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NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

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242 results found for:       N



N-acetyl-L-cysteine    listen   (… A-seh-til … SIS-teh-een)
A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. Also called acetylcysteine and N-acetylcysteine.

N-acetylcysteine    listen   (... A-seh-til-SIS-teh-een)
A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. Also called acetylcysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine.

N-acetyldinaline    listen   (… A-seh-til-dih-nuh-leen)
A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Also called CI-994.

N-benzoyl-staurosporine    listen   (...BEN-zoyl-STAW-roh-SPOR-een)
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of leukemia. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein kinase inhibitors. Also called midostaurin and PKC412.

N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine    listen   (... BYOO-tul ... (4-hy-DROK-see-BYOO-tul) ny-TROH-suh-meen)
A substance that is used in cancer research to cause bladder tumors in laboratory animals. This is done to test new diets, drugs, and procedures for use in cancer prevention and treatment.

nabilone    listen   (NA-bih-lone)
A synthetic pill form of an active chemical in marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Nabilone is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in patients who have not been helped by other therapy. It is a type of cannabinoid. Also called Cesamet.

NaCl      
Chemical abbreviation for sodium chloride (table salt).

naloxone    listen   (na-LOK-sone)
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for constipation caused by narcotic medications. It belongs to the family of drugs called narcotic antagonists.

naltrexone    listen   (nal-TREK-sone)
A drug that blocks the action of opiates (drugs used to treat pain). It may be used in the treatment of intravenous opiate addiction or alcohol dependence. Naltrexone is also being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It may block the effects of the hormone estrogen, which causes some breast cancer cells to grow, or block the blood flow to tumors. It is a type of opiate antagonist. Also called naltrexone hydrochloride, ReVia, and Vivitrol.

naltrexone hydrochloride    listen   (nal-TREK-sone HY-droh-KLOR-ide)
A drug that blocks the action of opiates (drugs used to treat pain). It may be used in the treatment of intravenous opiate addiction or alcohol dependence. Naltrexone hydrochloride is also being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It may block the effects of the hormone estrogen, which causes some breast cancer cells to grow, or block the blood flow to tumors. It is a type of opiate antagonist. Also called naltrexone, ReVia, and Vivitrol.

Namenda    listen   (nuh-MEN-duh)
A drug used to treat dementia caused by Alzheimer disease. It is also being studied in the treatment of side effects from whole-brain radiation therapy for cancer and other conditions. Namenda blocks the uptake of calcium by certain brain cells and decreases their activity. It is a type of N-methyl-D-asparatate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Also called memantine hydrochloride.

nanogram    listen   (NA-noh-gram)
A measure of weight. One nanogram weighs a billion times less than one gram, and almost a trillion-times less than a pound.

nanometer    listen   (NA-noh-MEE-ter)
A measure of length in the metric system. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. An average human hair is about 60,000 nanometers thick. Nanometers are used to measure wavelengths of light and distances between atoms in molecules.

nanomole    listen   (NA-noh-mole)
The amount of a substance equal to a billionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called nM.

nanoparticle    listen   (NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul)
A particle of that is smaller than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter). In medicine, nanoparticles can be used to carry antibodies, drugs, imaging agents, or other substances to certain parts of the body. Nanoparticles are being studied in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

nanoparticle paclitaxel    listen   (NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul PA-klih-TAK-sil)
A drug used to treat breast cancer that has spread or that has come back within 6 months after chemotherapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of newly diagnosed breast cancer and other types of cancer. Nanoparticle paclitaxel is a type of mitotic inhibitor. Also called ABI-007, Abraxane, paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation, and protein-bound paclitaxel.

nanoprobe    listen   (NA-noh-probe)
A device that uses x-rays instead of visible light to form images of very small structures, such as the insides of blood vessels and cells. It can be used to study processes such as angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels). The term nanoprobe is also used to describe very small particles that can be used in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

nanotechnology    listen   (NA-noh-tek-NAH-loh-jee)
The field of research that deals with the engineering and creation of things from materials that are less than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter) in size, especially single atoms or molecules. Nanotechnology is being studied in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

Naprosyn    listen   (NA-proh-sin)
A drug used to treat mild pain and the symptoms of arthritis and several other conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of bone pain in patients with cancer. Naprosyn stops the body from making substances that cause pain and inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a type of cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Also called naproxen.

naproxen    listen   (nuh-PROK-sen)
A drug used to treat mild pain and the symptoms of arthritis and several other conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of bone pain in patients with cancer. Naproxen stops the body from making substances that cause pain and inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a type of cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Also called Naprosyn.

narcotic    listen   (nar-KAH-tik)
A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. They bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Narcotics are now called opioids.

Naropin    listen   (NUH-roh-pin)
A drug used to control pain and to cause a temporary loss of feeling in one part of the body, during and after surgery. It is also being studied for pain control after cancer surgery. It is a type of local anesthetic. Also called ropivacaine and ropivacaine hydrochloride.

nasal    listen   (NAY-zul)
By or having to do with the nose.

nasogastric    listen   (NAY-zoh-GAS-trik)
Describes the passage from the nose to the stomach. For example, a nasogastric tube is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach.

nasogastric tube    listen   (NAY-zoh-GAS-trik toob)
A tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach. It can be used to give drugs, liquids, and liquid food, or used to remove substances from the stomach. Giving food through a nasogastric tube is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called gastric feeding tube and NG tube.

Nasonex    listen   (NAY-zoh-nex)
A drug that is used in a cream to treat certain skin conditions and in a nasal spray to treat sinus problems caused by allergies. It is being studied as a way to treat inflammation of the skin caused by radiation therapy. Nasonex is a type of corticosteroid. Also called Elocon, mometasone, and mometasone furoate.

nasopharyngeal cancer    listen   (NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose). Most nasopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the nasopharynx).

nasopharynx    listen   (NAY-zoh-FAYR-inx)
The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear.

nasoscope    listen   (NAY-zoh-skope)
A thin tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the nose. A nasoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue. Also called rhinoscope.

nasoscopy    listen   (nay-ZOS-koh-pee)
Examination of the inside of the nose using a nasoscope (or rhinoscope). A nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called rhinoscopy.

National Cancer Institute    listen   (NA-shuh-nul KAN-ser IN-stih-TOOT)
The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. The National Cancer Institute conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the National Cancer Institute Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called NCI.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine    listen   (NA-shuh-nul SEN-ter ... KOM-pleh-MEN-tuh-ree ... all-TER-nuh-tiv MEH-dih-sin)
A federal agency that uses science to explore complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices, trains CAM researchers, and provides authoritative information about CAM to professionals and the public. NCCAM awards grants for research projects, training, and career development in CAM; sponsors conferences, educational programs, and exhibits; studies ways to use proven CAM practices along with conventional medical practice; and supports adding CAM to medical, dental, and nursing school programs. NCCAM is part of the National Institutes of Health. Also called NCCAM.

National Institutes of Health    listen   (NA-shuh-nul IN-stih-TOOTS … helth)
A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the National Institutes of Health Web site at http://www.nih.gov. Also called NIH.

natural history study    listen   (NA-chuh-rul HIH-stuh-ree STUH-dee)
A study that follows a group of people over time who have, or are at risk of developing, a specific medical condition or disease. A natural history study collects health information in order to understand how the medical condition or disease develops and how to treat it.

natural killer cell    listen   (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler sel)
A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. A natural killer cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called NK cell and NK-LGL.

natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia    listen   (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler-sel larj GRAN-yoo-lur LIM-foh-site loo-KEE-mee-uh)
A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse. Also called NK-LGL leukemia and NK-LGLL.

naturopathy    listen   (NAY-cher-AH-puh-thee)
A system of disease prevention and treatment that avoids drugs and surgery. Naturopathy is based on the use of natural agents such as air, water, light, heat, and massage to help the body heal itself. It also uses herbal products, nutrition, acupuncture, and aromatherapy as forms of treatment.

nausea    listen   (NAW-zee-uh)
A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some types of cancer therapy.

Navelbine    listen   (nay-VEL-been)
A drug used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer. It blocks cell growth by stopping cell division and may cause cancer cells to die. It is a type of vinca alkaloid and a type of antimitotic agent. Also called vinorelbine tartrate.

navitoclax    listen   (na-VIH-toh-klax)
A substance being studied in the treatment of lymphomas and other types of cancer. It blocks some of the enzymes that keep cancer cells from dying. It is a type of Bcl-2 family inhibitor. Also called ABT-263.

NB1011      
A substance that is being studied for its ability to make cancer cells respond to drugs to which they have become resistant. It is a type of nucleoside analog.

NBI-3001      
A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-4 with a bacterial toxin. NBI-3001 is a type of recombinant chimeric protein. Also called interleukin-4 PE38KDEL cytotoxin and interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin.

NCCAM    listen  
A federal agency that uses science to explore complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices, trains CAM researchers, and provides authoritative information about CAM to professionals and the public. NCCAM awards grants for research projects, training, and career development in CAM; sponsors conferences, educational programs, and exhibits; studies ways to use proven CAM practices along with conventional medical practice; and supports adding CAM to medical, dental, and nursing school programs. NCCAM is part of the National Institutes of Health. Also called National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

NCI      
NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. It conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called National Cancer Institute.

NCI clinical trials cooperative group    listen   (... KLIH-nih-kul TRY-uls koh-AH-pruh-tiv groop)
A group of researchers, cancer centers, and community doctors who are involved in studies of new cancer treatment, prevention, early detection, quality of life, and rehabilitation. Clinical trials carried out by cooperative groups are sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and large numbers of patients take part in many locations. Examples include the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG), and Children’s Oncology Group (COG).

NCX 4016      
A substance being studied in the prevention of colorectal cancer. It is a form of aspirin that gives off nitric oxide gas and is less irritating to the lining of the stomach than plain aspirin. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Also called nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative.

NDGA      
A drug put on the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of NDGA that is taken by mouth is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer. NDGA is an antioxidant, and it may block certain enzymes needed for tumor growth. Also called Actinex, masoprocol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid.

NDV      
Newcastle disease virus. A bird virus that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may be used to kill cancer cells directly, or it may be given as a cancer vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system. NDV is a type of biological response modifier and vaccine therapy. Also called Newcastle disease virus.

nebulizer    listen   (NEH-byoo-LY-zer)
A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray.

neck dissection    listen   (... dy-SEK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.

necrosis    listen   (neh-KROH-sis)
Refers to the death of living tissues.

needle biopsy    listen   (NEE-dul BY-op-see)
The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

needle localization    listen   (NEE-dul LOH-kuh-lih-ZAY-shun)
A procedure used to mark a small area of abnormal tissue so it can be removed by surgery. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook at the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in place so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed when a biopsy is done. Also called needle/wire localization and wire localization.

needle-localized biopsy    listen   (NEE-dul-LOH-kuh-lized BY-op-see)
A procedure to mark and remove abnormal tissue when the doctor cannot feel a lump. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook on the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed at the time the biopsy is done.

needle/wire localization    listen   (NEE-dul … LOH-kuh-lih-ZAY-shun)
A procedure used to mark a small area of abnormal tissue so it can be removed by surgery. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook at the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in place so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed when a biopsy is done. Also called needle localization and wire localization.

needling    listen   (NEE-duh-ling)
In acupuncture, the insertion of a thin needle into a specific place on the body to unlock qi (vital energy). The needle may be twirled, moved up and down at different speeds and depths, heated, or charged with a low electric current.

nefazodone    listen   (neh-FAY-zoh-done)
A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the family of drugs called antidepressant agents. Also called Serzone.

negative axillary lymph node    listen   (NEH-guh-tiv AK-sih-LAYR-ee limf ...)
A lymph node in the armpit that is free of cancer.

negative test result    listen   (NEH-guh-tiv ... reh-ZULT)
A test result that does not show the specific disease, condition, or biomarker for which the test is being done.

nelarabine    listen   (neh-LAR-uh-been)
A drug used to treat certain types of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL). It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. Also called 506U78 and Arranon.

nelfinavir mesylate    listen   (nel-FIH-nuh-veer MEH-zih-layt)
A drug that interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.

neoadjuvant therapy    listen   (NEE-oh-A-joo-vant THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given. Examples of neoadjuvant therapy include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. It is a type of induction therapy.

neoplasia    listen   (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh)
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.

neoplasm    listen   (NEE-oh-PLA-zum)
An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called tumor.

neoplastic meningitis    listen   (NEE-oh-PLAS-tik MEH-nin-JY-tis)
A serious problem that may occur in cancer in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). It can happen in many types of cancer, but is the most common in melanoma, breast, lung, and gastrointestinal cancer. The cancer may cause the meninges to be inflamed. Also called carcinomatous meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinoma, leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis, and meningeal metastasis.

nephrectomy    listen   (neh-FREK-toh-mee)
Surgery to remove a kidney or part of a kidney. In a partial nephrectomy, part of one kidney or a tumor is removed, but not an entire kidney. In a simple nephrectomy, one kidney is removed. In a radical nephrectomy, an entire kidney, nearby adrenal gland and lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue are removed. In a bilateral nephrectomy, both kidneys are removed.

nephrologist    listen   (neh-FRAH-loh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating kidney disease.

nephrostomy    listen   (neh-FROS-toh-mee)
Surgery to make an opening from the outside of the body to the renal pelvis (part of the kidney that collects urine). This may be done to drain urine from a blocked kidney or blocked ureter into a bag outside the body. It may also be done to look at the kidney using an endoscope (thin, lighted tube attached to a camera), to place anticancer drugs directly into the kidney, or to remove kidney stones.

nephrotomogram    listen   (NEH-froh-TOH-moh-gram)
A series of x-rays of the kidneys. The x-rays are taken from different angles and show the kidneys clearly, without the shadows of the organs around them.

nephrotoxic    listen   (NEH-froh-TOK-sik)
Poisonous or damaging to the kidney.

nephroureterectomy    listen   (NEH-froh-YER-eh-ter-EK-toh-mee)
Surgery to remove a kidney and its ureter. Also called ureteronephrectomy.

nerve    listen   (nerv)
A bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain. The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells that make up the nerves.

nerve block    listen   (nerv blok)
A procedure in which medicine is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the spine to block pain.

nerve cell    listen   (nerv sel)
A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called neuron.

nerve grafting    listen   (nerv GRAF-ting)
Replacing a damaged nerve with a section of a healthy nerve that has been removed from another part of the body. This procedure is being studied in the prevention of erectile dysfunction in men having surgery for prostate cancer.

nerve growth factor    listen   (nerv grothe FAK-ter)
A protein made by the body that causes certain nerve cells to grow and helps keep them alive.

nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy    listen   (nerv-SPAYR-ing RA-dih-kul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee)
Surgery to remove the prostate in which an attempt is made to save the nerves that help cause penile erections.

nerve-sparing surgery    listen   (nerv-SPAYR-ing SER-juh-ree)
A type of surgery that attempts to save the nerves near the tissues being removed.

nervous system    listen   (NER-vus SIS-tem)
The organized network of nerve tissue in the body. It includes the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body), and other nerve tissue.

NES      
A procedure in which small electric impulses are used to stimulate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps to increase muscle strength, blood circulation, and range of motion and to lessen muscle spasms. Also called neuromuscular electrical stimulation, NMES, and therapeutic (subthreshold) electrical stimulation.

Neulasta    listen   (noo-LA-stuh)
A drug used to increase numbers of white blood cells in patients who are receiving chemotherapy. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called filgrastim-SD/01 and pegfilgrastim.

Neumega    listen   (noo-MEH-guh)
A drug used to increase the number of blood cells, especially platelets, in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Neumega is a form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by support cells in the bone marrow) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called oprelvekin, recombinant human interleukin-11, and rhIL-11.

neural    listen   (NOOR-ul)
Having to do with nerves or the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord.

neuro-oncologist    listen   (NOOR-oh-on-KAH-loh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating brain tumors and other tumors of the nervous system.

neurobehavioral    listen   (NOOR-oh-beh-HAY-vyer-ul)
Having to do with the way the brain affects emotion, behavior, and learning. Some cancers or their treatment may cause neurobehavioral problems.

neuroblastoma    listen   (NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh)
Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children.

neurocognitive    listen   (NOOR-oh-KOG-nih-tiv)
Having to do with the ability to think and reason. This includes the ability to concentrate, remember things, process information, learn, speak, and understand.

neurodegenerative disorder    listen   (NOOR-oh-dee-JEH-neh-ruh-tiv dis-OR-der)
A type of disease in which cells of the central nervous system stop working or die. Neurodegenerative disorders usually get worse over time and have no cure. They may be genetic or be caused by a tumor or stroke. Neurodegenerative disorders also occur in people who drink large amounts of alcohol or are exposed to certain viruses or toxins. Examples of neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

neuroectodermal tumor    listen   (NOOR-oh-EK-toh-DER-mul TOO-mer)
A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system.

neuroendocrine    listen   (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin)
Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Neuroendocrine describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system.

neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin    listen   (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin KAR-sih-NOH-muh …)
A rare type of cancer that forms on or just beneath the skin, usually in parts of the body that have been exposed to the sun. It is most common in older people and in people with weakened immune systems. Also called Merkel cell cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trabecular cancer.

neuroendocrine tumor    listen   (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer)
A tumor that forms from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell cancer). These tumors may secrete higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, which can cause many different symptoms.

neuroepithelial    listen   (NOOR-oh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul)
Having to do with tissue made up of sensory cells, such as tissue found in the ear, nose, and tongue.

neurofeedback    listen   (NOOR-oh-FEED-bak)
A treatment being studied to improve brain function in certain brain disorders and in patients treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer. Sensors are placed on a person’s head, which allows brain activity to be shown as patterns on a computer screen. A beep or a tone may be used as a reward to a person for changing certain brain activities. Neurofeedback may help cancer patients deal with the stress and mental side effects of chemotherapy. Also called EEG biofeedback.

neurofibroma    listen   (NOOR-oh-fy-BROH-muh)
A benign tumor that develops from the cells and tissues that cover nerves.

neurofibromatosis type 1    listen   (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis ...)
A rare genetic condition that causes brown spots and tumors on the skin, freckling in skin areas not exposed to the sun, tumors on the nerves, and developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bone, and skin. Also called NF1.

neurofibromatosis type 2    listen   (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis ...)
A genetic condition in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear and cause loss of hearing and balance. Tumors may also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, and may cause loss of speech, eye movement, and the ability to swallow. Also called acoustic neurofibromatosis and NF2.

neuroglia    listen   (noor-OH-glee-uh)
Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should. The types of neuroglia include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Also called glial cell.

neuroleptic agent    listen   (NOOR-oh-LEP-tik AY-jent)
A type of drug used to treat symptoms of psychosis. These include hallucinations (sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes to be real but are not real), delusions (false beliefs), and dementia (loss of the ability to think, remember, learn, make decisions, and solve problems). Most neuroleptic agents block the action of certain chemicals in the nervous system. Also called antipsychotic and antipsychotic agent.

neuroleptic malignant syndrome    listen   (NOOR-oh-LEP-tik muh-LIG-nunt SIN-drome)
A life-threatening condition that may be caused by certain drugs used to treat mental illness, nausea, or vomiting. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, confusion, and stiffness. Also called NMS.

neurologic    listen   (NOOR-oh-LAH-jik)
Having to do with nerves or the nervous system.

neurological exam    listen   (NOOR-oh-LAH-jih-kul eg-ZAM)
A series of questions and tests to check brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks a person’s mental status, coordination, ability to walk, and how well the muscles, sensory systems, and deep tendon reflexes work.

neurologist    listen   (noor-AH-loh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.

neuroma    listen   (noor-OH-muh)
A tumor that arises in nerve cells.

neuromuscular electrical stimulation    listen   (NOOR-oh-MUS-kyoo-ler ee-LEK-trih-kul STIM-yoo-LAY-shun)
A procedure in which small electric impulses are used to stimulate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps to increase muscle strength, blood circulation, and range of motion and to lessen muscle spasms. Also called NES, NMES, and therapeutic (subthreshold) electrical stimulation.

neuromyotonia    listen   (NOOR-oh-MY-oh-TOH-nee-uh)
A rare nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity that cannot be controlled, even during sleep. It often affects the muscles in the arms and legs, but may affect the whole body. Symptoms include muscle twitching, weakness, stiffness, and cramping; increased skin temperature, sweating, and heart rate; and problems with chewing, swallowing, speech, and breathing. The disorder often gets worse over time. Neuromyotonia usually occurs in people aged 15 to 60 years. It may occur with certain types of cancer and is sometimes inherited. Also called Isaac syndrome.

neuron    listen   (NOOR-on)
A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called nerve cell.

neuropathologist    listen   (NOOR-oh-puh-THAH-loh-jist)
A pathologist who specializes in diseases of the nervous system. A pathologist identifies disease by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.

neuropathy    listen   (noor-AH-puh-thee)
A nerve problem that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, or muscle weakness in different parts of the body. It usually begins in the hands or feet and gets worse over time. Neuropathy may be caused by physical injury, infection, toxic substances, disease (such as cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition), or drugs, including anticancer drugs. Also called peripheral neuropathy.

neuropeptide    listen   (NOOR-oh-PEP-tide)
A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones.

neuropsychology    listen   (NOOR-oh-sy-KAH-loh-jee)
The study of how the brain and central nervous system are related to behavior.

neuroradiologist    listen   (NOOR-oh-RAY-dee-AH-loh-jist)
A doctor trained in radiology who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of the nervous system. The pictures are produced using forms of radiation, such as x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy.

neurosurgeon    listen   (NOOR-oh-SER-jun)
A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system.

neurotoxicity    listen   (NOOR-oh-tok-SIH-sih-tee)
The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.

neurotoxin    listen   (NOOR-oh-TOK-sin)
A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue.

neurotransmitter    listen   (NOOR-oh-tranz-MIH-ter)
A chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to communicate with other cells, including other nerve cells and muscle cells.

neurotropism    listen   (NOOR-oh-TROH-pih-zum)
An ability to invade and live in neural tissue. This term is usually used to describe the ability of viruses to infect nerve tissue.

neutropenia    listen   (noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh)
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell).

neutrophil    listen   (NOO-troh-fil)
A type of immune cell that is one of the first cell types to travel to the site of an infection. Neutrophils help fight infection by ingesting microorganisms and releasing enzymes that kill the microorganisms. A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell, a type of granulocyte, and a type of phagocyte.

nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome    listen   (NEE-voyd BAY-sul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh SIN-drome)
A genetic condition that causes unusual facial features and disorders of the skin, bones, nervous system, eyes, and endocrine glands. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of basal cell carcinoma. Also called basal cell nevus syndrome and Gorlin syndrome.

nevus    listen   (NEE-vus)
A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes). A nevus is usually dark and may be raised from the skin. Also called mole.

Newcastle disease virus    listen   (NOO-ka-sul dih-ZEEZ VY-rus)
A bird virus that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may be used to kill cancer cells directly, or it may be given as a cancer vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system. Newcastle disease virus is a type of biological response modifier and vaccine therapy. Also called NDV.

Nexavar    listen   (NEK-suh-var)
A drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer and a type of liver cancer that cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nexavar stops cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called BAY 43-9006, sorafenib, and sorafenib tosylate.

Nexium    listen   (NEK-see-um)
A drug that blocks acid from being made in the stomach. It is used to treat acid reflux disease and to prevent certain types of gastrointestinal ulcers. Nexium is being studied in the prevention of esophageal cancer and in the treatment of other conditions, including side effects of chemotherapy. It is a type of anti-ulcer agent. Also called esomeprazole and esomeprazole magnesium.

NF1      
A rare genetic condition that causes brown spots and tumors on the skin, freckling in skin areas not exposed to the sun, tumors on the nerves, and developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bone, and skin. Also called neurofibromatosis type 1.

NF2      
A genetic condition in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear and cause loss of hearing and balance. Tumors may also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, and may cause loss of speech, eye movement, and the ability to swallow. Also called acoustic neurofibromatosis and neurofibromatosis type 2.

NFE2L2      
A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes help protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made during normal cell metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging. Also called Nrf2 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.

NG tube    listen   (…toob)
A tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach. It can be used to give drugs, liquids, and liquid food, or used to remove substances from the stomach. Giving food through an NG tube is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called gastric feeding tube and nasogastric tube.

NG-monomethyl-L-arginine    listen   (… MAH-noh-MEH-thul … AR-jih-neen)
An amino acid derivative used to counteract high blood pressure caused by interleukin-2.

NG-nitro-L-arginine    listen   (… NY-troh … AR-jih-neen)
A form of the amino acid arginine. An amino acid is a protein building block. NG-nitro-L-arginine is being studied in the treatment of cancer and other conditions. In cancer, it may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking certain proteins needed for tumor cells to grow and by blocking blood flow to the tumor. It is a type of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and an antiangiogenesis agent. Also called nitroarginine.

NGR-TNF      
A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by linking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to a peptide. The peptide binds to tumor blood vessels, and TNF damages them. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called tumor vasculature–targeted tumor necrosis factor alpha.

NHL      
Any of a large group of cancers of lymphocytes (white blood cells). NHLs can occur at any age and are often marked by lymph nodes that are larger than normal, fever, and weight loss. There are many different types of NHL. These types can be divided into aggressive (fast-growing) and indolent (slow-growing) types, and they can be formed from either B-cells or T-cells. B-cell NHLs include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. T-cell NHLs include mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphomas that occur after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are usually B-cell NHLs. Prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and type of disease. Also called non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

niacin    listen   (NY-uh-sin)
A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Niacin helps some enzymes work properly and helps skin, nerves, and the digestive tract stay healthy. Niacin is found in many plant and animal products. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough niacin can cause a disease called pellagra (a condition marked by skin, nerve, and digestive disorders). A form of niacin is being studied in the prevention of skin and other types of cancer. Niacin may help to lower blood cholesterol. Also called nicotinic acid and vitamin B3.

niacinamide    listen   (NY-uh-SIH-nuh-MIDE)
A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Niacinamide helps some enzymes make energy in the cell. It is found in many plant and animal products. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in daily. It is being studied to increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells. Also called nicotinamide.

nicotinamide    listen   (NIH-koh-TIH-nuh-MIDE)
A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinamide helps some enzymes make energy in the cell. It is found in many plant and animal products. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in daily. It is being studied to increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells. Also called niacinamide.

nicotine    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN)
An addictive, poisonous chemical found in tobacco. It can also be made in the laboratory. When it enters the body, nicotine causes an increased heart rate and use of oxygen by the heart, and a sense of well-being and relaxation. It is also used as an insecticide.

nicotine gum    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN…)
A chewing gum that contains a small dose of nicotine, which enters the blood by being absorbed through the lining of the mouth. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is not needed for nicotine gum.

nicotine inhaler    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN in-HAY-ler)
A device used to inhale (breathe in) small doses of nicotine through the mouth. The nicotine is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and goes into the blood. This helps stop nicotine cravings, and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is needed for nicotine inhalers.

nicotine lozenge    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN LAH-zinj)
A hard candy-like tablet that contains a small dose of nicotine. The nicotine is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and goes into the blood. This helps stop nicotine cravings, and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is not needed for nicotine lozenges.

nicotine nasal spray    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN NAY-zul…)
A nose spray that contains a small dose of nicotine, which enters the blood by being absorbed through the lining of the nose. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is needed for nicotine nasal spray.

nicotine patch    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN...)
A patch that sticks on the skin and contains a small dose of nicotine, which enters the blood by being absorbed through the skin. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is not needed for nicotine patches.

nicotine replacement therapy    listen   (NIH-kuh-TEEN reh-PLAYS-ment THAYR-uh-pee)
A type of treatment that uses special products to give small, steady doses of nicotine to help stop cravings and relieve symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. These products include nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine lozenges, and nicotine patch. They do not contain any of the other chemicals found in tobacco products.

nicotinic acid    listen   (NIH-kuh-TIH-nik A-sid)
A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinic acid helps some enzymes work properly and helps skin, nerves, and the digestive tract stay healthy. Nicotinic acid is found in many plant and animal products. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough nicotinic acid can cause a disease called pellagra (a condition marked by skin, nerve, and digestive disorders). A form of nicotinic acid is being studied in the prevention of skin and other types of cancer. Nicotinic acid may help to lower blood cholesterol. Also called niacin and vitamin B3.

NIH      
A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the NIH Web site at http://www.nih.gov. Also called National Institutes of Health.

nilotinib    listen   (ny-LOH-tih-nib)
A drug used to treat certain types of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is used in some newly diagnosed patients. It is also used in patients who have not gotten better after treatment with other anticancer drugs or who are not able to take imatinib mesylate. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nilotinib blocks a protein called BCR-ABL, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Tasigna.

nilutamide    listen   (ny-LOO-tuh-mide)
A drug that blocks the effects of male hormones in the body. It is a type of antiandrogen.

nimodipine    listen   (ny-MOH-dih-peen)
Belongs to a family of drugs called calcium channel blockers. It is being investigated for use with anticancer drugs to prevent or overcome drug resistance and improve response to chemotherapy.

nimotuzumab    listen   (ny-moh-TOO-zoo-mab)
A monoclonal antibody being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Nimotuzumab binds the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and blocks cancer cells that depend on epidermal growth factor for growth. Also called Theraloc.

nimustine    listen   (NY-mus-teen)
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of brain cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called nitrosoureas.

Nipent    listen   (NY-pent)
The active ingredient in a drug that is used to treat hairy cell leukemia and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nipent blocks a protein needed for cell growth and may kill cancer cells. It is made by a bacterium. It is a type of adenosine deaminase inhibitor. Also called pentostatin.

nipple    listen   (NIH-pul)
In anatomy, the small raised area in the center of the breast through which milk can flow to the outside.

nipple discharge    listen   (NIH-pul DIS-charj)
Fluid that is not milk coming from the nipple.

nitric acid    listen   (NY-trik A-sid)
A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals.

nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative    listen   (NY-trik OK-side-reh-LEE-sing A-seh-til-SA-lih-SIH-lik A-sid deh-RIH-vuh-tiv)
A substance being studied in the prevention of colorectal cancer. It is a form of aspirin that gives off nitric oxide gas and is less irritating to the lining of the stomach than plain aspirin. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Also called NCX 4016.

nitroarginine    listen   (NY-troh-AR-jih-neen)
A form of the amino acid arginine. An amino acid is a protein building block. Nitroarginine is being studied in the treatment of cancer and other conditions. In cancer, it may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking certain proteins needed for tumor cells to grow and by blocking blood flow to the tumor. It is a type of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and an antiangiogenesis agent. Also called NG-nitro-L-arginine.

nitrocamptothecin    listen   (NY-troh-KAMP-toh-THEH-kin)
An alkaloid drug belonging to a class of anticancer agents called topoisomerase inhibitors.

nitroglycerin    listen   (NY-troh-GLIH-seh-rin)
In medicine, a substance used as a drug to treat certain heart conditions and to widen the openings in blood vessels. Nitroglycerin is being studied as a way to help chemotherapy work better by making tumor cells more sensitive to the drugs. It is a type of vasodilator.

nitrosamine    listen   (ny-TROH-suh-meen)
A type of chemical found in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Nitrosamines are also found in many foods, including fish, beer, fried foods, and meats. Some nitrosamines cause cancer in laboratory animals and may increase the risk of certain types of cancer in humans.

nitrosourea    listen   (ny-TROH-soh-YOO-ree-uh)
An anticancer drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine and lomustine are nitrosoureas.

NK cell    listen   (… sel)
A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. An NK cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called natural killer cell and NK-LGL.

NK-LGL      
A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. An NK-LGL is a type of white blood cell. Also called natural killer cell and NK cell.

NK-LGL leukemia    listen   (... loo-KEE-mee-uh)
A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse. Also called natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia and NK-LGLL.

NK-LGLL      
A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse. Also called natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia and NK-LGL leukemia.

NLPHL      
A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer of the immune system. It is marked by the presence of a type of cell called a popcorn cell, which is different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cell found in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This type of Hodgkin lymphoma may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Also called nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

nM    listen  
The amount of a substance equal to a billionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called nanomole.

NMES      
A procedure in which small electric impulses are used to stimulate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps to increase muscle strength, blood circulation, and range of motion and to lessen muscle spasms. Also called NES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and therapeutic (subthreshold) electrical stimulation.

NMRI      
A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. NMRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or x-ray. NMRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, the spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

NMS      
A life-threatening condition that may be caused by certain drugs used to treat mental illness, nausea, or vomiting. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, confusion, and stiffness. Also called neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

node-negative    listen   (node-NEH-guh-tiv)
Cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes.

node-positive    listen   (... PAH-zih-tiv)
Cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes.

nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma    listen   (NAH-juh-ler LIM-foh-site preh-DAH-mih-nunt HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)
A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer of the immune system. It is marked by the presence of a type of cell called a popcorn cell, which is different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cell found in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This type of Hodgkin lymphoma may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Also called NLPHL.

nodular parenchyma    listen   (NAH-juh-ler puh-REN-kih-muh)
A small mass of tissue within a gland or organ that carries out the specialized functions of the gland or organ.

nodule    listen   (NAH-jool)
A growth or lump that may be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancer).

nolatrexed    listen   (NOH-luh-TREK-sed)
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called AG337 and Thymitaq.

nomogram    listen   (NAH-moh-gram)
A mathematical device or model that shows relationships between things. For example, a nomogram of height and weight measurements can be used to find the surface area of a person, without doing the math, to determine the right dose of chemotherapy. Nomograms of patient and disease characteristics can help predict the outcome of some kinds of cancer.

non-Hodgkin lymphoma    listen   (non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)
Any of a large group of cancers of lymphocytes (white blood cells). Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur at any age and are often marked by lymph nodes that are larger than normal, fever, and weight loss. There are many different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These types can be divided into aggressive (fast-growing) and indolent (slow-growing) types, and they can be formed from either B-cells or T-cells. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas include mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphomas that occur after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are usually B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and type of disease. Also called NHL.

non-small cell lung cancer    listen   (... sel lung KAN-ser)
A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer.

nonblinded    listen   (non-BLINE-ded)
Describes a clinical trial or other experiment in which the researchers know what treatments are being given to each study subject or experimental group. If human subjects are involved, they know what treatments they are receiving.

nonconsecutive case series    listen   (non-kun-SEH-kyoo-tiv kays SEER-eez)
A clinical study that includes some, but not all, of the eligible patients identified by the researchers during the study registration period. This type of study does not usually have a control group.

noncontiguous lymphoma    listen   (non-kun-TIG-yoo-us lim-FOH-muh)
Lymphoma in which the lymph nodes containing cancer are not next to each other, but are on the same side of the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen).

nonfunctioning tumor    listen   (non-FUNK-shuh-ning TOO-mer)
A tumor that is found in endocrine tissue but does not make extra hormones. Nonfunctioning tumors usually do not cause symptoms until they grow large or spread to other parts of the body. Also called endocrine-inactive tumor.

nonhematologic cancer    listen   (non-HEE-muh-tuh-LAH-jik KAN-ser)
Cancer that does not begin in the blood or bone marrow.

noni    listen   (NOH-nee)
Morinda citrifolia. A tropical shrub. An extract from the fruit is being studied as a treatment for cancer, and extracts from the fruit, leaves, or roots have been used in some cultures to treat other diseases. Also called Morinda citrifolia.

noninvasive    listen   (NON-in-VAY-siv)
In medicine, it describes a procedure that does not require inserting an instrument through the skin or into a body opening. In cancer, it describes disease that has not spread outside the tissue in which it began.

nonlytic    listen   (non-LIH-tik)
In biology, refers to viruses that do not kill infected cells by disrupting their plasma membranes.

nonmalignant    listen   (non-muh-LIG-nunt)
Not cancerous. Nonmalignant tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called benign.

nonmalignant hematologic disorder    listen   (non-muh-LIG-nunt HEE-muh-tuh-LAH-jik dis-OR-der)
A disorder of the blood. Some nonmalignant hematologic disorders may lead to leukemia.

nonmelanoma carcinoma in situ    listen   (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)
Abnormal cells are found in the squamous cell or basal cell layer of the epidermis (topmost layer of the skin). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ.

nonmelanoma skin cancer    listen   (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser)
Skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) or in squamous cells, but not in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment).

nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid    listen   (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too ... I-lid)
Abnormal cells are found in the epidermis (topmost layer of the skin). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid.

nonmelanomatous    listen   (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh-tus)
Having to do with skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) or in squamous cells, but not in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment).

nonmetastatic    listen   (non-meh-tuh-STA-tik)
Cancer that has not spread from the primary site (place where it started) to other places in the body.

nonopioid    listen   (non-OH-pee-OYD)
A drug that is not an opioid. Examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.

nonprescription    listen   (NON-preh-SKRIP-shun)
A medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's order). Examples include analgesics (pain relievers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. Also called OTC and over-the-counter.

nonrandomized clinical trial    listen   (non-RAN-duh-mized KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul)
A clinical trial in which the participants are not assigned by chance to different treatment groups. Participants may choose which group they want to be in, or they may be assigned to the groups by the researchers.

nonseminoma    listen   (NON-seh-mih-NOH-muh)
A type of cancer that begins in cells that form sperm or eggs. There are several types of nonseminoma tumors, including embryonal carcinoma, malignant teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor. These tumors are usually made up of more than one type of cancer cell. Although nonseminomas occur most often in the testicles or ovaries, they can occur in other tissues, such as the brain, chest, or abdomen. This happens when cells that have the ability to form sperm or eggs are found in other parts of the body.

nonspecific immune cell    listen   (non-speh-SIH-fik ih-MYOON sel)
A cell (such as a phagocyte or a macrophage) that responds to many antigens, not just one antigen.

nonspecific immunomodulating agent    listen   (non-speh-SIH-fik IH-myoo-noh-MOD-yoo-lay-ting AY-jent)
A substance that stimulates the immune system in a general way, and boosts the body’s ability to fight cancer, infection, or other diseases. Unlike other substances, such as viruses and bacteria, these substances affect many different types of antibodies and cytokines.

nonstarchy vegetable    listen   (non-STAR-chee VEJ-tuh-bul)
A member of the family of vegetables that does not contain starch (sugar molecules joined chemically). Nonstarchy vegetables are usually lower in sugar and higher in fiber than starchy vegetables. Examples are broccoli, carrots, celery, peppers, tomatoes, and zucchini.

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug    listen   (NON-steh-ROY-dul AN-tee-in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee ...)
A drug that decreases fever, swelling, pain, and redness. Also called NSAID.

nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor    listen   (NON-steh-ROY-dul uh-ROH-muh-tays in-HIH-bih-ter)
A drug that decreases the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and slows the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow.

nontoxic    listen   (non-TOK-sik)
Not harmful or destructive.

Noonan syndrome    listen   (NOO-nun SIN-drome)
A genetic disorder marked by unusual facial features, being shorter than normal, learning problems, heart defects, problems with blood clotting, defects in the skeleton, and fertility problems in males.

noradrenaline    listen   (NOR-uh-dreh-nuh-lin)
A chemical made by some nerve cells and in the adrenal gland. It can act as both a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone (a chemical that travels in the blood and controls the actions of other cells or organs). Noradrenaline is released from the adrenal gland in response to stress and low blood pressure. Also called norepinephrine.

nordihydroguaiaretic acid       (NOR-dy-HY-droh-GWY-uh-reh-tik A-sid)
A drug put on the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid that is taken by mouth is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is an antioxidant, and it may block certain enzymes needed for tumor growth. Also called Actinex, masoprocol, and NDGA.

norepinephrine    listen   (NOR-eh-pih-NEH-frin)
A chemical made by some nerve cells and in the adrenal gland. It can act as both a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone (a chemical that travels in the blood and controls the actions of other cells or organs). Norepinephrine is released from the adrenal gland in response to stress and low blood pressure. Also called noradrenaline.

normal range    listen   (NOR-mul raynj)
In medicine, a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient’s test results. The normal range for a given test is based on the results that are seen in 95% of the healthy population. Sometimes patients whose test results are outside of the normal range may be healthy, and some patients whose test results are within the normal range may have a health problem. The normal range for a test may be different for different groups of people (for example, men and women). Also called reference interval, reference range, and reference values.

Norvir    listen   (NOR-veer)
A drug used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Norvir blocks the ability of HIV to make copies of itself and may block the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of anti-HIV agent and a type of protease inhibitor. Also called ritonavir.

notary public    listen   (NOH-tuh-ree PUH-blik)
A person who has a license that gives them the legal power to witness the signing of documents, to certify that documents are real, and to take statements made under oath.

Novantrone    listen   (noh-VAN-trone)
A drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer that does not respond to hormones, adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and advanced or chronic multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. Also called mitoxantrone.

novobiocin    listen   (NOH-voh-BY-oh-sin)
An antibiotic drug used to treat infection.

NP      
A registered nurse who has additional education and training in how to diagnose and treat disease. NPs are licensed at the state level and certified by national nursing organizations. In cancer care, an NP may manage the primary care of patients and their families, based on a practice agreement with a doctor. Also called advanced practice nurse, APN, and nurse practitioner.

Nplate    listen   (EN-playt)
A drug used to treat patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who do not get better with other forms of treatment. In ITP, platelets (cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. Nplate is being studied as a way to treat low platelet counts caused by chemotherapy. It binds to the thrombopoietin receptor and causes the bone marrow to make more platelets. Nplate is also being studied in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (a group of diseases in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells). It is a type of thrombopoietin agonist. Also called AMG 531 and romiplostim.

NPO      
A Latin abbreviation for “nothing by mouth.”

NR-LU-10 antigen    listen   (... AN-tih-jen)
A protein found on the surface of some cancers.

Nrf2      
A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes help protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made during normal cell metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging. Also called NFE2L2 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.

NSAID    listen  
A drug that decreases fever, swelling, pain, and redness. Also called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

NSC 655649      
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors. Also called rebeccamycin analog.

NTX-010      
A virus being studied in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer. Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. The virus infects and breaks down these tumor cells but not normal cells. It is a type of oncolytic virus. Also called Seneca Valley virus-001 and SVV-001.

nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2    listen   (NOO-klee-er FAK-ter eh-RITH-royd-deh-RIVED …)
A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes help protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made during normal cell metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging. Also called NFE2L2 and Nrf2.

nuclear grade    listen   (NOO-klee-er grayd)
An evaluation of the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are in the process of dividing or growing. Cancers with low nuclear grade grow and spread less quickly than cancers with high nuclear grade.

nuclear magnetic resonance imaging    listen   (NOO-klee-er mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing)
A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or x-ray. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is especially useful for imaging the brain, the spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and NMRI.

nuclear medicine    listen   (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin)
A branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body and to treat disease. In cancer, the radioactive substance may be used with a special machine (such as a PET scanner) to find the cancer, to see how far it has spread, or to see how well a treatment is working. Radioactive substances may also be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as thyroid cancer and lymphoma.

nuclear medicine scan    listen   (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin skan)
A method that uses radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body. The radioactive substance is injected into the body, and locates and binds to specific cells or tissues, including cancer cells. Images are made using a special machine that detects the radioactive substance. Also called radioimaging.

nucleotide    listen   (NOO-klee-oh-tide)
A building block for nucleic acids (the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information). Nucleotides are attached end-to-end to form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

nucleus    listen   (NOO-klee-us)
In biology, the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes. The nucleus has a membrane around it, and is where RNA is made from the DNA in the chromosomes.

Nucynta    listen   (noo-SIN-tuh)
A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors and other molecules in the central nervous system. Nucynta is a type of opioid and a type of analgesic agent. Also called tapentadol hydrochloride.

Numorphan    listen   (noo-MOR-fan)
A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is also used as a sedative before surgery, to help with anesthesia during surgery, during labor, and to treat anxiety caused by some medical conditions. It is made from morphine and binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Numorphan is a type of opioid and a type of analgesic agent. Also called Opana and oxymorphone hydrochloride.

nurse    listen   (nurs)
A health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled.

nurse case manager    listen   (... MA-nih-jer)
A registered nurse who has special training in how to plan, manage, and evaluate all aspects of patient care, especially for patients who get treatment over a long time. Also called case management nurse.

nurse practitioner    listen   (… prak-TIH-shuh-ner)
A registered nurse who has additional education and training in how to diagnose and treat disease. Nurse practitioners are licensed at the state level and certified by national nursing organizations. In cancer care, a nurse practitioner may manage the primary care of patients and their families, based on a practice agreement with a doctor. Also called advanced practice nurse, APN, and NP.

nursing home    listen   (NUR-sing home)
A place that gives care to people who have physical or mental disabilities and need help with activities of daily living (such as taking a bath, getting dressed, and going to the bathroom) but do not need to be in the hospital.

nutraceutical    listen   (noo-truh-SOO-tih-kul)
A food or dietary supplement that is believed to provide health benefits.

nutrient    listen   (NOO-tree-ent)
A chemical compound (such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, or mineral) contained in foods. These compounds are used by the body to function and grow.

nutrition    listen   (noo-TRIH-shun)
The taking in and use of food and other nourishing material by the body. Nutrition is a 3-part process. First, food or drink is consumed. Second, the body breaks down the food or drink into nutrients. Third, the nutrients travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are used as "fuel" and for many other purposes. To give the body proper nutrition, a person has to eat and drink enough of the foods that contain key nutrients.

nutrition therapy    listen   (noo-TRIH-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment based on nutrition. It includes checking a person’s nutrition status, and giving the right foods or nutrients to treat conditions such as those caused by diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. It may involve simple changes in a person’s diet, or intravenous or tube feeding. Nutrition therapy may help patients recover more quickly and spend less time in the hospital. Also called medical nutrition therapy.

nutritional counseling    listen   (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul KOWN-suh-ling)
A process by which a health professional with special training in nutrition helps people make healthy food choices and form healthy eating habits. In cancer treatment, the goal of nutritional counseling is to help patients stay healthy during and after treatment and to stay strong enough to fight infections and the recurrence of disease. Also called dietary counseling.

nutritional status    listen   (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul STA-tus)
The state of a person’s health in terms of the nutrients in his or her diet.

nutritional supplement    listen   (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul SUH-pleh-ment)
A product that is added to the diet. A nutritional supplement is taken by mouth, and usually contains one or more dietary ingredient (such as vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, and enzyme). Also called dietary supplement.

nutritionist    listen   (noo-TRIH-shuh-nist)
A health professional with special training in nutrition who can help with dietary choices. Also called dietitian.

Nuvigil    listen   (NOO-vih-jil)
A drug that is used to treat certain sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy. It makes patients feel more alert and awake. It is also being studied in the treatment of insomnia and fatigue in patients treated for cancer. Nuvigil acts in a part of the brain that controls sleep and wakefulness. It is a type of wakefulness-promoting agent. Also called armodafinil.

nystatin    listen   (ny-STA-tin)
The active ingredient in a drug used to treat infections caused by fungi (a type of microorganism). Nystatin is made by certain strains of bacteria and kills fungi by binding to their membranes. It is a type of antifungal agent.

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