
of Justice to be composed of three members appointed
by the Attorney General. This board (the United States
Board of Parole) was given power to grant parole without
any requirement of approval by the Attorney General.
Salaries for the three parole board members in 1930
were $7,500 per year each.
- Eligibility for parole of persons sentenced to federal
institutions with sentences of more than one year was
set at one third of the maximum sentence or 15 years
in the case of a life sentence:
- "Every prisoner who has been or may hereafter be
convicted of any offense against the United States
and is confined in any United States penitentiary or
prison, for a definite term or terms of over 1 year,
or for the term of his natural life, whose record of
conduct shows that he has observed the rules of the
rules of such institution, and who, if sentenced for
a definite term, has served one-third of the total
of the term or terms for which he was sentenced, or,
if sentenced for the term of his natural life has served
not less than 15 years, may be released on parole" if
it appears to the Board of Parole "that such applicant
will live and remain at liberty without violating the
laws, and if in the opinion of the Board such release
is not incompatible with the welfare of society."
- A federal offender serving his sentence in a state
institution was eligible for parole under the same
terms and conditions and by the same authority as a
prisoner committed to that institution by a state court,
but all such paroles were subject to approval by the
United States Board of Parole. Supervision within the
state was provided by state authorities. If the parolee
was permitted to return to his home outside that state,
his supervision was devolved upon the United States
Marshal in the district in which the parolee resided.
- The legislation also provided for the transfer of
the supervision of federal parolees to the probation
officers that supervised probationers for the federal
courts by providing that federal probation officers
shall perform such duties with respect to persons on
parole as the Attorney General shall request. The position
of federal probation officer had been established by
legislation in 1925 that for the first time authorized
courts to impose probation in federal cases. As originally
enacted, the probation statute required appointments
for probation officers to be made by the judge of the
particular district from the civil service register,
but in 1930 the requirement for use of the civil service
register was removed. The Bureau of Prisons (which
had general oversight responsibility for the probation
system) promulgated general qualifications which appointees
should possess. In brief, these provided that persons
selected should have physical vigor and mental adaptability,
at least a high school education plus one year in college
or a year's experience in organized probation work,
and thorough training in the technique of social investigation.
General oversight of supervision activities with respect
to persons on parole was provided by the parole executive
whose office was attached to the Board of Parole in
Washington, D.C. [AGSRP]
Appointments to the parole board by the Attorney General
were for an indefinite period. [HUSBP]
Although the Federal Probation Act was passed in 1925,
the first Congressional appropriation to implement that
act was in 1927, and five officers were appointed that
year. Two more were appointed in 1928, including Richard
A. Chappell who was later to serve on the Board of Parole.
[HUSBP]
Preparation for parole was the responsibility of institutional
parole officers, who, as staff members in the several
institutions, participated in classification procedures,
developed social histories, prepared and assembled official
reports, and were responsible for social case work involving
the prisoner and his or her family in the community. Under
the original parole act, an institutional parole officer
was appointed by the parole board at each institution.
In 1930, this authority was transferred to the United
States Board of Parole, but was actually exercised by
the Bureau of Prisons, subject to the satisfaction of
the Board of Parole. In 1930, the salary of an institutional
parole officer was set at $2,000 to $2,600 per year. [AGSRP]
The first offices of the Board of Parole were located
in Room 201 of the Tower Building in Washington, D.C.
The first three parole board members entered on duty on
June 13, 1930. An executive secretary was employed to
act as the administrative officer of the board. [HUSBP] |
1931 |
In the Board's first year of operation, the Board's three
members traveled as a group to hold hearings in institutions.
After a short experimental period in which they discovered
that two-thirds of their time was spent in travel status,
they began traveling singly to conduct hearings with the
vote taken later at headquarters in Washington, D.C. When
traveling as a group, the Board heard an average of 40
cases per day and made on-the-spot decisions relative
to parole. The Board also made decisions on federal prisoners
serving sentences in state institutions. In these cases,
a local board made recommendations to the Board of Parole.
[HUSBP]
During the first year of operation, the Board heard a
large number of offenders who had violated the National
Prohibition Act. In the year or two after the Board was
created, it paroled a large percentage of this type of
law violator. [HUSBP]
Due to the volume of work, three secretaries were assigned
to the parole board in addition to the administrative
clerk. Two reporters were also employed to transcribe
the Board's hearings. [HUSBP]
Legislation was enacted providing for parole for the
purposes of deportation. During this year, 133 such paroles
were granted. [HUSBP] |
1932 |
Two significant amendments were made to the parole law.
First, it was provided that a parolee shall continue on
parole until the expiration of the maximum terms specified
in his sentence without deduction for such allowance for
good conduct. Previously, in the case of a person who
was released on parole, good conduct deductions earned
in prison operated to shorten the period of parole. Second,
it was provided that any person to whom parole is not
granted, but who is released prior to the expiration of
the maximum term because of good-conduct deductions shall
upon release be treated as if released on parole and shall
be subject to all provisions of law relating to the parole
of United States prisoners until the maximum term or terms
specified in his sentence. [AGSRP]
Legislation creating a separate parole board for the
District of Columbia removed from the federal parole board
jurisdiction over prisoners confined in institutions of
the District of Columbia. [HUSBP]
The National Prohibition Act was repealed and there was
a dramatic reduction in the number of this type of law
violator in federal prisons. The proportion of parole
grants to denial also declined. [HUSBP] |
1933 |
The title of the administrative officer of the board was
changed from executive secretary to parole executive. [HUSBP] |
1936 |
James V. Bennett was promoted from Assistant Director
to Director of the Bureau of Prisons, replacing Sanford
Bates. The Parole Board and the Federal Probation System
were still assigned to the Bureau of Prisons and thus
under Mr. Bennett' supervision. [HUSBP]
Reports written during this year show that there was
an emphasis by the Board to ensure that parolees were
returned to their bona fide residences at the time of
their release. The Board attempted to "diminish the assaults
and larcenies committed against prisoners en route to
their homes" by mailing most of the prisoners' money to
them at their city of residence. [HUSBP] |
1937 |
Myrl Alexander became the parole executive. Two years later
he left the board and returned to his administrative duties
at the Bureau of Prisons. Mr. Alexander later became the
third director of the Bureau of Prisons. [HUSBP] |
1938 |
The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act was approved June 16,
1938. This Act provided that juveniles could be paroled by
the Board of Parole at any time after commitment (i.e.,
that there was no minimum term of imprisonment required before
the juvenile was eligible for parole consideration). [HUSBP] |
1939 |
The Board appointed its first hearing examiner on May
21, 1939. Three were eventually appointed. Initially,
they held hearings in cases of prisoners serving terms
of one year and one day. [HUSBP]
Attorney General Murphy called a National Parole Conference,
which was held in Washington, D.C. The conference followed
a long term fact-finding project financed largely by Works
Project Administration (WPA) funds. The project was directed
by Wayne L. Morse, who later became a Senator of the United
States, and resulted in the five-volume Attorney General's
Survey of Release Procedures. As a result of this
conference, "A Declaration of the Principles of Parole" was
adopted. The conference proceedings were published as Proceedings
- National Parole Conference, Washington, D.C., April
17-18, 1939. [HUSBP]
In contrast to the liberal trend of granting reparole,
which was extended by the Board five or six years before,
the Board in 1939 granted no reparoles at all and rereleased
only five conditional releasees. [HUSBP]
The following were the basic parole board procedures
(circa 1939):
- Application for Parole. A short while before a federal
prisoner became eligible for parole, he is furnished
with an application form. This is a very brief form
on which the applicant was to enter certain information
about himself, his plans, the nature of his crime,
his prospective employer, and the person he desires
as his parole advisor. If a prisoner does not desire
to apply for parole, he is directed to sign a waiver
of his right to apply for parole on a form that will
be furnished to him.
- Information About the Prisoner. When a federal offender
is committed to a penitentiary or other institution,
the judge and district attorney of the committing court
file reports and recommendations concerning him. In
some instances, a presentence report is made by a probation
officer, and in such cases the probation officer's
report is also forwarded to the institution to which
the offender is committed. Each prisoner is studied
closely in connection with the institutional classification
procedure. Reports will be filed concerning his progress
by the various institutional officers from time to
time. Immediately after his admission to the institution,
the parole officers begin to study the family, and
the social and economic conditions with which he will
be faced when he is released on parole. An attempt
is made to effect desirable community and home adjustments,
and to prepare the community to which the offender
will go for his reception.
- Hearings. Parole hearings are held at each of the
federal penal and reformatory institutions four times
each year, or once every three months. The hearings
are usually conducted by one member of the board. They
are ordinarily attended only by the member, the institutional
parole officer, the applicant, and a stenographic assistant.
The warden and other institutional officers ordinarily
do not attend the hearings. No attorney, relative or
other person may appear for or against the applicant.
However, such persons may write to or interview members
of the Board.
- Disposition. After the return to Washington of the
board member who held the hearing, a final determination
is made by the whole Board.
- Conditions of Parole. Before an offender is released
on parole, he must agree to the conditions of his parole
and an adviser is secured for him. An effort is made
to arrange suitable employment for him. Also upon release
he is given the usual gratuities which are allowed
to federal offenders upon their discharge from an institution.
- Supervision. Each person released on parole is required
to file with the parole executive an arrival report
and subsequent written reports at intervals of not
more than one month. In some cases the parolee is required
to report every few days while in other cases he is
required to report monthly. Each report must be countersigned
by the parolee's advisor. Each parolee is under the
supervision of a probation officer. In some cases,
the officer makes frequent visits to the parolee. In
other cases, where the parolee has a strong adviser
and his case is not a hazardous one, the probation
officers may visit him infrequently.
- Each parolee has an adviser. In many cases, the person
chosen is the person suggested by the parolee himself.
In other cases, the parole executive finds it necessary
to select some other person. In every case, an attempt
is made to secure as adviser the person in the community
in which the parolee will live who will be most able
to direct him toward rehabilitation through the normal
community agencies of social control.
- Violations of Parole. Sole authority to issue a warrant
for the arrest of a parole violator rests with the
Board of Parole or any member thereof. Such a warrant
may be issued at any time prior to the expiration of
the sentence if the Board or any member thereof has
reliable information that the offender has violated
his parole. The violation of parole interrupts the
running of the sentence in the manner of an escape.
The warrant may be executed by any officer of the prison
from which the parolee was released or by any federal
officer authorized to serve criminal process within
the United States. Upon return to a federal institution,
the violator is given an opportunity to appear before
the Board at its next meeting. The Board may then or
at any time in its discretion revoke the order and
terminate such parole or modify the terms and conditions
thereof. When parole is revoked, the parolee shall
serve the remainder of the sentence originally imposed;
and the time that the prisoner was out on parole shall
not be taken into account to diminish the time for
which he was sentenced.
- A federal parole violator may be reparoled at any
time by the Board of Parole.
- Final Discharge. Upon the expiration of the parolee's
sentence, the parole executive sends him a letter stating
that he has apparently completed his parole period
satisfactorily. No formal certificate of discharge
is issued to him. [AGSRP]
|
1940 |
On July 1, 1940, the Federal Probation Service was transferred
from the Bureau of Prisons to the Administrative Office
of the United States Courts. Responsibilities of probation
officers with respect to parolees continued as before.
[HUSBP]
During the ten years the Probation System was under the
supervision of the Bureau of Prisons, it expanded from
one with eight officers in eight judicial districts to
a nationwide program employing 238 officers in eighty-three
United States District Courts. [FPJ: 4/2, statement by
James V. Bennett, Director, U.S. Bureau of Prisons] |
1941 |
In The Pardoning Power of the President, W.H. Humbert
reported "parole authorities have handled a considerable
number of federal offenders since 1910. Though release on
parole does not banish prospects for a pardon, the conclusion
is inescapable that such release tends to keep down the number
of requests." |
1942 |
World War II radically changed the character of the federal
prison population. Substantial numbers of selective service
violators and conscientious objectors were incarcerated.
In 1942, the President issued Executive Order 8641 making
it possible for the Attorney General to grant special paroles
to prisoners who might be useful in the war effort. Extensive
use was made of this authority with the parole board playing
an unofficial role for the Attorney General. [HUSBP] |
1943 |
Congress conducted hearings relative to legislation providing
for a broader form of federal indeterminate sentence. The
proposed legislation, entitled the
"Federal Corrections Act" would have established a ten-member
parole board with an adult division, a youth division, and
a policy division. No legislation was enacted. [HUSBP] |
1945 |
On August 28, 1945, the Attorney General ordered the
parole board to report directly to him for administrative
purposes. Staff formerly employed by the Bureau of Prisons
and assigned to the Board were transferred officially
to the Board on February 15, 1946. [HUSBP]
During the year, the character of the federal prison
population changed in that the number of persons who had
been court-martialed by military authorities and transferred
to federal prisons increased. These offenders generally
had longer sentences than those imposed by civilian courts.
[HUSBP] |
1946 |
With the end of gas rationing, there was a dramatic use
of automobiles over the nation. Military prisoners decreased
and the number of violators of the National Motor Vehicle
Theft Act rose sharply. [HUSBP] |
1948 |
The Board of Parole was increased from three to five members
by legislation enacted June 25, 1948. This increase was needed
primarily because of an increase in prison population. Prior
to the increase in the size of the Board, the two examiners
on staff conducted approximately one third of the hearings.
[HUSBP] |
1950 |
On September 30, 1950, the Youth Corrections Act was
passed by Congress. Under this legislation, federal offenders
less than 22 years of age at the time of conviction could
be sentenced to indeterminate sentences with no minimum
period of parole ineligibility. The maximum period of
imprisonment was fixed by statute at six years, but longer
maximum terms were permitted in the case of very serious
offenses. This Act contained three other significant features.
First, all youth offenders must be initially released
on supervision at least two years prior to the expiration
of the maximum sentence. Thus, each offender would be
initially released with a period of supervision of at
least two years. Second, it authorized a court to commit
an offender for a period of observation and study prior
to sentencing. Third, it provided that the parole board
could grant an early discharge from parole supervision,
an action that "set the conviction aside" and granted
relief from various legal disabilities imposed by the
conviction. The Youth Corrections Act was to become
effective only upon the certification of the Attorney
General that facilities to house such offenders were available.
[HUSBP]
The Youth Corrections Act also changed the structure
of the parole board. First, it created a three-member
Youth Division within the parole board. Second, it increased
the number of parole board members from five to eight.
Third, it provided that all parole board members would
be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent
of the Senate, for six-year, staggered terms. [HUSBP]
The Youth Corrections Act also provided for an
Advisory Corrections Council to be composed of federal
judges and federal correctional officials to study and
advise on correctional practices. [HUSBP] |
1950 |
Until this year, secretaries traveled with the Board members
to report institutional hearings. After six months of experimentation
with recording devices, the Board adopted a system of hiring
local shorthand reporters on a contract basis. [HUSBP] |
1951 |
Until 1951, prisoners released by expiration of sentence
less good time were under supervision until the expiration
of their maximum sentence. Legislation approved June 29,
1951, provided that such prisoners were to be released
from supervision 180 days prior to the expiration of the
maximum sentence. With the implementation of this Act,
the number of mandatory releasees under supervision dropped
sharply. In general, prisoners with sentences of 18 months
or less who were released by expiration of sentence less
good time would no longer be released to supervision.
[HUSBP]
Legislation approved July 31, 1951, made two changes
in parole eligibility. Up to this time, adult prisoners
serving sentences of more than one year were eligible
for parole after service of one-third of their sentences,
except for prisoners serving life sentences who were eligible
after the service of 15 years. Under the revised legislation,
adult prisoners serving sentences of 180 days to one year
were also eligible for parole after service of one-third
of their sentences. In addition, prisoners serving terms
of more than forty-five years were eligible for parole
after fifteen years in the same manner as prisoners serving
life sentences. [HUSBP] |
1953 |
The first presidential appointments were made to the
parole board in 1953. [HUSBP]
Mr. Scovel Richardson became the first African American
appointed to the parole board. [HUSBP]
By order of the Attorney General dated October 15, 1953,
juveniles committed by the District of Columbia Juvenile
Court to the National Training School for Boys came under
the parole jurisdiction of the federal parole board. Prior
to this time, the District of Columbia Visiting Committee
had acted as the paroling authority for such juveniles.
[HUSBP]
The Board hired its first staff director (Dr. Conway
Esselstyn). [HUSBP] |
1954 |
On January 15, 1954, the Youth Corrections Act was made
available to the federal courts east of the Mississippi River.
[HUSBP] |
1955 |
During 1955, the parole board began paroling prisoners
to outstanding local detainers if they were otherwise
considered to be suitable for parole. Previously, an outstanding
detainer had acted as a bar to parole. [HUSBP]
Dr. Conway Esselstyn, the Board's first staff director,
resigned and was replaced by James Neagles, who served
as staff director until 1976. [HUSBP] |
1956 |
The Attorney General called the second National Conference
on Parole, which was held in Washington, D.C., on April
9-11, 1956. The Conference was sponsored by the federal
parole board and the National Probation and Parole Association.
Approximately 500 delegates attended. Out of this conference
came Parole in Principle and Practice: A Manual and
Report. One of the recommendations of this conference
was that release from prison by expiration of sentence
less good time be termed "mandatory release" rather than "conditional
release." The U.S. Board of Parole implemented this recommendation.
[HUSBP]
Congress enacted the Uniform Narcotic Control Act. This
Act provided for mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment
for certain drug offenders. In addition, such offenders
were made ineligible for parole consideration. [HUSBP]
On October 4, 1956, the Youth Corrections Act was made
available to the federal courts west of the Mississippi
River. [HUSBP] |
1958 |
On August 25, 1958, Congress approved legislation that
allowed courts to impose an adult sentence on which the
prisoner would be eligible for parole consideration after
serving less than one-third of the maximum sentence. That
is, in addition to the traditional sentencing procedure
under which the prisoner had to serve one-third of the
maximum sentence before being eligible for parole, the
court could now impose (1) a sentence with a period of
parole ineligibility that was less than one-third of the
maximum sentence, or (2) a sentence with no period of
parole ineligibility. In addition, this legislation authorized
a court to commit an adult offender for a period of observation
and study prior to sentencing, a provision that earlier
had been available only for youthful offenders. Furthermore,
this legislation provided for the judicial sentencing
institutes for federal judges. Finally, this legislation
authorized the parole board to terminate releasees from
active supervision prior to the expiration of their maximum
sentences. [HUSBP]
In addition, legislation passed in 1958 authorized the
courts to use the provisions of the Youth Corrections
Act in certain cases for persons who were less than
26 years of age at the time of conviction. [HUSBP] |
1959 |
This first federal judicial sentencing institute was
held at Boulder, Colorado. A primary topic was the issue
of unwarranted sentencing disparity. [HUSBP]
Congress passed the Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act. This legislation barred certain
individuals with criminal records from serving in certain
labor or labor-management positions. The federal parole
board was given the authority to conduct a hearing
for any person who applied for relief from the disabilities
imposed by this legislation, and to grant exemptions
from these disabilities in deserving cases. [HUSBP]
The Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Parole describes
the second phase of a research study on offenders sentenced
under the Youth Corrections Act (pertaining to
prison programming). [ARUSBP (1959)]
The Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Parole also
notes the parole board's evaluation of recidivism statistics
indicates that (1) maturation appears to be a significant
factor in rehabilitation in that adult offenders have
lower recidivism rates than youth offenders, and (2) most
parole violations occur within the first or second year
after parole and the number of warrants issued in the
fifth year after parole is "practically non-existent." [ARUSBP
(1959)] |
1961 |
In accordance with an opinion handed down by the Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia, the parole board adopted
procedures allowing alleged parole/mandatory release violators
to have an attorney and/or voluntary witnesses present at
a revocation hearing conducted upon return to a federal institution.
[HUSBP] |
1962 |
The parole board began making use of a new program initiated
by the Bureau of Prisons, involving the establishment of
pre-release guidance centers in the community to which the
prisoner was to be released. Centers were first opened in
New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The parole board
could parole an individual with the understanding that the
individual would reside in a pre-release center from two
to four months prior to parole. Subsequently, additional
pre-release centers were opened in other cities. Eventually,
state and privately-operated centers were used on a contract
basis. [HUSBP] |
1963 |
In accordance with an opinion handed down by the Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia, the parole board adopted
procedures providing for preliminary interviews for alleged
parole/mandatory violators in the community in which the
alleged violation occurred. In addition, "local" revocation
hearings, revocation hearings in the community in which the
alleged violation occurred, were authorized to facilitate
the appearance of voluntary witnesses. [HUSBP] |
1966 |
The Board cooperated with the Bureau of Prisons in the Bureau's
development of work-release programs. Selected prisoners
were permitted to leave the institution or a pre-release
center to work in private industry or, in some cases, to
attend a trade school or college. Such placements generally
were made within six months of a projected release date.
[HUSBP] |
1967 |
Congress passed the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation
Act, which had provisions for civil commitment
of narcotic addicts as well as special provisions for
those convicted of criminal offenses. Under this Act,
the maximum period of imprisonment on a criminal commitment
was fixed by the court with parole eligibility after
six months in treatment. A certificate of release readiness
from the Surgeon General was a prerequisite for parole.
[HUSBP]
Congress also passed legislation transferring responsibility
for D.C. youth offenders confined in the D.C. Youth Center
from the federal parole board to the District of Columbia
government. Supervision of such cases also was transferred
from U.S. Probation Officers to the District of Columbia
government. [HUSBP] |
1968 |
The parole board adopted a procedure for a "dispositional
review" where a parolee or mandatory releasee was serving
a subsequent sentence and a violator warrant was lodged
as a detainer. Such a review could include a hearing at
the place of confinement if the parole board determined
such a hearing was indicated. [HUSBP]
The National Training School for Boys was closed, and
juveniles committed by the District of Columbia Juvenile
Court were placed in D.C. institutions. Accordingly, the
federal parole board had no further jurisdiction over
D.C. juvenile offenders. [HUSBP] |
1969 |
The parole board requested and received a grant from the
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration for a large scale,
three-year study of parole decision-making. This study, under
the co-directorship of Don M. Gottfredson, Director of the
National Council on Crime and Delinquency Research Center,
and Leslie T. Wilkins, a professor at the School of Criminal
Justice, State University of New York at Albany, led to a
major revision in parole board practice. [HUSBP] |
1970 |
The parole board hired its first legal counsel (Joseph Barry).
[HUSBP] |
1971 |
The parole board increased its complement of hearing
examiners to eight. A schedule was adopted under which
parole board members conducted about one-third of the
hearings and hearing examiners conducted about two-thirds
of the hearings. This allowed parole board members more
time for voting on cases. In general, decisions were made
by a concurrence of two parole board members. If the hearing
was conducted by a parole board member, the parole board
member hearing the case cast the first vote. The case
file was then circulated among other parole board members
at the parole board's office in Washington, D.C., until
a concurrence of two votes was obtained. If the hearing
was conducted by a hearing examiner, the examiner made
a recommendation but did not vote. The case file was then
circulated among the parole board members at the parole
board's office in Washington, D.C., until a concurrence
of two votes was obtained. [HUSBP]
Congress passed legislation authorizing the parole board
to impose a special condition that a parolee or mandatory
releasee reside in and/or participate in a program of
a community treatment center (formerly called a pre-release
guidance center) as a special condition of parole. This
special condition could be used, in some cases, as an
alternative to parole revocation. [HUSBP]
Congress amended the Criminal Justice Act to provide
for court-appointed counsel for alleged parole and mandatory
release violators who could not afford to hire their own
attorney. [HUSBP]
Congress also passed legislation authorizing hearing
examiners to conduct initial and revocation hearings for
youth offenders. [HUSBP] |
1972 |
The parole board began a pilot project that included
the following goals: (1) the development of explicit paroling
policy guidelines to provide greater consistency and equity
in parole decision-making; (2) the provision of well-reasoned,
written decisions; (3) more timely decisions; (4) the
development of procedures to provide the opportunity for
representatives to appear at parole hearings; (5) the
development of a two-level appellate process to provide
greater due process; and (6) increased liaison between
the Board and related agencies. Key features of this project
were the decentralization of the parole board into five
regions (each headed by a board member) with the Chairman
and two other members forming a National Appeals Board
in Washington, D.C.; the use of explicit guidelines for
parole decision-making; hearings conducted by panels of
two hearing examiners with review by the regional parole
board member on the record; and the provision of written
reasons for parole decisions. [EUSBPR]
The first hearings under this reorganization project
were conducted at the Kennedy Youth Center in Morgantown,
West Virginia in October 1972. [EUSBPR]
The pilot project comprised five Federal institutions
in the northeast region of the country. They were the
Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; the Kennedy Youth
Center, Morgantown, West Virginia; the Reformatory for
Women, Alderson, West Virginia; the Reformatory, Petersburg,
Virginia, and the Correctional Institution, Danbury, Connecticut.
[ARUSBP (1972-73)].
The parole board established a Research Unit and hired
its first Research Director (Peter Hoffman). [ARUSBP (1970-72)]
The explicit paroling policy guidelines adopted by the
parole board were developed in cooperation with a project
funded by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
and conducted by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
The guidelines were in the form of a two-dimensional grid.
The seriousness of the prisoner's current offense (offense
severity) was considered on the vertical axis with six
categories (later increased to seven and then eight categories).
The prisoner's likelihood of recidivism (parole prognosis)
was considered on the horizontal axis with four categories.
The dimension of parole prognosis was determined by use
of a "salient factor score," an empirically derived parole
prediction instrument. The intersections of the vertical
and horizontal axes formed a grid containing time ranges
(such as 12-18 months). The time range set forth the parole
board's policy on the customary time to be served before
release for a prisoner having that offense seriousness
and parole prognosis, assuming good institutional conduct.
Decisions outside the guidelines may be made for good
cause and upon the provision of case-specific written
reasons. For example, misconduct in the institution might
warrant a decision above the applicable guideline range,
and exceptionally good participation in institutional
programs might warrant a decision below the applicable
guideline range. [PDMR]
The parole board implemented the procedures for due process
in the revocation of parole set forth in Morrissey
vs. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S. Ct. 2593. [ARUSBP
(1972-73)] |
1973 |
In May 1973, Maurice Sigler, Chairman of the U.S. Board
of Parole, submitted the Board's reorganization proposal
to the Department of Justice. In July 1973, this proposal
was approved by Attorney General Elliot Richardson. [EUSBPR]
The Research Center of the National Council on Crime
and Delinquency published a fourteen-volume set of reports
on the Federal Parole Decision-Making Project. [PDMR] |
1974 |
Regional offices were established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
Atlanta Georgia, Dallas, Texas, Kansas City, Missouri,
and Burlingame, California. Each regional office included
a parole board member, five hearing examiners, two case
analysts, and clerical staff. [EUSBPR]
The parole board's budget for Fiscal Year 74 was $2,025,000,
up from 1,391,000 in Fiscal Year 73 and from approximately
$500,000 in 1965. The increase from Fiscal Year 73 to
Fiscal Year 74 included the cost of implementing the reorganization.
Personnel increased from 48 positions in Fiscal Year 65
to 125 positions in Fiscal Year 74. [EUSBPR] |
1975 |
Each regional office has approximately 20 employees.
A typical regional office is staffed with a Board member
acting as the Regional Director, an administrative hearing
examiner and four hearing examiners, a pre-release analyst,
a post-release analyst, and administrative and clerical
support personnel. [EUSBPR]
Hearing examiner panels, each consisting of two persons,
conduct parole interviews at each institution within the
region. At the conclusion of each interview, the examiners
inform the prisoner of the recommended (tentative) parole
decision. If the recommendations of the examiners differ,
the prisoner is informed of both recommendations. All
panel decisions are reviewed in the regional office by
an administrative hearing examiner and the regional board
member. It is the regional board member who makes the
final decision, subject to certain limitations (if the
regional board member wishes to alter a panel recommendation
by more than six months, the case must be sent to the
national board members for review). After a decision is
made, a Notice of Action is mailed to the prisoner within
15 working days of the hearing. If the prisoner is not
granted parole at that time, the reasons are given as
part of the Notice of Action. If the prisoner is dissatisfied
with the decision, he or she has available a two-step
administrative appeal process. [EUSBPR]
According to a report of field visits by Department of
Justice Management Programs and Budget staff --
- The average hearing lasted 30 minutes. Revocation
hearings took anywhere from 45 to 90 minutes. The hearing
began with a review of the inmate's file by one hearing
examiner while the other examiner dictated the results
of the last hearing. The review usually took 10 to
15 minutes. The offender's prior criminal history was
closely examined during the file review. After the
file was reviewed by one examiner, he provided a brief
summary of the file to the other examiner, who had
completed dictating the results of the previous hearing.
- Prior to the interview with the inmate, the hearing
panel discussed the inmate's progress with the institutional
case manager. At the beginning of the interview with
the inmate, the hearing examiner carefully explained
the Board's procedures to the inmate and his right
to appeal the decision. The principal discussion points
initiated by the hearing examiners were: the validation
of the salient factor score, the inmate's offense and
the surrounding circumstances of the crime, and his
institutional behavior and program participation.
- The inmate's remarks usually began with a description
of the mitigating circumstances of his offense and
past criminal behavior. This was most often followed
by the inmate's statements regarding his participation
in institutional programs and his motivation to become
a better citizen. The inmate usually made some reference
to his parole release plan. The period of time for
the discussion with the inmate ranged from five to
15 minutes. When an inmate's representative was present,
the discussion period required as much as one-half
hour.
- Following the inmate's discussion, he was asked if
he had any questions he would like to ask the panel.
If not, he left the room and the hearing examiners
discussed the case. In most instances, the decision-making
process, which takes from two to five minutes, was
a straightforward application of the guidelines and
salient factors to the individual case.
- The inmate returned to the hearing room and was advised
of the panel's tentative decision. When parole was
approved, the discussion continued on the completion
and validation of the release plan. When parole was
denied, the examiners advised the inmate of the reasons
and the right to appeal the decision. The process of
advising the inmate of the decision required approximately
five minutes.
- Most representatives who were observed by the evaluation
teams were institutional staff; however, relatives,
prospective employers, and educators have appeared
at a number of hearings. Generally, hearing examiners
and Bureau of Prisons institutional staff agree that
the inmate representative does not have a major effect
on parole decisions; however, the representatives can
have a positive effect on the inmate's attitude. Cases
have occurred where Bureau of Prisons institutional
staff members serving as inmates' representatives have
directly contradicted the observations and recommendations
of the inmate's caseworker. In these instances, the
examiner stated that the representative can have a
major impact on their decision. [EUSBPR]
|
1976 |
The Parole Commission and Reorganization Act (Public
Law 94-233) became effective on May 14, 1976. A major
revision of the statutes pertaining to parole, this Act
retitled the agency as the United States Parole Commission.
The primary provisions of this Act are listed below.
- The U.S. Parole Commission is created with a membership
of nine Commissioners. The Youth Correction Division
was eliminated and its duties absorbed within the new
Commission.
- No fewer than five regions are mandated; a Regional
Commissioner is placed in charge of each. Three Commissioners
are assigned to a National Appeals Board. Authority
and responsibilities of the Commission, the Chairman,
and the Regional Commissioners are set forth.
- Eligibility for parole for prisoners with long sentences,
including life terms, is reduced to ten years, from
the previous fifteen years.
- Explicit Guidelines for Decision-Making are mandated.
- Reasons for denial of parole must be provided to
the prisoner in writing. Decisions outside the guidelines
must be for "good cause" and must contain specific
written reasons for such departure.
- Parole applicants have a right to examine their own
case file (with limited exceptions) prior to the hearing.
- Parole applicants may be accompanied at their hearings
by a representative of their choice, who may make a
statement on the applicant's behalf.
- If a prisoner's sentence is less than seven years,
he must be reviewed no later than at 18 month intervals
after the initial hearing. If this sentence is seven
years or more, he must be reviewed no later than at
24 month intervals following the initial hearing.
- Prisoners with terms of five years or more and satisfactory
institutional conduct must be paroled after service
of two-thirds of the term, unless the Commission finds
that there is a "reasonable probability" of further
crime.
- A two-level appeal system is mandated.
- Regular and special conditions of release set by
the Commission may be modified only after an opportunity
has been offered to the releasee to comment on the
proposed modifications. Such modifications are also
appealable.
- The Commission must review a parolee's progress under
supervision after two years and at least annually thereafter,
and may terminate supervision prior to completion of
the sentenced term. Termination of supervision ends
the jurisdiction of the Commission over the releasee.
- After five years of supervision in the community,
the Commission must terminate jurisdiction unless it
finds, after a hearing, that there is a likelihood
of further crime. Such decision is appealable.
- At the discretion of the Commission, alleged violators
may be summoned to a hearing in lieu of being arrested
on a warrant, and may be released under supervision
pending a revocation hearing.
- Reviews of parole violation warrants placed as a
detainer, while a prisoner is serving a subsequent
sentence, must be reviewed within 180 days and a decision
made with regard to disposition of the warrant.
- Alleged parole violators have the right to confront "adverse" witnesses
at a preliminary interview and any revocation hearing
held in the local community. At such interview or at
any revocation hearing, the prisoner may be represented
by an attorney (either retained or appointed). Voluntary
witnesses may also be present.
- A preliminary interview is not necessary if the releasee
has been convicted of a crime while under supervision.
- The Commission may subpoena witnesses in revocation
proceedings.
- Following revocation, the parolee receives credit
for time under supervision in the community unless
he has been convicted of a crime committed while under
supervision. If he absconded from supervision, he is
credited with the time from the date of release to
supervision to the date of such absconding.
- Attorney representation, privately retained or court
appointed, is permitted in any revocation proceeding
and at any termination hearing scheduled after five
years on parole. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]
|
1977 |
The Parole Commission modified the permissible grounds
for a prisoner's appeal to make them more specific. The
modified grounds for appeal are:
- That the guidelines were incorrectly applied.
- That a decision outside the guidelines was not supported
by the reasons of facts as stated.
- That especially mitigating circumstances justify
a different decision.
- That a decision was based on erroneous information
and the actual facts justify a different decision.
- That the Commission did not follow correct procedure
in deciding the case, and a different decision would
have resulted if the error had not occurred.
- There was significant information in existence but
not know at the time of the hearing.
- There are compelling reasons why a more lenient decision
should be rendered on grounds of compassion. [ARUSPC
(1976-78)]
Mexico and the United States signed a treaty for the
mutual exchange of prisoners incarcerated for crimes while
transient aliens within each nation's jurisdiction. The
Commission's legal staff participated with the State Department
and other units of the Department of Justice in the development
of prisoner transfer treaties and implementing legislation.
In December 1977, 154 U.S. citizens convicted of crimes
in Mexico were transferred to the United States. A special
docket was set up to provide prompt parole hearings to
these cases. Shortly thereafter, Canada and Bolivia followed
this precedent by establishing similar treaties with the
United States. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]
After a pilot test of the concept in the Parole Commission's
Western Region, the Commission implemented a new procedure
that has come to be called "presumptive parole." The purpose
of the presumptive parole procedure is to provide the
prisoner at the beginning of his sentence a date on which
it is presumed that release will take place, provided
the prisoner maintains a good institutional adjustment
and has developed adequate release plans. This procedure
is designed to remove much of the dysfunctional uncertainty
and anxiety surrounding the parole process, while retaining
the flexibility to deal with substantial changes in circumstances.
Presumptive parole procedures went into effect in September
1977. All prisoners with seven years or less (regardless
of sentence procedure) and all prisoners with no minimum
sentences are heard within 120 days of commitment or as
soon thereafter as practicable. A presumptive release
date may be set up to four years from the date of the
initial hearing (previously, parole dates were set up
to six months from the date of the hearing). If a presumptive
release date is not set within four years from the date
of the initial hearing, the prisoner will be continued
to a reconsideration hearing four years from the date
of the initial hearing (a "four-year reconsideration hearing").
In addition, interim hearings are conducted as required
by statute to consider whether there are any substantial
positive or negative changes in circumstances (e.g.,
outstanding institutional program achievement, disciplinary
infractions) that may warrant modifying the presumptive
release date originally set. In addition, a prerelease
record review is conducted to ensure that the conditions
of the presumptive release date (good institutional conduct
and a suitable release plan) have been satisfied. Failure
to satisfy these conditions may result in retardation
of the release date or the scheduling of a rescission
hearing. [ARUSPC (1976-78)] |
1978 |
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision
Making: Selected Reprints, Volume I. [PDMSR
(1)]
In October 1978, the Commission began a periodic review
of its paroling policy guidelines at 28 C.F.R. 2.20 and
2.21. In addition to its usual publishing and posting
of the proposal, copies were sent to over 1,000 interested
persons. Public hearings were held in Atlanta, Denver,
and Washington, D.C., and at the Atlanta and Englewood
facilities of the Bureau of Prisons. Testimony was received
from 69 witnesses, generating over 3,000 pages of transcript.
Those giving their views included representatives from
the Judiciary, defense and prosecution attorneys, federal
prisoners, enforcement agencies, the Bureau of Prisons,
the Probation Service, state correctional systems, and
scholars. As a result of this effort, certain listed offense
behaviors were defined more specifically, certain previously
unlisted offense behaviors were added to the guidelines,
and certain offense behaviors were moved from one category
to another or subdivided. The revised paroling policy
guidelines became effective June 4, 1979. [ARUSPC (1978-80)] |
1979 |
Decision guidelines were established for decisions to
retard or rescind a parole on account of institutional
misconduct. These guidelines are set forth at 28 C.F.R.
2.36. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
Decision guidelines were established to reward sustained
superior program achievement by a reduction from a previously
established presumptive release date. The advancement
for superior program achievement under these guidelines
was deliberately kept modest. It is the intent of the
Commission to encourage voluntary program participation,
not superficial attendance in programs merely in an attempt
to impress the parole decision-makers. These guidelines
are set forth at 28 C.F.R. 2.60. [ARUSPC (1978-80)] |
1980 |
The Parole Commission's presumptive release date procedures
were expanded. Under the revised procedures, presumptive
release dates are set up to ten years from the date of
the initial hearing. A defendant who does not receive
a presumptive release date will be scheduled for a ten-year
reconsideration hearing. Procedures for interim hearings,
as required by statute, to review the case for any significant
changes in circumstances are unchanged. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]
From April 9-11, 1980, the Parole Commission, in joint
sponsorship with the National Institute of Corrections,
conducted the Third National Parole Symposium. The conference
was held at the University of Maryland at College Park.
United States District Judge Frank A. Kaufman, Governor
Brendan T. Byrne of New Jersey, and Charles Silberman,
author of Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice, were featured
speakers. Approximately 250 persons attended. The proceedings
of the conference were published as Parole in the 1980's:
Proceedings of the National Parole Symposium. [ARUSPC
(1978-80)]
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision
Making: Selected Reprints, Volume II. [PDMSR (2)] |
1981 |
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision
Making: Selected Reprints, Volume III. [PDMSR (3)]
Effective August 31, 1981, the Parole Commission, as
a result of a research study, revised its Salient factor
Score, an actuarial device used in determining risk of
recidivism. The new Salient Factor Score (SFS 81) includes
six items, which, when added together, produce a score
with a range from zero to ten points. The higher the score,
the higher is the likelihood of favorable outcome. SFS
81 demonstrates predictive validity and stability equivalent
to that of the seven-item predictive device previously
used by the Commission. Of prime importance, the revised
device holds promise for greater scoring reliability and
ease of scoring. [ARUSPC (1980-83)] |
1982 |
The Parole Commission published the first Rules and
Procedures Manual, which consolidated the Parole
Commission's rules (28 C.F.R. 2.1 et seq.) with
the accompanying procedures. Previously, these had
been published separately.
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision
Making: Selected Reprints, Volume IV. [PDMSR (4)] |
1983 |
Effective January 31, 1983, the Parole Commission revised
its offense severity scale. The revision, which used the
format of the proposed revision of the federal criminal code,
was designed to make the severity scale more comprehensive,
to improve its clarity and organization, and to reflect changes
in Commission policy for particular offenses. [ARUSPC (1980-83)] |
1984 |
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 (Public
Law 98-473, October 12, 1984) was passed. This legislation
provided for the creation of a United States Sentencing
Commission to promulgate explicit decision guidelines
(by May 1, 1986) to be used by Federal judges in making
sentencing decisions. The Chairman of the Parole Commission
serves as an ex officio, non voting member of the
Sentencing Commission. The Parole Commission was to be
abolished five years from the date the sentencing guidelines
took effect. During the five-year transition period, the
Parole Commission was to continue in existence to handle
cases of parole eligible defendants convicted of offenses
committed before November 1, 1987. Cases sentenced under
the new law would serve determinate sentences with limited
reduction for good time (about 15%). For such cases, post-release
supervision would be called supervised release rather
than parole, and decisions regarding the conditions of
supervised release and revocation would be made by the
courts rather than by the Parole Commission. This legislation
also repealed Youth Corrections Act. The legislation
did not, however, affect parole eligibility for military
code or D.C. Code offenders or the Parole Commission's
responsibility for making parole release decisions for
military code and D.C. Code offenders confined in Bureau
of Prisons institutions.
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 also
eliminated the Parole Commission's intermediate administrative
appeal (regional appeal), providing a one-step rather
than a two-step administrative appeal. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision
Making: Selected Reprints, Volume V. [PDMSR (5)] |
1985 |
Due to a delay in the appointment of the first members of
the Sentencing Commission, legislation was enacted that extended
the date for the first sentencing guidelines by one year
(until May 1, 1987). |
1986 |
The Parole Commission sought various legislative initiatives
to facilitate the transition between the current and new
systems. Legislation was enacted (Public Law 99-646, November
10, 1986) containing two provisions that afforded the
Parole Commission flexibility to facilitate its phase
out. First, the legislation eliminated the requirement
of "no less than five regions." Second, it authorized
hearings conducted by one examiner (with the requirement
of a panel of two hearing examiners met by a review on
the record by the second examiner). [ARUSPC (1985-86)]
The Parole Commission also provided assistance to the
newly created Sentencing Commission. As the move toward
the establishment of federal sentencing guidelines was
based, in large part, on the successful development and
use of federal parole guidelines, much of the research
conducted and experience gained in the parole context
was directly relevant to the sentencing guidelines' effort.
The Parole Commission provided a number of data bases
for the Sentencing Commission's use, and staffs of both
agencies met regularly to examine the data, review the
documentation, and discuss the empirical findings. [ARUSPC
(1985-86)]
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision
Making: Selected Reprints, Volume VI. [PDMSR (6)]
In March 1986, the Parole Commission implemented an experimental
program, called Special Curfew Parole, to provide a substitute
for Community Treatment Center residence for the 60-day
period preceding the otherwise scheduled parole release
date. This program, a joint effort of the Parole Commission,
the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, and the U.S. Probation System,
was designed for prisoners who were transferred to Community
Treatment Centers for a 30-120 day period prior to parole,
but who no longer required the support services provided
there. Under this program, a qualified prisoner could
have his release date advanced by up to 60 days on the
condition that he remain at his place of residence between
the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. each night unless
given permission in advance by his probation officer.
The Probation Service provided high-activity supervision
of the parolee during this period (at least weekly in
person contact as well as monitoring compliance with the
curfew by random telephone calls). Failure to comply with
this special condition could result in imposition of Community
Treatment Center residence as a condition of parole or
revocation of parole and return to prison. Implemented
as a cost-reduction procedure through which the Bureau
of Prisons could reduce the number and expense of inmates
confined in Community Treatment Centers, this project
saved over one million dollars in its first eighteen months
of operation. [ARUSPC (1985-86)]
In collaboration with the Bureau of Prisons and the National
Institute of Justice, the Parole Commission initiated
an experimental program in which selected prisoners would
have their parole dates advanced if they volunteered to
complete 400 hours of "reparative work." Reparative work
is defined as unpaid volunteer work for public or nonprofit
private agencies (such as the Volunteers of America, the
Salvation Army, or Goodwill Industries). The purpose of
the project was to develop an alternative form of punishment
that returned something of value to the community and,
at the same time, saved prison bed space. During the first
phase of the project, 100 prisoners in selected cities
each completed the 400 hours of reparative work while
residing in halfway houses. These prisoners logged 38,481
hours of unpaid service, work which would have cost the
participating agencies over $168,000 for paid employees
to perform. In return, release dates were advanced by
5,538 days, providing a substantial savings in prison
bed space. Upon release, some parolees were offered full-time
paid positions with the agencies they had worked for in
the program. A second phase of the program was begun at
the Federal Correctional Institution at Forth Worth. In
this phase, a limited number of prisoners performed reparative
work in the community while still residing at the institution.
[ARUSPC (1985-86)] |
1987 |
On April 14, 1987, the U.S. Sentencing Commission transmitted
its initial sentencing guidelines to Congress. These guidelines
took effect, as scheduled, on November 1, 1987, and applied
to all defendants whose offenses were committed on or
after that date.
The Bureau of Prisons reported that the cumulative savings
from the Special Curfew Parole Project exceeded two million
dollars and requested that the program be extended indefinitely.
[ARUSPC (1986-87)]
The Parole Commission was accredited by the American
Correctional Association's Commission on Accreditation.
The Parole Commission initiated a "Community Control
Project," a joint effort with the Bureau of Prisons and
U.S. Probation System, using electronic monitoring to
ensure compliance with a curfew. Because of population
pressures, the Bureau of Prisons was placing offenders
in halfway houses up to six months prior to release even
if there was no treatment need for such placement. Under
this experimental program, selected low-treatment-need
offenders were released to the community up to 180 days
prior to their normally scheduled parole date with a curfew,
electronic monitoring, and intensive supervision substituted
for Community Treatment Center placement. Two districts
(Southern District of Florida and Central District of
California) were selected for this project. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]
The Reparative Work Project was terminated. During the
two phases, 132 offenders each performed 400 hours of
reparative work and had their parole dates advanced by
up to 60 days. A total of 51,281 hours of unpaid community
service work was completed and participants had their
parole dates advanced by a total of 7,458 days. The value
of the work done was estimated to be over $225,000 (for
paid employees to have done the same work) and the project
was well received by the non-profit agencies involved.
Despite these positive findings, the project was terminated
because the Bureau of Prisons did not believe that the
staff time needed to monitor the project could be spared
given the current level of overcrowding. [ARUSPC (1986-87)] |
1988 |
The Special Curfew Parole Project continued. The cumulative
number of offenders participating reached 3,000. Very
few problems were reported and the revocation rate for
violations occurring while on curfew parole was less than
three percent. [ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Community Control Project continued. To date, 120
offenders have participated in this project. During the
year, the project was expanded to four additional districts.
[ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 gave the Parole
Commission jurisdiction over new-law transfer treaty cases
(transfer treaty cases in which the offense was committed
on or after November 1, 1987). In such cases, the Parole
Commission is to determine the release date by applying
the sentencing guidelines promulgated by the U.S. Sentencing
Commission. [ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 also gave the
Parole Commission continuing responsibility over all state
defendants who are accepted into the U.S. Marshals Service
Witness Protection Program. Once a state defendant is
accepted into this program, the Parole Commission assumes
jurisdiction over the case.
Fifty percent of the initial hearings conducted in Fiscal
Year 1988 involved offenders with drug-related convictions,
26% involved property crimes, and another 11% involved
crimes of violence (murder, kidnapping, arson, robbery,
and assault). [ARUSPC (1987-88)]
The Commission's had 179 authorized positions (Commissioners
and staff) and a budget of $11,665,000. |
1989 |
The Parole Commission began an Intensive Supervision
Project with the U.S. Probation Office for the District
of Maryland for high risk cases. [ARUSPC (1988-89)]
The number of hearings conducted by the Parole Commission
began to decline as the sentencing guidelines took effect
for defendants who committed offenses on or after November
1, 1987. In Fiscal Years 1987 and 1988, the Commission
conducted 19,796 and 20,465 hearings, respectively. In
Fiscal Year 1989, the number of hearings declined to 16,619.
[ARUSPC (1988-89)] |
1990 |
The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended
the life of the Parole Commission by an additional five
years until November 1, 1997, because the Comprehensive
Crime Control Act of 1984 had failed to make adequate
provision for the handling of old-law cases. Retrospective
abolition of parole release consideration (for defendants
who had already committed their offenses) would raise
a serious constitutional issue under the ex post facto clause.
[ARUSPC (1989-90)]
The Parole Commission has jurisdiction over the following
cases: (1) "Old Law"
Cases (persons sentenced to prison terms of more than
one year for offenses committed prior to November 1, 1987,
unless sentenced under a statute expressly prohibiting
parole eligibility); (2) Transfer Treaty Cases (persons
transferred to the United States from foreign countries
to complete service of a foreign sentence, regardless
of the date of the offense); (3) State Witness Protection
Cases (probationers and parolees serving state sentences
who are transferred to federal jurisdiction because of
participation in the Federal Witness Protection Program,
regardless of the date of the offense); (4) D.C. Code
Offenders in Federal Institutions (persons sentenced under
the District of Columbia Code who are confined in correctional
facilities of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, regardless of
the date of the offense); and (5) Military Offenders in
Federal Institutions (persons convicted of military offenses
who are confined in correctional facilities of the U.S.
Bureau of Prisons, regardless of the date of the offense).
The number of Parole Commission hearings continued to
decline as the sentencing guidelines were applied to new-law
cases by the courts. There were 13,568 hearings conducted
in Fiscal Year 1990. This included 903 hearings for D.C.
Code offenders housed in federal institutions. [ARUSPC
(1989-90)]
The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American
Correctional Association's Commission on Accreditation. |
1991 |
The Parole Commission's workload continued to decline.
In Fiscal Year 1991, 10,720 hearings were conducted. [ARUSPC
(1990-91)]
In August 1991, as part of its phase down effort, the
Parole Commission closed its Philadelphia and Atlanta
Regional Offices and consolidated these operations in
a new Eastern Regional Office, co-housed with the Headquarters
Office in Chevy Chase, Maryland. [ARUSPC (1990-91)]
The Special Curfew Parole Project, which had started
in 1986, reached a cumulative total of 3,500 cases. As
electronic monitoring (started under the Community Control
Project) became available in each judicial district, it
replaced the curfew parole project. [ARUSPC (1990-91)]
Due to the Parole Commission's phase down, its research
unit was eliminated. [ARUSPC (1990-91)] |
1992 |
The Parole Commission, in cooperation with the U.S. Probation
Service, developed an experimental project to place technical
parole violators in "sanction centers,"
rather than return them to prison. In 1992, two sanction
centers were opened, one in the Baltimore, Maryland, area
and one in the Washington, D.C. area. [ARUSPC (1991-92)]
The Parole Commission's Intensive Supervision Project
in Hyattsville and Baltimore, Maryland, which had started
in 1988, was terminated due to the downsizing of the Commission.
An evaluation of the Hyattsville project, prepared by
the National Center on Institutions and Alternatives,
concluded that the early intervention and increased surveillance
of the project provided a tool for preventing escalating
criminal behavior. [ARUSPC (1991-92)] |
1993 |
The number of hearing conducted in Fiscal Year 1993 was
6,769, down from 9,307 hearings in Fiscal Year 1992, and
slightly less than one half of the 13,568 hearings conducted
in Fiscal Year 1990. [ARUSPC (1992-93)] |
1994 |
As part of its phase-down effort, the Commission closed
its Dallas Regional Offices and consolidated that operation
in its Eastern Regional Office co-housed with the Headquarters
Office in Chevy Chase, Maryland. This closing resulted
in a savings of more than one million dollars in operating
funds and reduced the number of Commission personnel by
22 positions. The Commission also eliminated a number
of mid-management positions. [ARUSPC (1993-94)]
Given the requirement for the downsizing of the Commission,
the Commission began using single hearing examiners to
conduct parole hearings. From 1974 to 1994, hearings had
been conducted by two-person panels of hearing examiners.
Under the revised procedure, a second examiner would review
the case record and hearing summary at the Commission's
office. [ARUSPC (1993-94)]
The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American
Correctional Association's Commission on Accreditation. |
1995 |
The Parole Commission revised the Salient Factor Score
by adding an additional item for older offenders. The
revised Salient Factor Score was designated as SFS 95.
The Parole Commission published a Desk Book on Training
and Reference Materials as part of a program of
staff training. |
1996 |
The Parole Commission closed its Kansas City Regional
Office and consolidated that operation in its Eastern
Regional Office co-housed with the Headquarters Office
in Chevy Chase, Maryland. As with the closing of the Dallas
Regional Office in 1993, this closing resulted in a savings
of more than one million dollars in operating funds and
reduced the number of Commission personnel by 22 positions.
With the closing of this office, all Commission functions
are conducted from its Chevy Chase, Maryland, office.
Congress passed the Parole Commission Phaseout Act
of 1996. This Act extended the life of the Parole
Commission by an additional five years (until November
1, 2002). In addition, it reinstated the twelve-year
limitation on total service as a Parole Commissioner,
and provided for the reduction in the number of Parole
Commissioners to two Commissioners on December 31,
1999, and to one Commissioner on December 31, 2001.
Furthermore, it required the Attorney General to report
to the Congress annually, beginning in May 1998, as
to whether it is more cost effective for the Parole
Commission to remain a separate agency or whether its
functions should be transferred elsewhere. If the Attorney
General recommends incorporating the Commission's functions
in another component of the Department of Justice,
the Attorney General's plan shall take effect in November
of the year in which it is submitted unless Congress,
by law, provides otherwise. If the Commission's functions
are transferred to another component within the Department
of Justice, all laws pertaining to these functions
remain in effect notwithstanding the November 1, 2002,
termination date for the Commission set forth elsewhere
in the legislation.
The Parole Commission, with the assistance of a grant
from the Office For Victims of Crime, established two
Victim/Witness Coordinator positions, and developed a
program to enhance the Commission's responsiveness to
victims and witnesses at revocation hearings.
Due to the phasing down of the Parole Commission, the
Commission had 48 positions (Commissioners and staff)
at the end of 1996, a substantial reduction from 145 positions
in 1992. At the beginning of 1996, there were six Parole
Commissioners. By the end of 1996, this number was reduced
to three due to resignations and the provisions of the Parole
Commission Phaseout Act of 1996. The Commission's
budget was $5,446,000. |
1997 |
The Parole Commission began an experimental project in
which parole hearings are conducted using video-conferencing
equipment. In February 1997, the first hearings in this
project were conducted for prisoners at the Federal Correctional
Institution in Oakdale, Louisiana.
The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government
Improvement Act of 1997 gave the Parole Commission
several additional responsibilities. First, it provided
for the abolition of the District of Columbia Board
of Parole by August 5, 2000 and the transfer of its
responsibilities to the U.S. Parole Commission. The
Act required the Parole Commission to assume jurisdiction
by August 5, 1998 over all parole release decisions
for felony prisoners confined under D.C. Code felony
sentences, and to assume jurisdiction by August 5,
2000 over parole and mandatory release supervision
and revocation decisions for all persons serving D.C.
Code felony sentences. Second, the Act required the
District of Columbia to move to a determinate sentencing
system (at least for certain offenses), provided for
terms of supervised release to follow these determinate
sentences, and gave the Parole Commission ongoing responsibility
for supervision and revocation decisions for D.C. Code
offenders subject to terms of supervised release under
the new determinate sentencing system. Third, it increased
the authorized size of the Commission to five Commissioners.
The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American
Correctional Association's Commission on Accreditation. |
1998 |
The Parole Commission revised the Salient Factor Score
by increasing the weight given to prior commitments and
age at offense, and deleting the drug-abuse item. The
revised Salient Factor Score was designated as SFS 98.
The Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over parole
grant hearings for D.C. Code felony offenders confined
in District of Columbia Institutions (effective August
5, 1998). The District of Columbia Board of Parole continued
to make post-release supervision and revocation decisions
for D.C. Code cases. |
2000 |
The Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over supervision
and revocation decisions for D.C. Code parolees and mandatory
releasees (effective August 5, 2000). The District of
Columbia Board of Parole was abolished.
The District of Columbia moved to a determinate sentencing
system for all D.C. Code offenses committed on or after
August 5, 2000 (The Sentencing Reform Amendment Act
of 2000). (As the law was signed at 5:00 p.m. on August
11, 2001, offenses committed on or after August 5, 2001
but before 5:00 p.m. on August 11, 2001 may be subject
to the provisions of the ex post facto clause.).
Court-imposed terms of supervised release are mandatory
for felony offenders sentenced to imprisonment. For felony
offenders sentenced to imprisonment for more than one
year, the length of the term of supervised release is
fixed by statute at five years (if the maximum term of
imprisonment authorized for the offense is twenty-five
years or more) or three years (if the maximum term of
imprisonment authorized for the offense is more than one
year but less than twenty-five years), except in the case
of certain sexual offenses for which longer terms of supervised
release are authorized. By statute, the Parole Commission
is responsible for supervision and revocation decisions
for these offenders. |
2001 |
The first D.C. Code determinate-sentence offenders were
released on supervised release under the jurisdiction
of the Parole Commission.
The Parole Commission began using its hearing examiners
to conduct probable cause hearings in D.C. Code parole
violation cases. Previously, probable cause hearings for
alleged D.C. Code parole violators had been conducted
by personnel of the Court Services and Offender Supervision
Agency.
The Commission re-established the position of research
director.
In FY 2001, the Commission had an authorized total of
81 positions (Commissioners and staff) and a budget of
$8,836,000. |
2002 |
Due to the additional responsibilities given the Parole
Commission by The National Capital Revitalization and
Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997, the Commission
was authorized a total of 100 positions (Commissioners
and staff) for FY 2002 and a budget of $9,876,000.
The Parole Commission published a revised Desk Book
on Training and Reference Materials for hearing
examiners and analysts as part of a program of staff
training.
The 21st Century Department of Justice
Appropriations Authorization Act of 2002 extended
the life of the Parole Commission until November 1,
2005. |
Back to top
PART 2 - BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MEMBERS
AND COMMISSIONERS OF THE U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE AND U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION
A. OVERVIEW
Sixty-three men and women have served as Members/Commissioners
of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission. There have
been fifty-one men and eleven women appointed. Their backgrounds
have included law, medicine, law enforcement, institutional corrections,
probation and parole, education, social work, and business.
From 1930-1950, federal parole board members were appointed by
the Attorney General. Originally, the Board of Parole had three
members. In 1945, two additional members were appointed.
Beginning in 1950, federal parole board members were appointed
by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate for
six-year, staggered terms, and their number was increased to eight.
At the end of his or her term, a member who had not been reappointed
would continue to serve until his successor had been appointed
and qualified. In the case of a vacancy, an appointment filling
the vacancy would be for the unexpired portion of the term.
In 1976, the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act increased
the number of federal parole board members (now called Parole Commissioners)
to nine, and changed the provisions governing their terms in two
respects. First, it provided that future appointments would be
for full, six-year terms, effective on the date the appointee took
office. Second, it provided that no person could serve a total
of more than twelve years as a Parole Commissioner.
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 extended the
terms of Parole Commissioners holding office on the date of the
taking effect of the sentencing guidelines (November 1, 1987) for
an additional five years (until November 1, 1992) and removed the
twelve-year limitation on total service as a Parole Commissioner.
The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the terms
of the Parole Commissioners holding office on November 1, 1987,
by an additional five years (until November 1, 1997).
The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 reinstated the
twelve-year limitation on total service as a Parole Commissioner.
It also provided for the reduction in the number of Parole Commissioners
to two Commissioners on December 31, 2000, and to one Commissioner
on December 31, 2001.
The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement
Act of 1997 increased the authorized size of the Parole
Commission to five Commissioners.
Subpart B lists the Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of
Parole/U.S. Parole Commission by dates of service.
Subpart C provides a brief biographical sketch of each Member/Commissioner.
B. LIST OF MEMBERS/COMMISSIONERS BY DATES OF SERVICE
Dates of Service
Commissioner |
from |
to |
1. Amy N. Stannard |
06/30 |
07/35 |
2. Irvin B. Tucker |
06/30 |
01/35 |
3. Arthur D. Wood |
06/30 |
03/46 |
4. Charles Whelan |
02/35 |
01/39 |
5. T. Webber Wilson |
07/35 |
09/47 |
6. Edward P. Reidy |
06/39 |
02/47 |
7. Douglas P. Lucas |
03/46 |
01/47 |
8. Fred S. Rogers |
01/47 |
07/53 |
9. B. J. Monkiewicz |
06/47 |
08/53 |
10. Daniel M. Lyons |
09/47 |
05/48 |
11. George G. Killinger |
05/48 |
07/58 |
12. Joseph H. DeWitt |
10/48 |
08/53 |
13. James A. Johnston |
10/48 |
09/54 |
14. Richard A. Chappell |
08/53 |
09/54 |
|
10/59 |
12/65 |
15. Dorothy McCullough Lee |
08/53 |
08/56 |
16. George J. Reed |
08/53 |
11/64 |
|
05/69 |
01/78 |
17. Scovel Richardson |
08/53 |
04/57 |
18. Paul W. Tappan |
08/53 |
09/54 |
19. Lewis J. Grout |
09/54 |
12/65 |
20. John E. Henry |
09/54 |
09/62 |
21. William F. Howland, Jr. |
07/55 |
04/72 |
22. Gerald E. Murch |
07/55 |
12/73 |
23. Eva Bowring |
11/56 |
09/64 |
24. Harvey G. Straub |
09/57 |
01/58 |
25. Edward J. Donovan |
09/58 |
04/63 |
26. Homer L. Benson |
11/62 |
07/69 |
27. James A. Carr, Jr. |
04/63 |
01/67 |
28. Zeigel W. Neff |
10/64 |
09/70 |
29. Charlotte Paul Reese |
12/64 |
10/70 |
30. William T. Woodard, Jr. |
09/66 |
12/74 |
31. Walter Dunbar |
06/67 |
02/71 |
32. William E. Amos |
07/69 |
11/80 |
33. Paula A. Tennant |
11/70 |
11/77 |
|
12/83 |
06/86 |
34. Curtis C. Crawford |
11/70 |
11/77 |
35. Maurice H. Sigler |
08/71 |
10/76 |
36. Thomas R. Holsclaw |
10/72 |
09/75 |
37. Lawrence A. Carpenter |
05/74 |
12/76 |
38. Philip H. Modlin |
02/75 |
03/75 |
49. Joseph A. Nardoza |
11/75 |
01/82 |
40. J. Robert Cooper |
05/76 |
09/78 |
41. Dorothy Parker |
10/76 |
10/82 |
42. Cecil C. McCall |
11/77 |
12/83 |
43. Benjamin J. Malcolm |
11/77 |
07/84 |
44. Robert Vincent |
11/77 |
09/83 |
45. Audrey A. R. Kaslow |
11/77 |
11/83 |
46. O.J. Keller |
19/78 |
10/84 |
47. Richard T. Mulcrone |
10/78 |
01/82 |
48. Cameron M. Batjer |
11/81 |
10/90 |
49. Benjamin F. Baer |
01/82 |
04/91 |
50. Victor M.F. Reyes |
12/82 |
12/92 |
51. Carol Pavilack Getty |
03/83 |
04/96 |
52. Vincent J. Fechtel, Jr. |
11/83 |
04/96 |
53. Helen G. Corrothers |
12/83 |
10/85 |
54. Daniel Raul Lopez |
07/84 |
11/90 |
55. Jasper R. Clay, Jr. |
10/84 |
10/96 |
56. Saundra Brown Armstrong |
07/86 |
01/89 |
57. George MacKenzie Rast |
10/86 |
06/90 |
58. John R. Simpson |
04/92 |
present |
59. Edward F. Reilly, Jr. |
08/92 |
present |
60. Michael J. Gaines |
09/94 |
05/03 |
61. Marie F. Ragghianti |
12/99 |
12/00 |
62. Janie L. Jeffers |
12/99 |
12/00 |
63. Timothy E. Jones, Sr. |
01/01 |
08/01 |
64. Cranston J. Mitchell |
03/03 |
present |
C. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MEMBERS/COMMISSIONERS
1. |
Amy N. Stannard |
|
Birth Date: |
April 17, 1894 (Appelton, Wisconsin). |
|
Education: |
B. A. and M.D., University of California. |
|
Employment: |
Medical Officer, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, D.C.
(1923-1930). |
|
Civic Works: |
Psychiatric Consultant, Life Adjustment Clinic and Juvenile
Protective Association; Lecturer in Mental Hygiene, San Francisco
Teacher's College. |
|
Appointment: |
June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Dwight Mitchell. Term
expired on July 24, 1935. Continued in post-graduate psychiatric
work. |
2. |
Irvin B. Tucker |
|
Birth Date: |
September 17, 1878 (Whiteville, North Carolina). |
|
Education: |
North Carolina State College (1897-1900); University of
North Carolina (1900). Admitted to the Bar (1901). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney (Private Practice) Whiteville, N.C.(1901-1921);
U.S. Attorney (1921-1923); Attorney (private practice) (1923-1925);
U.S. Attorney (1925-1930). |
|
Appointment: |
June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Charles B. Sisson. Resigned
on January 31, 1935. |
3. |
Arthur D. Wood |
|
Birth Date: |
October 3, 1876 (Little Falls, Minnesota). |
|
Education: |
High School Graduate. |
|
Employment: |
Judge, Probate and Juvenile Court, Alger County, Michigan
(1908-1926); Commissioner of Pardons and Paroles, Michigan
(1926-1930). |
|
Appointment: |
June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Dwight Mitchell. Served
as Chairman during entire term. Resigned on March 20, 1946,
to accept position as Expert Consultant in Justice Department.
Retired from government service on October 31, 1946. |
4. |
Charles Whelan |
|
Birth Date: |
July 9, 1873 (Gallion, Alabama). |
|
Education: |
Bellevue Academy, Birmingham, Alabama; Georgetown College,
Washington, D.C.; University of Virginia; M.D., University
of Alabama (1896). |
|
Employment: |
Physician, private practice, Birmingham, Alabama (1896-19O8);
City Physician in Charge of Prisons, Birmingham, Alabama
(1908-1918); Welfare Director (Physician), American Radiator
Co. (1918-1929). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, Medical Association of the State of Alabama. |
|
Appointment: |
February 1, 1935, by Attorney General Homer Cummings. Died
on January 27, 1939. |
5. |
T. Webber Wilson |
|
Birth Date: |
January 19, 1893 (Coldwater, Mississippi). |
|
Education: |
B.A. and LL.B., University of Mississippi. Admitted to the
Bar (1913). |
|
Employment: |
Prosecuting Attorney, Jones County, Mississippi (1915-1919);
U.S. District Attorney, Mississippi (1919-1923); Member of
Congress (1923-1929); Attorney, Laurel, Mississippi (1929-1933);
U.S. District Judge, Virgin Islands (1933-1935). |
|
Appointment: |
July 25, 1935, by Attorney General Homer Cummings. Served
as Chairman from April 11, 1946, to September 9, 1947. Resigned
on September 1, 1947, to return to private law practice in
Laurel, Mississippi. |
6. |
Edward P. Reidy |
|
Birth Date: |
January 9, 1898 (Worcester, Massachusetts). |
|
Education: |
B.B.A., Boston University (1922); B.Ed., Clark University
(1925). |
|
Employment: |
High School Teacher/Assistant Principal, Williamsburg, Massachusetts
(1922-1925); High School Teacher, Ansonia, Connecticut (1925);
High School Teacher, Providence, Rhode Island (1926-1936);
Director of Public Welfare, Providence, R.I. (1929-1936);
Director of Public Welfare, State of Rhode Island (1936-1938). |
|
Civic Works: |
Chairman, Providence Council of Social Agencies. |
|
Appointment: |
June 12, 1939, by Attorney General Frank Murphy. Resigned
on February 5, 1947, to accept position of Director of Social
Welfare for Rhode Island. |
7. |
Douglas P. Lucas |
|
Birth Date: |
April 11, 1881. |
|
Education: |
March 20, 1946, by Attorney General Tom Clark. Resigned
on January 10, 1947. |
|
|
(no other information available) |
8. |
Fred S. Rogers |
|
Birth Date: |
April 19. 1897 (Beeville, Texas). |
|
Education: |
High School; studied in law office in Texas. Admitted to
the Bar (1909). |
|
Employment: |
Major, U.S. Army (1917-1918); Attorney, Texas (1919-1931);
County Attorney, Fannin County Texas (1927-1931); Member,
State Board of Pardons & Paroles, Texas (1934-1935);
Attorney, Austin, Texas (1935-1941); Attorney, U.S. Department
of Justice (1941-1947). |
|
Appointment: |
January 12, 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Retired
on July 31, 1953. |
9. |
Boleslaus J. Monkiewicz |
|
Birth Date: |
August 8, 1898 (Syracuse, New York). |
|
Education: |
LL.B., Fordham University (1921). Admitted to the Bar (1923). |
|
Employment: |
Apprentice Seaman, U.S. Navy (1918-1921); Attorney, New
Britain, Connecticut (1923-1937); Police Court Clerk, New
Britain, Connecticut (1937-1939); Member of Congress (1939-1945);
Unemployment Commissioner, Connecticut (1946-1947). |
|
Appointment: |
June 5, 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Resigned
on August 5, 1953, to return to private law practice. |
10. |
Daniel M. Lyons |
|
Birth Date: |
February 7, 1886 (Boston, Massachusetts). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Boston Law College (1907); Harvard Law School (1908-1910).
Admitted to the Bar (1910). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, private practice, Suffolk County, Mass. (1910-1917);
Assistant District Attorney, Suffolk County, Massachusetts
(1917-1922); Attorney, private practice, Boston, Massachusetts
(1922-1935); Litigation Attorney, National Recovery Act,
Washington, D.C. (1935); Trial Examiner, National Labor Relations
Board, Washington, D.C. (1935); U.S. Pardon Attorney, Washington,
D.C. (1936-1947). |
|
Civic Works: |
Counsel, Carney Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; President,
Boston College Alumnus Association. |
|
Appointment: |
September 15. 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Served
as Chairman during entire appointment. Transferred to former
position of Pardon Attorney on May 17, 1948, in accordance
with agreement at time of appointment to the Board. |
11. |
George C. Killinger |
|
Birth Date: |
March 13, 1908 (Marion, Virginia). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Wittenberg College, (1930); Ph.D., University of North
Carolina (1933). |
|
Employment: |
Assistant Psychologist, TVA, Knoxville, Tennessee (1934-1936);
Director, Outpatient
& Social Service Departments, S.W. State Hospital, Marion,
Virginia (1936-1937); Psychologist and Director of Education,
U.S. Bureau of Prisons, Chillicothe, Ohio, Atlanta, Georgia,
and Washington, D.C. (1937-1943); Lt. Commander & Chief,
Psychological Activities, War Shipping Administration, U.S.
Navy, Washington, D.C. (1943-1946). |
|
Civic Works: |
Chairman, Army Parole Board, Washington, D.C.; Fellow, American
Psychologist Association; Diplomat, Board of Professional
Examiners in Psychology. |
|
Appointment: |
May 17, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Served as
Chairman from May 17, 1948, to August 7, 1953. Retired on
July 31, 1958. |
12. |
Joseph H. DeWitt |
|
Birth Date: |
March 15, 1888 (Duluth, Minnesota). |
|
Education: |
B.S., University of Minnesota. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Army, Chemical Warfare Service (1918-1919); Parole
Officer and Parole Director, Minnesota (1919-1944); Agent,
U.S. Secret Service, Washington, D.C. (1944); Chief of Internal
Security Officers, U.S. War Relocation Authority, Tule Lake,
California (1944-1945); Chairman, U.S. Army Clemency & Parole
Board (1945-1948). |
|
Appointment: |
October 13, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Term
expired on August 7, 1953, upon creation of a reorganized
Board. Continued in Government service later with the War
Claims Commission. |
13. |
James A. Johnston |
|
Birth Date: |
September 15, 1874 (Brooklyn, New York). |
|
Education: |
Two years of college, Sacred Heart, San Francisco, California;
Healds Business College; American Institute of Banking; LaSalle
Law School. Admitted to the Bar (1919). |
|
Employment: |
Department Manager, Weinstock & Lublin Co. (1899-1909);
Self-employed, Men's Furnishings Store (1910); Chairman,
Board of Control, California (1911-1912); Warden, Folsom
Prison, California (1912-1913); Warden, San Quentin & Folsom
Prisons, California (1913-1925); Vice-President, American
Trust Co. (1925-1932); Appraiser, H.O.L.C, (1933); Warden,
Alcatraz Prison, U.S, Bureau of Prisons (1934-1948). |
|
Civic Works: |
Director, California Crime Commission (1927-1930); Director,
California Department of Penology (1929-1930); Member, Advisory
and Pardon Board (1915-1925 and 1929-1930). |
|
Appointment: |
October 13, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. Clark. Died
on September 6, 1954. |
14. |
Richard A. Chappell |
|
Birth Date: |
December 23, 1901 (Jeffersonville, Georgia). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Mercer University, Macon, Georgia (1926); LL.B., Washington
University; Fellow at New York School of Social Work (1926).
Admitted to the Bar (1928). |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Probation Officer, Macon, Georgia (1928-1930); U.S.
Probation Officer, Atlanta, Georgia (1930-1937); Regional
Director, Attorney General's Survey of Release Procedures
(1936); Assistant Supervisor of Probation, Bureau of Prisons
(1938-1940); Chief of Probation, Administrative Office of
the Courts, Washington, D.C. (1940-1944, 1946-1953); U.S.
Navy, Prison Administration (1944-1946). |
|
Civic Works: |
Consultant on Probation to the U.S. High Commissioner's
Office, Germany (1950); Chairman, Professional Council of
National Crime and Delinquency (1951); Consultant on Probation
to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (1953); Delegate to the
United Nations World Conference on Crime and Delinquency,
Stockholm, Sweden (1965). |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Retired September
30, 1954, to engage in private law practice. Reappointed
October 5, 1959, by President Eisenhower. Retired on December
30, 1965. |
15. |
Dorothy M. Lee |
|
Birth Date: |
April 11, 1901 (Oakland, California). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of California (1921); J.C.D., University
of California (1923). Admitted to the Bar (1923). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, self-employed (1923-1943); Member, Oregon House
of Representatives (1929-1933); Member, Oregon Senate (1933-1943);
Commissioner, Public Utilities, Portland, Oregon (1943-1949);
Mayor, Portland, Oregon (1949-1953). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, Women's Advertising Club, Portland, Oregon; State
Department Specialist, Western Germany; Chairman, Oregon
Crime Commission; Municipal Judge, Portland, Oregon. |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Resigned on August
31, 1956, to accept appointment as Chairman U.S. Subversive
Activities Control Board. |
16. |
George J. Reed |
|
Birth Date: |
May 31, 1914 (Haigler, Nebraska) |
|
Education: |
B.A., Pasadena College (1938); Graduate Work at University
of Southern California in Sociology and Social Work |
|
Employment: |
Deputy Probation Officer, Los Angeles County Probation Department
(1938-1946); U.S. Navy (1942-1946); Field Representative,
California Youth Authority (1946-1948); Chief, Division of
Prevention and Parole Services, Minnesota Youth Conservation
Commission (1949-1953). |
|
Civic Works: |
Executive Secretary of the Minnesota Governor's Second and
Third State Conference on Youth; Chairman, Minnesota State
Interagency Recreational Council; Chairman, Committee on
Community Organization of the Minnesota State Welfare Conference;
Delegate, Mid-Century White House Conference on Children
and Youth; Chairman, Parole Council, Member of Board of Trustees,
National Conference Committee, National Conference on Parole. |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman
of the Youth Correction Division from October 2, 1953, to
May 22, 1957. Reappointed in 1958. Served as Chairman of
the Board from May 23, 1957 to February 26, 1961. Term expired
on September 30, 1964, but remained on duty until successor
was appointed on November 30, 1964. Reappointed by President
Nixon on May 9, 1969, and served as Chairman until July 1,
1972. Subsequently served as Vice-Chairman. Retired on January
30, 1978. |
17. |
Scovel Richardson |
|
Birth Date: |
February 4, 1912 (Nashville, Tennessee). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Illinois (1934); M.B.A. University of
Illinois (1936); LL.B., Howard University School of Law (1937). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, Chicago, Ill. (1938-1939); Associate Professor
of Law, Lincoln University, Missouri (1939-1943); Senior
Attorney, Office of Price Administration, Washington, D.C.
(1943-1944); Dean and Professor of Law, Lincoln University,
Missouri (1944-1953). |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman
from September 28, 1954, to April 24, 1957. Resigned to accept
appointment by President Eisenhower as Judge, U.S. Customs
Court, on April 23, 1957. |
18. |
Paul W. Tappan |
|
Birth Date: |
December 25, 1911 (Danbury, Connecticut). |
|
Education: |
B.A. cum laude, Clark University, Worchester, Massachusetts
(1935); M.A. and Ph.D., University of Wisconsin (1940); LL.B.,
New York University (1943); J.C.D., Columbia University (1945).
Admitted to the Bar (1943). |
|
Employment: |
Assistant Instructor, University of Wisconsin (1936-1937);
Instructor, Miami University, Ohio (1937-1941); Assistant
Professor, Queens College, New York (1940-1946); Professor,
New York University (1946-1953); Associate Reporter, American
Law Institute (1952-1953). |
|
Civic Works: |
Delegate, International Penal & Penitentiary Congress,
The Hague; Delegate, Second International Congress of Criminology,
Paris; Consultant, Economics &
Social Council of the U.N.; Consultant, American Law Institute,
Committee on Model Penal Code; Permanent Delegate, Society
of Criminology, to the United Nations Organization. |
|
Appointment: |
August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman
during entire period of service. Resigned on September 10,
1954, to return to former position as Professor at New York
University and Reporter for the American Law Institute. |
19. |
Lewis J. Grout |
|
Birth Date: |
July 19, 1903 (Bosworth, Missouri). |
|
Education: |
LL.B., University of Missouri (1928). Admitted to the Bar
(1927). |
|
Employment: |
Special Agent, F.B.I. (1928-1933); U.S. Probation Officer,
Kansas City, Missouri (1933-1934); Chief U.S. Probation Officer,
Kansas City, Missouri (1934-1943); Chief of Probation Division,
Administrative Office of the Courts, Washington, D.C. (1944-1946);
Chief U.S. Probation Officer, Kansas City, Missouri (1946-1954). |
|
Appointment: |
September 8, 1954, by President Eisenhower. Retired on December
30, 1965. |
20. |
John E. Henry |
|
Birth Date: |
October 13, 1894 (Waverly, Illinois). |
|
Education: |
Public Schools, Jacksonville, Ill; Finance and Business
Administration, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. |
|
Employment: |
Food Brokerage Business (1919-1922); Salesman, Montana Representative,
Folger Coffee Co. (1922-1941); Purchasing Agent, Montana
(1941-1942); Warden, Montana State Prison (1943-1949); Treasurer,
State of Montana (1950-1952); Chairman, Montana Railroad
and Public Service Commission (1953-1954). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Executive Committee, American Prison Association
(1946-1949). |
|
Appointment: |
September 28, 1954, by President Eisenhower. Retired on
September 28, 1962. |
21. |
William F. Howland, Jr. |
|
Birth Date: |
November 21, 1909 (Townsville, North Carolina). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Duke University (1930); LL.B., Duke University (1933). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, private practice, Henderson, North Carolina (1933-1936);
U.S. Probation Officer, Eastern District of North Carolina
(1936-1943); Chief, U.S. Probation Officer, Western District
of Virginia (1943-1955); Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve,
(Prison Administrative Officer) (1944-1946). |
|
Appointment: |
July 15, 1955, by President Eisenhower. Served as Chairman
of the Youth Correction Division from July 15, 1970, to April
30, 1972. Retired on April 30, 1972. |
22. |
Gerald E. Murch |
|
Birth Date: |
July 2, 1909 (North Jay, Maine). |
|
Education: |
Wilton Academy, Wilton, Maine (1928); B.S., University of
Illinois, Urbana (1932). |
|
Employment: |
Parole Officer, State School for Boys, Maine (1933-1941);
Parole Officer, Maine State Prison (1941-1942); Lt. Commander,
U.S. Naval Reserve, Active Duty (1942-1946), Active Reserve
(1946-1960); Private Industry (1946-1949); Chief Parole Officer,
Maine (1949-1955); Executive Secretary, Maine State Parole
Board (1952-1955). |
|
Civic Works: |
Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve (1946-1960), |
|
Appointment: |
June 29, 1955, by President Eisenhower. Reappointed by Presidents
Johnson and Nixon. Retired on December 31, 1973. |
23. |
Eva Bowring |
|
Birth Date: |
January 9, 1892 (Nevada, Missouri). |
|
Education: |
Public Schools, Pleasant Hill, Missouri. |
|
Employment: |
Operated self-owned Bar-99 Ranch, Merriman, Nebraska (since
1944). U.S. Senator, appointed to fill unexpired term of
Senator Dwight Griswold of Nebraska (1954). |
|
Civic Works: |
Advisor, National Institute of Mental Health; Director and
Member, Northwest Hereford Breeders Association and Nebraska
Stock Growers Association. |
|
Appointment: |
November 2, 1956, by President Eisenhower. Retired on September
30, 1964. |
24. |
Harvey G. Straub |
|
Birth Date: |
September 9. 1902 (Toledo, Ohio). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Michigan (1930); LL.B., University of
Michigan (1932); Admitted to the Bar (1932). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, Brady and Associates (1932-1936); Assistant Director
of Law, Toledo, Ohio (1936-1939); Municipal Court Judge,
Toledo, Ohio (1939-1944); Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Lucas
County, Ohio (1944-1956); Attorney, Marshall, Melhorn, Block,
and Beet (1956-1957). |
|
Appointment: |
September 5, 1957, by President Eisenhower. Resigned on
January 14, 1958, to accept appointment as Judge, Court of
Common Pleas, Lucas County, Ohio. |
25. |
Edward J, Donovan |
|
Birth Date: |
July 24, 1897. |
|
Education: |
B.A., Catholic University; Graduate Work at the New York
School of Law and New York School of Social Work. |
|
Employment: |
Deputy Director, Westchester County, New York, Department
of Probation (1929-1942); Director of Personnel, Westchester
County, New York (1945-1947); Member, New York Board of Parole
(1947-1951); Executive Director, Legislation Committee on
Government Operation, New York (1957-1958). |
|
Appointment: |
September 2, 1958, by President Eisenhower. Resigned on
April 25, 1963. Accepted post as Special Consultant, Bureau
of Prisons until retirement on September 2, 1963. |
26. |
Homer L. Benson |
|
Birth Date: |
November 19, 1918 (Elmore County, Alabama). |
|
Education: |
B.S., Tuskegee Institute, Alabama (1941); M.S.W., Atlanta
University School of Social Work (1948). |
|
Employment: |
Caseworker, Department of Public Welfare, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (1948-1949); Caseworker, U.S. Bureau of Prisons,
Terre Haute, Indiana (1949-1961); Analyst, U.S. Bureau of
Prisons, Washington, D.C. (1961-1962). |
|
Appointment: |
November 9, 1962, by President Kennedy. Term expired and
remained on duty until July 10, 1969, when his successor
was appointed and qualified. |
27. |
James A. Carr |
|
Birth Date: |
June 12, 1913. |
|
Education: |
Boston Public Latin School (1931); B.A., Harvard University
(1935); Masters in Social Sciences, Boston University (1941). |
|
Employment: |
Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare (1936-1939);
U.S. Probation Officer, Massachusetts (1946-1947); Chief
Probation Officer, Suffolk County, Massachusetts (1947-1963). |
|
Civic Works: |
Lieutenant, Naval Reserve, Corrective Services Division
(1943-1946); President, Board of Directors, Jamaica Plain
Neighborhood House (1947-1963); Vice-President, Massachusetts
Committee on Probation (1939-1943); Director, Greater Boston
Community Drive Fund (1939-1943). |
|
Appointment: |
April 26, 1963, by President Kennedy. Served as Chairman
of Youth Correction Division from May 13, 1963, to January
6, 1967. Resigned on January 6, 1967, and returned to his
former position in Suffolk County. |
28. |
Zeigel W. Neff |
|
Birth Date: |
April 17, 1916 (Salisbury, Missouri). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Southwest Missouri State (1939); J.D., University
of Missouri (1948); LL.M., Georgetown University (1958). |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, private practice (1948-1951); Commissioner, U.S.
Court of Military Appeals (1955-1957); Special Assistant,
Navy JAG (1957-1958); Member, Navy Board of Review (1958-1963);
Special Assistant to Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
(1963-1964). |
|
Civic Works: |
Captain, U.S.N.R. (Retired) 1940-1945; Assistant Attorney
General, Missouri (1953-1954); Judge Advocates Association
(National Secretary). |
|
Appointment: |
October 1, 1964, by President Johnson. Served as Acting
Chairman and Chairman of the Youth Division from 1965 to
1970. Term expired on September 30, 1970. |
29. |
Charlotte Paul Reese |
|
Birth Date: |
May 22, 1916 (Seattle, Washington). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Wellesley College (1938). |
|
Employment: |
Assistant Foreign News Editor, Chicago Sun-Times (1940-1943);
Editorial Staff, Esquire-Coronet Publications (1943-1946);
Free lance researcher and writer (1941-1961); Co-publisher,
Snoqualmie Valley Record and North Bend Record (weekly newspapers)
(1949-1961); Panelist, KING-TV (1956-1959); Member, Washington
State Board of Prison Terms & Paroles (1962-1964). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Governor's Council for Children and Youth, State
of Washington (1957-1961. |
|
Appointment: |
September 24, 1964, by President Johnson. Term delayed until
December 1, 1964, by agreement with predecessor. Term expired
on September 30, 1970. |
30. |
William T. Woodard, Jr. |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of North Carolina |
|
Employment: |
Teacher, North Carolina Public Schools; Caseworker, North
Carolina Department of Public Welfare; Superintendent, County
Division, North Carolina Department of Public Welfare; Chief
U.S. Probation Officer, Eastern District of North Carolina
(1951-1966). |
|
Appointment: |
June 12, 1966, by President Johnson. Retired on December
12, 1974. |
31. |
Walter Dunbar |
|
Birth Date: |
September 15, 1918 (Bakersfield, California). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; Graduate Work
in Public Administration and Law. |
|
Employment: |
Supervisory Officer, California Institute for Men, Chino
(1941-1942, 1946-1948); Staff, Special Crime Study Commission,
California (1948-1949); Personnel Training Officer, California
Department of Corrections (1949-1951); Associate Warden,
San Quentin (1951-1955); Deputy Director, California Department
of Corrections (1955-1961); Director, California Department
of Corrections (1961-1967). |
|
Civic Works: |
Editor, Manual of Correctional Standards; President, American
Correctional Association; Chairman, Self Evaluation and Accreditation
Committee, American Correctional Association. |
|
Appointment: |
June 20, 1967, by President Johnson. Served as Chairman
from June 20, 1967 to May 11, 1969. Resigned on February
26, 1971, to take position as Deputy Commissioner, Department
of Correctional Services, State of New York. |
32. |
William E. Amos |
|
Birth Date: |
July 26, 1926 (Charleston, Arkansas) |
|
Education: |
B.S.E., State College of Arkansas (1949); M.A., University
of Tulsa (1950); M.Ed. University of Maryland (1959); E.Ed,
University of Maryland (1960). |
|
Employment: |
Superintendent of Public Schools, Cabot, Arkansas (1950-1951);
Army Officer (assigned to various correctional institutions
and Military Police Schools) (1951-1956); Special Agent,
U.S. Secret Service (1956-1958); Superintendent, Cedar Knoll
School, Washington, D.C. (1960-1962); Chief, Division of
Youth Employment and Guidance Services, U.S. Department of
Labor, Washington, D.C. (1962-1965); Assistant Director,
President's Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia,
Washington, D.C. (1965-1967); Chief, Division of Counseling
and Test Development, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,
D.C. (1967-1969). |
|
Civic Works: |
Fellow, American Psychological Association; President, Western
Society of Criminology (1975-1976); President, American Society
of Criminology (1976-1977). |
|
Appointment: |
July 17, 1969, by President Nixon. Designated as Chairman
of the Youth Correction Division on May 1, 1972. Reappointed
by President Ford in November 1974. Served as first Regional
Commissioner of the South Central Region. Retired in November
1980, and accepted a teaching position at North Texas State
University, Denton, Texas. |
33. |
Paula Tennant |
|
Birth Date: |
May 23, 1913 (Indiana) |
|
Education: |
LL.B., Lincoln University Law School |
|
Employment: |
Military Service, Active Duty (1942-1945); Assistant U.S.
Attorney, Territory of Alaska (1956-1957); Attorney, private
practice (1958-1959); Deputy District Attorney, Lassen County,
Calif. (1959-1961) District Attorney and Public Administrator,
Lassen County, California (1961-1963); Attorney, private
practice, Susanville, California (1963-1968); Member, California
Youth Authority Board (1968-1970). |
|
Civic Works: |
Board of Directors for Camp Fire Girls (1957-1968); Chairman
Lassen County Republican Central Committee; Founding Member
of Executive Women in Government; Faculty, Federal Judicial
Center, Seminar for Newly Appointed U.S. Judges. |
|
Appointment: |
November 9, 1970, by President Nixon. Designated as the
first Regional Commissioner of the Western Region in May
1976. Term expired on November 10, 1977, when her successor
was appointed and qualified. Appointed Assistant District
Attorney, County of Sam Mateo, Calif. after leaving the Commission.
Reappointed in November 1983 by President Reagan. Designated
as Regional Commissioner of the Southeast Region. Retired
in June 1986. |
34. |
Curtis C. Crawford |
|
Birth Date: |
April 18, 1921 (Paris, Tennessee). |
|
Education: |
B.A., West Virginia State College (1947); St. Louis University
(1947-1949); LL.B., Lincoln University School of Law, Jefferson
City, Missouri (1951). |
|
Employment: |
Staff Sergeant, U.S. Air Force (1943-1946); Clerk, Army
Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri (1949-1952); Investigator,
Civil Transit and Casualty Co., St. Louis, Missouri (1951-1953);
Associate Attorney, Lynch & McMillian Law Office, St.
Louis, Missouri (1952-1956); Assistant Circuit Attorney,
St. Louis, Missouri (1956-1961); Circuit Attorney, Chief
Trial Assistant, St. Louis, Missouri (1962-1965); Director,
Legal Aid Society, St. Louis, Missouri (1965-1967); Regional
Director, U.S. Small Business Administration, St. Louis,
Missouri (1970). |
|
Appointment: |
November 9, 1970, by President Nixon. Served as first Regional
Commissioner of the Northeast Region. Designated as Vice-Chairman
in 1975. Designated as Acting Chairman on October 9, 1976.
Term expired on November 10, 1977, when his successor was
appointed and qualified. Resumed private law practice in
Missouri. |
35. |
Maurice H. Sigler |
|
Birth Date: |
July 3, 1909 (Missouri City, Iowa) |
|
Education: |
South Dakota State College |
|
Employment: |
Correctional Officer, Leavenworth, Kansas (1939-1946); Correctional
Lieutenant and Staff Training Supervisor, Seagoville, Texas
(1946-1952); Warden, Louisiana State Prison (1952-1958);
Florida Division of Corrections (1958-1959); Warden, Nebraska
State Penitentiary (1959-1963); Warden, Nebraska Penal and
Correctional Complex (1963-1967); Director of Corrections,
State of Nebraska (1967-1972). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, American Correctional Association. |
|
Appointment: |
August 2, 1971, by President Nixon. Designated as Chairman
July 1, 1972. Retired on October 9, 1976. Accepted a position
as a Senior Design Consultant in private industry. |
36. |
Thomas R. Holsclaw |
|
Education: |
B.S., University of Louisville; J.D., University of Louisville. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Army (1954-1956); Member, Jefferson County Police Department,
Kentucky (1959-1961); Chief, Jefferson County Police Department
(1961-1971). |
|
Appointment: |
October 4, 1972, by President Nixon. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Southeast Region on August 1, 1974. Died
in office on September 16, 1975. |
37. |
Lawrence A. Carpenter |
|
Education: |
B.A., Southern Methodist University |
|
Employment: |
Warden, Texarkana Prison; Warden, Seagoville Prison; Executive
Assistant to the Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons; Chief
of Corrections Division of Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. |
|
Civic Works: |
Co-director, National Conference on Corrections; Executive
Director of the Corrections Task Force of the National Advisory
Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. |
|
Appointment: |
May 23, 1974, by President Nixon. Designated as the first
Regional Commissioner of the North Central Region. Retired
on December 23, 1976. |
38. |
Philip H. Modlin |
|
Education: |
B.S., High Point College; LL.B., University of North Carolina |
|
Employment: |
Attorney, Department of Labor; Labor Relations in private
industry; Assistant to the Deputy Attorney General for Lawyer
Careers; Deputy Director/Director, Executive Office for U.S.
Attorneys. |
|
Appointment: |
February 13, 1975, by President Ford. Designated as a member
of the National Appeals Board. Resigned on March 28, 1975,
to accept a position with the Department of Justice. |
39. |
Joseph A. Nardoza |
|
Birth Date: |
September 16, 1919 (New York City). |
|
Education: |
B.B.A., Baruch School, City University of New York (1965);
M.P.A., City University of New York (1968). |
|
Employment: |
New York City Police Department (1948-1968); Intelligence
Analyst, New York Intelligence System, Albany, New York (1968-1969);
Organized Crime Program Specialist, Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration, Washington, D.C. (1969-1971); Regional Administrator,
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, New York Office
(1971-1973); Assistant Administrator, Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration (1973-1975). |
|
Civic Works: |
|
|
Appointment: |
November 24, 1975, by President Ford. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Northeast Region. Term expired, but remained
in office until January 9, 1982, when his successor was appointed
and qualified. |
40. |
J. Robert Cooper |
|
Education: |
Junior College of Augusta; B.A., Emory University; LL.B.,
University of Georgia. |
|
Employment: |
Aviator, U.S. Navy; Private practice of law, Gainsville,
Georgia; Juvenile Court Judge, Hall County, Georgia; Member,
Georgia House of Representatives (1967-1970); Assistant U.S.
Attorney. |
|
Appointment: |
May 18, 1976 by President Ford. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the Southeast Region. Term expired on September 30, 1978.
Resumed private law practice in Georgia. |
41. |
Dorothy Parker |
|
Birth Date: |
January 30, 1916 (New York, N.Y.). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Barnard College; LL.B., Columbia Law School (changed
to J.D.). |
|
Employment: |
Private practice of law, New York, N.Y. (1938-1940); Technical
Advisor, Court Press, Inc. (1940-1942); Executive Director,
Independent Citizens' Committee to Re-elect Mayor LaGuardia
(1942); Consultant, U.S. Office of Censorship (1942-1945);
Executive Assistant to Director, UNRRA Clothing Collection
(1945); Attorney, private practice, New York City (1945-1964);
Branch Chief and Special Assistant, Office of General Counsel,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1965-1970);
Counsel to Senator Hiram Fong (1970-1976); Minority Counsel,
U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional
Amendments (1970-1974); Minority Counsel, U.S. Senate Committee
on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees (1974-1976). |
|
Civic Works: |
Vice-Chairman, Exchange Visitors' Waiver Review Board; Faculty
Member, Federal Judicial Center Seminar for Newly Appointed
District Court Judges; Member, Executive Women in Government. |
|
Appointment: |
October 19, 1976, by President Ford. Designated as a member
of the National Appeals Board. Retired in October 1982. |
42. |
Cecil C. McCall |
|
Birth Date: |
June 22, 1936 (Pickens, South Carolina). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of South Carolina (1961); Georgia State
University. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Air Force (1954-1958); Southeastern Regional Director
of the National Foundation (1961-1970); Director, Georgia
Department of Probation (1970-1971); Deputy Commissioner,
Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation (1971-1972);
Chairman, Georgia State Board of Pardons & Paroles (1972-1976);
Member, Georgia State Board of Pardons & Paroles (1976-1977). |
|
Civic Works: |
Visiting Fellow, Guggenheim Program in Criminal Justice,
Yale University Law School (1979) |
|
Appointment: |
November 11, 1977, by President Carter. Served as Chairman
from November 11. 1977 until June 26, 1981. Then designated
as Regional Commissioner of the Southeast Region. Term expired
in November 1983; continued to serve until December 1983
when his successor was appointed and qualified. |
43. |
Benjamin J. Malcolm |
|
Birth Date: |
August 24, 1919 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). |
|
Education: |
B.A., Morehouse College; M.P.A., New York University |
|
Employment: |
First Lt., U.S. Army; Parole Officer/Deputy Chief Parole
Officer, New York City (1948-1967); Assistant Director of
Labor Relations, New York City (1967-1970); Deputy Commissioner,
New York City Department of Corrections (1970-1972); Commissioner,
New York City Department of Corrections (1972-1977); Associate
Professor, John Jay College; Associate Professor, C.W. Post
College. |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Criminal Justice Advisory Council, National Urban
League; Member, New York City Criminal Justice Coordinating
Council (1972-1977); Member, New York State Crime Control
Planning Board; Consultant, Commission on Accreditation. |
|
Appointment: |
November 11, 1977, by President Carter. Served as Vice-Chairman
from November 11, 1977, to June 27, 1981. Served as Acting
Chairman from June 27, 1981, to November 3, 1981. Designated
as Regional Commissioner of the Northeast Region on February
19, 1982. Retired on July 3, 1984. |
44. |
Robert D. Vincent |
|
Birth Date: |
November 15, 1942 |
|
Education: |
Oklahoma State University (1960-1963); B.A., University
of Oklahoma (1964); M.S., University of Oklahoma (1968);
Ph.D., University of Oklahoma Institute of Group Relations
(1970). |
|
Employment: |
Group Leader, Batelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
(1968-1969); President, Action Analysis, Washington, D.C.
(1969-1970); President, Antec, Inc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
(1970-1972); Vice-Chancellor for Governmental Affairs, Oklahoma
State Regents for Higher Education (1972-1977). |
|
Civic Works: |
Chairman, Federal United Way Campaign, Dallas, Texas; Member
and Director, Federal Executive Board, Dallas; Adjunct Professor,
University of Texas, Arlington; Guggenheim Fellow, Yale University,
College of Law (1980). |
|
Appointment: |
November 11, 1977, by President Carter. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the North Central Region. Designated as a
member of the National Appeals Board on August 1, 1978. Served
as a member of the National Appeals until January 11, 1981,
when designated as Regional Commissioner of the South Central
Region. Resigned in September 1983. |
45. |
Audrey Anita Rojas Kaslow |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; M.A., University
of California, Los Angeles; M.S., University of Southern
California. |
|
Employment: |
Probation Officer/Administrator and Probation Director,
Los Angeles County Probation Department; Consultant to international
government bodies in Europe and Latin America; Consultant
to U.S. Department of Labor Consultant/Advisor, U.S. Department
of State, U.S. Agency for International Development; Fulbright
Lecturer. |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, California State Judicial Council; Committee Member,
California State Social Welfare Board; Member, California
State Committee on Public Education. |
|
Appointment: |
November 22, 1977, by President Carter. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Western Region. Designated as a member
of the National Appeals Board on March 16, 1983. Term expired
in November 1983. |
46. |
O.J. Keller |
|
Birth Date: |
April 21, 1923 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania). |
|
Education: |
Phillips Exter Academy (1941); B.A., Williams College (1945);
M.A., Northern Illinois University (1965). |
|
Employment: |
Vice President and Sales Manager, WTAX Radio, Springfield,
Illinois (1951-1960); Chairman/Commissioner Illinois Youth
Commission, Springfield, Illinois; Special Fellow, Committee
on Human Development, University of Chicago (1963-1967);
Research Fellow, Center Studies in Criminal Justice, University
of Chicago (1965-1967); Director, Florida Division of Youth
Services, Tallahassee, Florida (1967-1973); Secretary, Florida
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, (1973-1975);
Visiting Professor, Criminal Justice Studies, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (1975-1978). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, American Correctional Association; President,
National Association of State Juvenile Delinquency Administrators;
Vice Chairman, Forum on Delinquency, White House Conference
on Children and Youth Faculty; Member, National College of
Juvenile Justice. |
|
Appointment: |
September 1, 1978, by President Carter. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Southeast Region. Designated as a member
of the National Appeals Board on January 11, 1981. Term expired
in September 1984; continued to serve until October 1984
when his successor was appointed and qualified. |
47. |
Richard T. Mulcrone |
|
Birth Date: |
May 23, 1934 (St. Paul, Minnesota). |
|
Education: |
Central High School, St. Paul Minnesota (1952); St. Thomas
College (1952-1953) and (1955-1956). |
|
Employment: |
Police Patrolman, St. Paul Parks Department (1953-1954);
U.S. Army, Special Services (1954-1955); Roving Gang Worker,
St. Paul, Minnesota (1956); Probation Officer, St. Paul,
Minnesota (1957-1959); Probation Officer, Carver and Scott
Counties, Minnesota (1959-1963); Director of Court Services,
Carver and Scott Counties, Minnesota (1963-1967); Family
Court Referee, Carver and Scott Counties, Minnesota (1973);
Chairman, Minnesota Corrections Board (1973-1978). |
|
Civic Works: |
President, Minnesota Association of County Probation Officers;
President, Minnesota Corrections Association; Member, Governors
Commission on Crime Prevention and Control; Member, Minnesota
Sentencing Guidelines Commission. |
|
Appointment: |
October 18, 1978, by President Carter. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the North Central Region. Resigned on January
4, 1982, to accept a position as General Manager of City
Venture Corporation to head their Criminal Justice Program. |
48. |
Cameron M. Batjer |
|
Birth Date: |
August 8, 1924 (Smith, Nevada). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Nevada (1941); J.D., University of Utah
(1950). |
|
Employment: |
General ranch and farm experience (prior to 1941); Teacher,
Nevada Elementary Schools and Legal Assistant, Utah State
Senate (1941-1951); Legal Assistant to Senator George W.
Malone, Washington, D.C. (1952-1953); District Attorney,
Carson City, Nevada (1954-1959); Attorney, private practice,
Carson City, Nevada (1959-1967); Justice, Nevada Supreme
Court (1967-1981); Chief Justice, Nevada Supreme Court (1977-1978). |
|
Civic Works: |
President Carson City Rotary Club; Member American Bar Association
Committee on Implementation of Standards of Judicial Administration;
Member Board of Governors, State of Nevada. |
|
Appointment: |
November 4, 1981, by President Reagan. Designated as Chairman.
Designated as Vice-Chairman on February 18, 1982. Term extended
under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.
Retired on October 3, 1990. |
49. |
Benjamin F. Baer |
|
Birth Date: |
January 2, 1918 (Peoria, Illinois) |
|
Education: |
University of Illinois; B.A., San Diego State College (1941);
M.A., University of Southern California (1947); Completed
course work for doctorate degree, University of Southern
California. |
|
Employment: |
Deputy Probation Officer, L.A. County Probation Department
(1942-1947); Senior Sociologist, Reception Center, State
of California (1947-1951); Departmental Supervisor of Classification,
State of California (1951-1954); Associate Warden, San Quentin
(1954-1960); Director of Corrections, Iowa (1960-1964); Co-Director,
Correctional Decisions Information Project, Sacramento, California
(1965-1967); Chairman, Youth Conservation Commission, Department
of Corrections, St. Paul, Minnesota (1967-1972); Hearing
Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1972-1974, 1979-1982),
Administrative Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1974-1979). |
|
Civic Works: |
Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing Commission; Advisory
Board Member (ex-officio), National Institute of Corrections;
Member, President Kennedy's Juvenile Delinquency Committee;
Member Board of Directors of American Correctional Association;
Member of the Professional Counsel, National Counsel on Crime
and Delinquency. |
|
Appointment: |
January 8, 1982, by President Reagan. Designated as Vice-Chairman.
Designated as Acting Chairman on February 18, 1982. Designated
as Chairman on March 24, 1982. Term extended under the provisions
of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Died in office on April
9, 1991. |
50. |
Victor M.F. Reyes |
|
Education: |
B.S. and M.P.A., University of Arizona; Ph.D course work
at the University of Texas. |
|
Employment: |
Recreational Director and Supervisor for the Pima County
Juvenile Detention Center; Arizona State Juvenile Parole
Officer; Arizona State Adult Parole Officer; Administrator,
(Warden) CHAPS Project at the Arizona State Industrial School
and Member of the Arizona Juvenile Administrative (Parole)
Board; Coordinator, Mutual Agreement Programming Project;
Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1974-1979), Administrative
Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1979-1982). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member of the Hispanic Task Force, and the Women/Minority
Task Force, Presidential Personnel Office of The White House.
Publications include History and Development of Parole Service
in Arizona (1970), CHAPS Behavior Modification Programs (1970),
CHAPS First Annual Report (1971), The Mutual Agreement Program
(1972). |
|
Appointment: |
December 14, 1982, by President Reagan. Designated as a
Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Western Region on March 3, 1983. Designated
as Regional Commissioner of the South Central Region on December
1, 1983. Term extended under the provisions of the Sentencing
Reform Act of 1984. Died in office on December 25, 1992. |
51. |
Carol Pavilack Getty |
|
Education: |
B.A. (Mathematics), Wellesley College; M.S. (Criminal Justice),
Arizona State University. Courses completed at the University
of Oregon, Phoenix College, University of Southern California,
and Washington Public Affairs Center; Ph.D. course work completed
at university of Missouri - Kansas City. |
|
Employment: |
Member and Vice Chairman of the Arizona Board of Pardons
and Parolees; mathematics teacher for grades 7-11; engineering
aide for the Garrett Corporation; computer analyst for Motorola. |
|
Civic Works: |
Member, Arizona Crime Commission; Technical Advisor, Maricopa
County Alternatives to Incarceration Committee; Vice Chairman,
Criminal Justice Advisory Committee, City of Phoenix; Volunteer
Institutional Probation Officer, Maricopa County; Member,
Maricopa County Foster Care Review Board; Treasurer and Chairman
of Finance Committee and Community Study and Action Committees,
Junior League of Phoenix; Co-Chair, Phoenix Junior League
IMPACT Program; President, Phoenix Wellesley Club; Treasurer,
Secretary, Docent, Touring Docent Chair, Fund Raising Chair,
and By-Laws Chair, Phoenix Art Museum League; Advisor, Kansas
City Junior League: Focus on Crime Committee; Member, Kansas
City Victim Net Board; Third Vice-President, Chair of Substance
Abuse Program and Public Relations Committees, Kansas City
Federal Executive Board; Board Member, Kansas City Women's
Chamber of Commerce; Chair, Women's Leadership Institute,
University of Missouri - Kansas City; Chair-Elect of Chancellor's
Advisory Board to the Women's Center, University of Missouri
- Kansas City; Treasurer and Regional Vice-President, Association
of Paroling Authorities, International; Commissioner (ex-officio),
U.S. Sentencing Commission (1991-1992); Advisory Board Member
(ex-officio), National Institute of Corrections (1991-1992). |
|
Appointment: |
March 1, 1983, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the North Central Region. Served as Acting
Chairman from March 1, 1991 to April 29, 1991. Designated
as Chairman on April 29, 1991. Designated as Regional Commissioner
of the North Central Region on August 13, 1992. Term extended
under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.
Resigned on April 1, 1996. |
52. |
Vincent J. Fechtel, Jr. |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Florida College of Business Administration. |
|
Employment: |
Owned and operated various business enterprises in Florida,
including a retail store chain and a real estate and construction
company (since 1959). Elected as a legislator in the Florida
Senate and Florida House of Representatives. Served in the
Naval Reserve and the National Guard. |
|
Appointment: |
November 22, 1983, by President Reagan. Designated as a
Member of the National Appeals Board. Term extended under
the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Retired
on April 1, 1996. |
53. |
Helen G. Corrothers |
|
Education: |
A.A., Arkansas Baptist College (Liberal Arts) (Magna Cum
Laude); B.S., Roosevelt University (Business Administration)
(Honors Graduate); U.S. Army Officer Training and Leadership
School (Distinguished Military Graduate); Graduate, Summer
Institute for Criminal Justice Executives, University of
Chicago; Completed course requirements for M.B.A./Ph.D.,
California Coast University (Business Administration). |
|
Employment: |
United States Army (1955-1969), entered as a Private and
rose to the rank of Captain (Good Conduct Medal, National
Defense Service Medal and the Army Commendation Medal); Chief,
Military Personnel, Fort Meyers, Virginia (1965-1967); Director
for Housing, U.S. Army Support Center, Giessen, Germany (1967-1969);
State Prison Warden/Superintendent, Arkansas Department of
Correction (1971-1983). |
|
Civic Works: |
Arkansas State Commission on Crime and Law Enforcement;
Arkansas State Commission on Status of Women; National Board
of Directors, Volunteers of America; Treasurer, Pine Bluff
Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority; Treasurer,
Vice-President, and President, American Correctional Association. |
|
Appointment: |
December 1, 1983, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Western Region. Resigned on October 25,
1985 to accept appointment as a Commissioner, United States
Sentencing Commission, by President Reagan. |
54. |
Daniel R. Lopez |
|
Education: |
Army Air Corps Instructors Course, University of Southern
California. Courses at the U.S. Navy Quartermaster School,
Phipps Flying Service, State Personnel Board Training Officer
School, Vallejo Junior College, University of Southern California,
University of California at Los Angeles, University of California
School Criminology, and McGeorge School of Law. |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Navy, Quartermaster and Senior Petty Officer (during
World War II). Correctional Officer, California Department
of Corrections (attained the rank of Captain and was appointed
a Special Agent, working as a liaison with the courts, district
attorneys, probation departments, and law enforcement agencies).
Consultant to the Director of the California Director of
Corrections. Manager of the East Los Angeles State Service
Center; Deputy Director of the Division of Job Training and
Placement of the Department of California Human Resources
Development. Member of the California Parole Board (1980-1983). |
|
Appointment: |
July 6, 1984, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Northeast Region. Term extended under
the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Died
in office on November 24, 1990. |
55. |
Jasper R. Clay, Jr. |
|
Birth Date: |
November 26, 1933 (Fairmont, West Virginia) |
|
Education: |
B.S., Morgan State University (Psychology) (1954); graduate
courses at Loyola College in Baltimore. |
|
Employment: |
First Lieutenant, U.S. Army (Infantry); Correctional Officer,
State of Maryland; Parole & Probation Agent, State of
Maryland (1958-1966); Staff Training and Development Specialist,
State of Maryland (1966-1969); Member of the Maryland State
Parole Board (1969-1984). |
|
Civic Works: |
Executive Vice President, Regional Vice President, and Treasurer,
Association of Paroling Authorities International; Awards
Committee, American Correctional Association; Board of Directors
of Threshold Halfway House; Co-founder of Zeta Alpha Sigma
Chapter of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. |
|
Appointment: |
October 12, 1984, by President Reagan. Designated as a Member
of the National Appeals Board. Designated as Vice Chairman
on May 31, 1991. Term extended under the provisions of the
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Retired on October 16, 1996. |
56. |
Saundra Brown Armstrong |
|
Education: |
B.A., California State University at Fresno; J.D., University
of San Francisco School of Law. |
|
Employment: |
Policewomen, Oakland Police Department; Deputy District
Attorney, Alameda County, California; District Attorney's
Office; Senior Consultant, California Assembly Committee
on Criminal Justice; Trial Attorney, Public Integrity Section,
U.S. Department of Justice; Commissioner, U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission, served as Vice Chairman (1984-1985). |
|
Appointment: |
July 24, 1986, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Western Region. Resigned on January 27,
1989, to accept appointment as a judge of the Alameda County
Superior Court (California). On June 21, 1991, she was appointed
as a judge of the U.S. District Court (Northern District
of California). |
57. |
G. MacKenzie Rast |
|
Birth Date: |
October 20, 1935 (Leesburg, Florida) |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of South Florida; J.D., University of Florida.
Graduate of the U.S. Air Force Language School at Indiana
University; received additional litigation and advocacy training
at Northwestern University, University of Houston, and Georgetown
University. |
|
Employment: |
Assistant State Attorney for the Fourth and Fifth Judicial
Circuits of Florida (1970-1981); Special Counsel to the President
of Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan (1981-1982); Shareholder
with the Jacksonville, Florida law firm of Mahoney, Adams,
Milam, Surface and Grimsley (1982-1986). |
|
Appointment: |
October 14, 1986, by President Reagan. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Southeast Region. Resigned to accept
appointment as a U.S. Immigration Judge on June 30, 1990. |
58. |
John R. Simpson |
|
Birth Date: |
February 13, 1932. |
|
Education: |
B.C., Loyola College in Montreal (1954); J.D., New England
School of Law (1964). |
|
Employment: |
U.S. Secret Service (1962-1992) (served as Director from
1981-1992). |
|
Civic Works: |
President of Interpol (1984-1988); Life Member, International
Association of Chiefs of Police; Member, American Society
of Industrial Security; Member, National Sheriffs' Association;
Member, National Association of Public Administrators; Member,
Former Agents' Association of Secret Service; Member, National
War College Alumni Association; Member, Board of Trustees,
New England School of Law; Member, Board of Corporators,
New England School of Law; Member, Maryland Governor's Commission
on Violent Crime (1993-1995). |
|
Appointment: |
April 20, 1992, by President Bush. Designated as Regional
Commissioner of the Eastern Region. |
59. |
Edward F. Reilly, Jr. |
|
Birth Date: |
March 24, 1937 (Leavenworth, Kansas). |
|
Education: |
B.A., University of Kansas (Political Science) (1961). |
|
Employment: |
Vice-President, Reilly & Sons, Inc., Insurors-Realtors,
Leavenworth, Kansas (1956-1992). Director/Vice President,
First State Bank of Lansing, Kansas (1977-1983). Kansas State
Senator, District 3 (1964-1992) (Assistant Senate Majority
Leader; Chairman, Senate Committee on Federal and State Affairs;
Vice-Chairman, Senate Elections Committee; Chairman, Senate
Insurance Subcommittee). Kansas State House of Representatives,
District 3 (1963-1964). |
|
Civic Works: |
Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing Commission (1992-1997);
Advisory Board Member (ex-officio) (1992-1997), National
Institute of Corrections; Commissioner, National Commission
on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (1982-1986);
Member, National Highway Safety Advisory Committee (1985);
Advisory Member, American Justice Institute (1983-1984);
Member, Community Advisory Committee, Leavenworth Penitentiary;
Member, Board of Directors, St. John Hospital Leavenworth,
Kansas (1974 - 1981); Vice-President and Director, Leavenworth
Historical Society (1968-1973); Member, Kansas City Chamber
of Commerce; Director and Charter Member, Leavenworth People
To People; Director, Kaw Valley Heart Association (1971-1977);
Director, Leavenworth Association for the Handicapped (1968-1969);
Director, Leavenworth County Chapter, American Red Cross;
Member, Frontier Army Museum Association Board of Directors
(1986-1993); Member, Kansas Attorney General's Task Force
on Drug Education (1986); Member, Buffalo Soldier Monument
Committee; Commissioner, Kansas Governor's Martin Luther
King, Jr. Holiday Celebration Commission (1991); Member,
Kansas State Penitentiary Citizens Advisory Committee; Civilian
Co-sponsor, Irish International Officers attending the Command
and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; Instructor/lecturer
in Local, State, and National Government, Command and General
Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, for International
Officers and Students (1975-1992); Director, Kansas Blue
Cross/Blue Shield (1969-1972). |
|
Appointment: |
August 12, 1992, by President Bush. Designated as Chairman
on August 13, 1992. Served as Chairman until February 4,
1997, when designated as a Member of the National Appeals
Board. Again designated as Chairman on May 31, 2001. |
60. |
Michael J. Gaines |
|
Birth Date: |
September 13, 1951 (Russellville, Arkansas). |
|
Education: |
B.A. (1973) and J.D. (1977), University of Arkansas at Little
Rock. Admitted to the Bar (1977). Member of the Bar of Arkansas,
the United States District Court, and the Supreme Court of
the United States. |
|
Employment: |
Arkansas Governor's Security (1973-1977); Attorney, private
practice (1977-1978); Parole Hearing Examiner, Arkansas Department
of Correction (1978-1983); Criminal Justice Liaison and Pardon
and Extradition Counsel to Governor of Arkansas (1983-1986);
Executive Director of the Arkansas State Supreme Court Committee
on Professional Conduct (1986-1989); Chairman of the Arkansas
State Board of Parole and Community Rehabilitation (1986-1994);
Member of Arkansas Board of Correction (1989-1994). |
|
Civic Works: |
Arkansas Governor's Corrections Resources Commission; Arkansas
Governor's Task Force on Crime; Arkansas Commission on Probation
and Parole Guidelines; Adjunct Professor, University of Arkansas
(1979-1982). |
|
Appointment: |
September 28, 1994, by President Clinton. Designated as
a Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated as Chairman
on February 4, 1997. Served as Chairman until May 31, 2001
when designated as a member of the National Appeals Board.
Resigned on May 15, 2003. |
61. |
Marie Fajardo Ragghianti |
|
Birth Date: |
June 13, 1942. |
|
Education: |
B.S. (English Literature and Psychology) (1975) and M.S.
(management of Human Services) (1978), Vanderbilt University;
M.P.A., Harvard University (Kennedy School of Government)
(1992). |
|
Employment: |
Extradition Officer, Tennessee Department of Corrections
(1975-1976); Chair, Tennessee Board of Pardons and Paroles
(1976-1977); Consultant to the Tennessee Legislature (1979);
Criminal Justice Consultant (1979-1997); Chief of Staff,
U.S. Parole Commission (1997-1999). |
|
Civic Works: |
Ms. Ragghianti was responsible for a federal investigation
of corruption in the Tennessee parole and pardon process
that led to the conviction of the governor and two aides,
and was the subject of the movie, Marie. She received
the Goldsmith award for journalism while attending the Kennedy
School of Government and was a National Institute on Drug
Abuse fellow while attending the graduate program in criminal
justice at the State University of New York at Albany. |
|
Appointment: |
December 9, 1999, by President Clinton (recess appointment).
Designated as Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated
as Vice Chairman on January 6, 2000. Appointment expired
December 15, 2000 as no action on her nomination had been
taken by the Senate. |
62. |
Janie L. Jeffers |
|
Birth Date: |
June 4, 1947. |
|
Education: |
B.A. and M.S.W., Howard University. |
|
Employment: |
New York City (including various positions with the Department
of Corrections) (1972-1985); Deputy Commissioner, New York
City Department of Corrections (1985-1991); Special Assistant,
United States Bureau of Prisons (1991-1992); Chief, National
Office of Citizen Participation, U.S. Bureau of Prisons (1992-1996);
Policy Advisor for the President's Crime Prevention Council
(1996-1997); Executive Deputy Director, Federal-District
of Columbia Interagency Task Force, White House (1997-1999). |
|
Civic Works: |
Ms. Jeffers has served as a consultant to the World Health
Organization on AIDS management in penal institutions in
Europe and Africa, as an adjunct professor at the Baruch
College, as a field instructor at the Columbia University
School of Social Work, as a field instructor at the Howard
University School of Social Work, and as an instructor at
the National Academy of Corrections. |
|
Appointment: |
December 10, 1999, by President Clinton (recess appointment).
Designated as a Regional Commissioner. Appointment expired
December 15, 2000 as no action on her nomination had been
taken by the Senate. |
63. |
Timothy E. Jones, Sr. |
|
Birth Date: |
September 21, 1948. |
|
Education: |
B.A. (Sociology/Psychology) and M.Ed. (Correctional Counseling),
Georgia State University. |
|
Employment: |
Probation/Parole Officer (1974-1977), Parole Review Officer
(1977-1980), Director, Parole Decision Guidelines Unit (1980-1982),
Assistant Director, Field Operations (1982-1990), Director,
Field Operations (1989-1990), Member (1990-1997), Georgia
Board of Parole; Director, Governor's Office of Highway Safety
(Georgia) (1997-1999), Chief of Staff, U.S. Parole Commission
(1999-2001). |
|
Civic Works: |
Board of Directors for the Greater Lithonia Chamber of Commerce;
Member of the DeKalb County (Georgia) Olympic Authority;
Member of the DeKalb County Civic Center Commission; Vice
Chairman of the Georgia Law-Related Education Consortium;
Alumnus of Leadership Georgia and Leadership Atlanta Foundations;
Vietnam Veteran - received the Bronze Star (for heroism in
ground combat), Purple Heart, and Vietnam Cross of Gallantry;
served as District Commander and State Judge Advocate for
the Military Order of the Purple Heart. |
|
Appointment: |
January 2, 2001, by President Clinton (recess appointment).
Designated as a Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated
as Vice Chairman on January 19, 2001. Resigned August 31,
2001 to accept an appointment as Chief of Staff to the Dekalb
County (Georgia) Executive Officer. |
64. |
Cranston J. Mitchell |
|
Birth Date: |
August 25, 1946 |
|
Education: |
B.S. (Political Science), University of Missouri-St. Louis. |
|
Employment: |
Police Officer, City of St. Louis (1968-1974); Marketing
Representative for Mitchum-Thayer (1974-1975); Counselor
and Administrator, Department of Elementary and Secondary
Education, Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, State of
Missouri (1975-1984); Chairman and Director of the Board
of Probation and Parole, Missouri Department of Corrections
(1984-2002); Program Specialist, National Institute of Corrections,
United States Department of Justice (2002-2003). |
|
Civic Works: |
Member of the Association of Paroling Authorities, International
and honored with the Vincent O'Leary Award for contributions
to the field of parole; member of the National Association
of Blacks in Justice and honored with the Jonathon Jasper
Wright Community Leadership Award. Served on the Public Housing
Authority of Jefferson City, MO as Commissioner and as Vice
Chairman. Served on the Board of Directors of the Missouri
Victim Assistance Network. |
|
Appointment: |
March 6, 2003, by President Bush. |
Back to top
PART 3 - WORKLOAD OF THE U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE AND
U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION
The following table illustrates the workload of the U.S. Board
of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission for the fiscal years 1931-2001.
Included are decisions made on the basis of initial and review
hearings relative to the grant or denial of parole, and revocation
hearings for persons on parole or mandatory release supervision.
The decisions shown are those that generally follow a personal
hearing with the prisoner or releasee (although in some circumstances,
the decision may have been made on the basis of a record review).
Other decisions that are made on the basis of a review of the case
record (e.g., decisions relative to warrant issuance, modification
of conditions of supervision, and termination of supervision) are
not included.
The decisions shown enable comparison of the workload for the years
before Fiscal Year 1974 with the workload for Fiscal Year 1975
and thereafter. In Fiscal Year 1975, the Board of Parole completed
its regionalization and shifted to a more automated data collection
system. Data from Fiscal Year 1974, the transition year, is not
available. Despite its limitations, it is believed that this table
can provide a useful approximation of the workload of the Board/Commission
over the years.
Parole and Revocation
Decisions
Fiscal Year |
Number of Decisions |
1931 |
8,459 |
1932 |
10,087 |
1933 |
8,333 |
1934 |
6,345 |
1935 |
6,521 |
1936 |
7,242 |
1937 |
8,317 |
1938 |
7,720 |
1939 |
8,103 |
1940 |
8,553 |
1941 |
8,434 |
1942 |
8,234 |
1943 |
7,944 |
1944 |
6,963 |
1945 |
7,847 |
1946 |
9,218 |
1947 |
10,628 |
1948 |
8,289 |
1949 |
9,374 |
1950 |
8,630 |
1951 |
8,938 |
1952 |
10,080 |
1953 |
11,329 |
1954 |
10,306 |
1955 |
11,973 |
1956 |
13,161 |
1957 |
12,665 |
1958 |
12,648 |
1959 |
12,307 |
1960 |
13,622 |
1961 |
14,981 |
1962 |
15,195 |
1963 |
15,872 |
1964 |
14,620 |
1965 |
13,325 |
1966 |
13,844 |
1977 |
12,730 |
1978 |
12,720 |
1969 |
15,886 |
1970 |
14,950 |
1971 |
13,495 |
1972 |
16,640 |
1973 |
19,174 |
1974 |
not available |
1975 |
19,465 |
1976 |
19,419 |
1977 |
17,403 |
1978 |
18,731 |
1979 |
17,617 |
1980 |
16,042 |
1981 |
14,060 |
1982 |
14,326 |
1983 |
16,665 |
1984 |
15,865 |
1985 |
16,957 |
1986 |
19,207 |
1987 |
19,796 |
1988 |
20,465 |
1989 |
16,619 |
1990 |
13,568 |
1991 |
10,720 |
1992 |
9,307 |
1993 |
6,776 |
1994 |
4,922 |
1995 |
4,303 |
1996 |
3,572 |
1997 |
3,044 |
1998 |
3,293 |
1999 |
4,503 |
2000 |
4,683 |
2001 |
5,140 |
2002 |
4,217 |
Back to top
PART 4 - SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS
Amos, W.E. and Newman, C.L., ed. (1975) Parole. New York:
Federal Legal Publications.
Bell, M., ed. (1957). Parole in Principle and Practice: A
Manual and Report (The National Conference on Parole).
New York, NY: National Probation and Parole Association.
Davis, K.C. (1969). Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary
Inquiry. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University
Press.
Frankel, M.E. (1973). Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order.
New York, NY: Hill and Wang.
Glaser, D. (1964). The Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole
System. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Gottfredson, D.M., Wilkins, L.T., and Hoffman, P.B. (1978). Guidelines
For Parole and Sentencing: A Policy Control Method. Lexington,
MA: Lexington Books.
Humbert, W.H. (1941). The Pardoning Power of the President.
Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs.
Management Programs and Budget Staff, Office of Management and
Finance. (1975). An Evaluation of the U.S. Board of Parole
Reorganization. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency Research Center. (1973). The
Utilization of Experience in Parole Decision-Making (Fourteen
Volumes). Davis, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
Reed, George (with Hunt, Dave) (1987). Fear No Man. Eugene,
OR: Harvest House Publishers.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Attorney General's Survey
of Release Procedures, Volume 1: Digest of Federal and State
Laws on Release Procedures. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Attorney General's Survey
of Release Procedures, Volume 4: Parole. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Proceedings - National
Parole Conference. Washington, DC.
U.S. Parole Commission/National Institute of Corrections. (1981). Parole
in the 1980's: Proceedings of the National Parole Symposium.
Washington, DC.
B. ARTICLES
Beck, J.L. (1975). The Effect of Representatives at Parole Hearings. Criminology 13:114-117.
Beck, J.L. (1984). Development of Explicit Decision Guidelines
By the United States Parole Commission. In Proceedings of
the One Hundred and Fourteenth Annual Congress of Correction
of the American Correctional Association: 173-178.
Beck, J.L., and Hoffman, P.B. (1976). Time Served and Release
Outcome. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 13:
107-112.
Beck, J.L., and Hoffman, P.B. (1985). Reliability in Guideline
Application: Initial Hearings - 1982. Federal Probation 49:
33-36.
DeGostin, L.K., and Hoffman, P.B. (1974). Administrative Review
of Parole Decisions. Federal Probation 38: 24-28.
Gottfredson, D.M., Hoffman, P.B., Sigler, M.H., and Wilkins,
L.T. (1975). Making Paroling Policy Explicit. Crime and Delinquency 21:
34-44.
Gottfredson, M.R. Parole Guidelines and the Reduction of Sentencing
Disparity. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1:
218-231.
Gottfredson, M.R., and Adams, K. (1982). Prison Behavior and
Release Performance. Law and Policy Quarterly 4: 373-391.
Hoffman, P.B. (1972). Paroling Policy Feedback. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency 9: 117-133.
Hoffman, P.B. (1975). A Paroling Policy Feedback Method. In Parole,
ed. W. E. Amos and C. L. Newman: 343-362.
Hoffman, P.B. (1982). Females, Recidivism, and Salient Factor
Score: A Research Note. Criminal Justice and Behavior 9:
121-125.
Hoffman, P.B. (1983). Screening For Risk: A Revised Salient
Factor Score (SFS 81). Journal of Criminal Justice 11:
539-547.
Hoffman, P.B. (1983). Parole Guidelines. In Encyclopedia
of Crime and Justice, ed. S. Kadish, 3: 1234-1240.
Hoffman, P.B. (1994). Twenty Years of Operational Use of a Prediction
Instrument: The United States Parole Commission's Salient Factor
Score. Journal of Criminal Justice 22: 477-494.
Hoffman, P.B. (1997). History of the Federal Parole System,
Parts I & II. Federal Probation 61: 23-31, 49-57.
Hoffman, P.B., and Adelberg, S. (1980). The Salient Factor Score:
A Nontechnical Overview. Federal Probation 44: 44-53.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1974). Parole Decision-Making:
A Salient Factor Score. Journal of Criminal Justice 2:
195-206.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1976). Salient Factor Score Validation--A
1972 Release Cohort. Journal of Criminal Justice 4: 69-76.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1980). Revalidating the Salient
Factor Score: A Research Note. Journal of Criminal Justice 8:
185-188.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1984). Burnout - Age at Release
from Prison and Recidivism. Journal of Criminal Justice 12:
617-623.
Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1985). Recidivism Among Released
Federal Prisoners: Salient Factor Score and Five Year Followup. Criminal
Justice and Behavior 12: 501-507.
Hoffman, P.B., Beck, J.L., and DeGostin, L.K. (1975). The Practical
Application of a Severity Scale. In Parole, ed. W.E.
Amos and C.L. Newman: 169-187.
Hoffman, P.B., Beck, J.L., Hardyman, P.L., and Scotkin, R.M.
(1986). Sentencing Reform: Sentencing Guidelines and Related
Issues - A Partial Bibliography. Journal of Criminal Justice 14:
545-569.
Hoffman, P.B., and DeGostin, L.K. (1974). Parole Decision-Making:
Structuring Discretion. Federal Probation 38: 7-15.
Hoffman, P.B., and DeGostin, L.K. (1975). An Argument for Self
Imposed Explicit Judicial Sentencing Standards. Journal of
Criminal Justice 5: 195-206.
Hoffman, P.B., and Gottfredson, D.M. (1975). Paroling Policy
Guidelines: A Matter of Equity. In Parole, ed. W.E. Amos
and C.L. Newman: 188-210.
Hoffman, P.B., Gottfredson, D.M., Wilkins, L.T., and Pasela,
G.E. (1974). The Operational Use of an Experience Table. Criminology 12:
214-228.
Hoffman, P.B., and Hardyman, P. L. (1986). Crime Seriousness
Scales: Public Perception and Feedback to Criminal Justice Policymakers. Journal
of Criminal Justice 14: 413-431.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1977). Application
of Guidelines to Sentencing. Law and Psychology Review 3:
53-70.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1979). Post Release
Arrest Experiences of Federal Prisoners. Journal of Criminal
Justice 7: 193-216.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1980). Reporting Recidivism
Rates. Journal of Criminal Justice 8: 53-60.
Hoffman, P.B., Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Beck, J.L. (1978).
Salient Factor Score and Release Behavior: Three Validation
Samples. Law and Human Behavior 2: 47-63.
Hoffman, P.B., and Stover, M.A. (1979). Reform in the Determination
of Prison Terms: Equity, Determinacy, and the Parole Release
Function. Hofstra Law Review 7: 89-121.
Janus, M. (1985). Selective Incapacitation: Have We Tried It?
Does It Work. Journal of Criminal Justice 13: 117-129.
McCall, C.C. (1978). The Future of Parole - In Rebuttal of S.1437. Federal
Probation 42: 3-10.
Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Hoffman, P.B. (1982). Presumptive
Parole Dates: The Federal Approach. Federal Probation 46:
41-57.
Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Hoffman, P.B. (1982). The Effects
of Presumptive Parole Dates on Institutional Behavior: A Preliminary
Assessment. Journal of Criminal Justice 10: 283-297.
C. U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE/U. S. PAROLE COMMISSION PUBLICATIONS
U. S. Board of Parole. (1957). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1956.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1958). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1956 to June 30, 1957.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1959). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1957 to June 30, 1958.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1960). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1958 to June 30, 1959.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1961). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1959 to June 30, 1960.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1963). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1961 to June 30, 1962.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1964). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1963.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1965). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1966). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1967). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1965 to June 30, 1966.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1974). Annual Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U.S. Board of Parole. (1969). Annual Reports - United States
Board of Parole: July 1, 1966 to June 30, 1968. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). Biennial Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1968 to June 30, 1970.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1973). Biennial Report - The United
States Board of Parole: July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1972.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1966). Functions of the United States
Board of Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (undated, circa 1976). History of
the United States Board of Parole. Washington, DC: U.S.
Board of Parole (mimeo).
U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). Rules of the United States
Board of Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). You and the Parole Board.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Board of Parole. (1975). You and the Parole Board.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1988). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1986 to September 30,
1987. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1989). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1987 to September 30,
1988. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1990). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1988 to September 30,
1989. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1991). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1989 to September 30,
1990. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1992). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1990 to September 30,
1991. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1993). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1991 to September 30,
1992. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1992 to September 30,
1993. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Annual Report of the United
States Parole Commission: October 1, 1993 to September 30,
1994. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Deskbook of Training and
Reference Materials. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (2002). Deskbook of Training and
Reference Materials. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Frequently Asked Questions
by Federal Prisoners About the Parole Procedure. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U.S. Parole Commission. (1998). History of the Federal Parole
System. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1993). An Overview of the United
States Parole Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). An Overview of the United
States Parole Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). An Overview of the United
States Parole Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole
Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1981). Report of the United States
Parole Commission: October 1, 1978 - September 30, 1980.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1984). Report of the United States
Parole Commission: October 1, 1980 - September 30, 1983.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1985). Report of the United States
Parole Commission: October 1, 1983 - September 30, 1984.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1986). Report of the United States
Parole Commission: October 1, 1984 - September 30, 1985.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1977). Report - The United States
Parole Commission: July 1, 1973 - September 30, 1976.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1979). Report - The United States
Parole Commission: October 1, 1976 - September 30, 1978. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1987). Report - The United States
Parole Commission: October 1, 1985 to September 30, 1986.
Washington, DC: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1982). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (March 1983). Rules and Procedures
Manual. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (October 1983). Rules and Procedures
Manual. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1984). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1985). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1987). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1989). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1991). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1997). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (2000). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (2001). Rules and Procedures Manual.
Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission. (1977). You and the Parole Commission.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1978). Federal Parole
Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume I. Washington,
DC: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1980). Federal Parole
Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume II. Washington,
DC: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1981). Federal Parole
Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume III. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1982). Federal Parole
Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume IV. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1984). Federal Parole
Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume V. Chevy Chase,
MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1986). Federal Parole
Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume VI. Chevy
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission.
D. U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION WEBSITE
http://www.usdoj.gov/uspc/
Back to top
Footnotes:
1. As the statute was signed
on August 11, 2000 at 5:00 p.m., offenses committed on or after
August 5, 2000 but before August 11, 2000 at 5:00 p.m. may be
subject to the provisions of the ex post facto clause.
|