Guideline Title
(1) ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). (2) 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline). A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.
Bibliographic Source(s)
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM Jr, White CJ, White J, White RA. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report [trunc]. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology Foundation; 2005. 192 p. [1308 references] |
Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, Sidawy AN, Beckman JA, Findeiss LK, Golzarian J, Gornik HL, Halperin JL, Jaff MR, Moneta GL, Olin JW, Stanley JC, White CJ, White JV, Zierler RE, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Surgery. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force [trunc]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 Nov 1;58(19):2020-45. [66 references] PubMed |
Guideline Status
This is the current release of the guideline.
UMLS Concepts ( what's this?)
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ICD9CM:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm without mention of rupture (441.4); Acute vascular insufficiency of intestine (557.0); Aneurysm of iliac artery (442.2); Atherosclerosis of native arteries of the extremities with intermittent claudication (440.21); Atherosclerosis of renal artery (440.1); Behavior therapy (94.33); Other repair of aneurysm (39.52); Peripheral vascular disease, unspecified (443.9)
MSH:
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aneurysm, False; Angiography; Angioplasty, Balloon; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Ankle Brachial Index; Antihypertensive Agents; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Arginine; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Atherectomy; Behavior Therapy; Benzazepines; Bupropion; Calcium Channel Blockers; Chelation Therapy; Contrast Media; Diagnostic Imaging; Endovascular Procedures; Exercise; Exercise Test; Fibric Acids; Fibrinolytic Agents; Folic Acid; Ginkgo biloba; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Iliac Aneurysm; Intermittent Claudication; Ischemia; Laparotomy; Laser Therapy; Lasers; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Medical History Taking; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion; Pentoxifylline; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Prostaglandins; Quinoxalines; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures; Renal Artery Obstruction; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction Behavior; Skin Care; Smoking Cessation; Stents; Tetrazoles; Thrombectomy; Thrombin; Thrombolytic Therapy; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Vascular Surgical Procedures; Vasodilator Agents; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E
MTH:
Acute vascular insufficiency of intestine (disorder); Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Angiogenesis growth factor; angiogram; Angioplasty, Balloon; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive Agents; Antilipemic agent; Aortic aneurysm repair; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Arginine; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Atherectomy; Atherosclerosis of renal artery; Bupropion; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cessation of smoking; Claudication (finding); Contrast Media; Diagnostic Imaging; Exercise; Exercise stress test; False aneurysm of artery; Fibrinolytic Agents; Folic Acid; Ginkgo biloba; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Intermittent Claudication; Ischemia; Laparotomy; Laser Therapy; Lasers; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Pentoxifylline; Peripheral Arterial Diseases; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Prostaglandins; Pseudoaneurysm; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures; Renal Artery Obstruction; Risk Reduction; Skin Care; Stent, device; Thrombin; Treadmill, device; Ultrasonography; Vascular Surgical Procedures; Vasospasm; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; X-Ray Computed Tomography
PDQ:
angiography; computed tomography; cyanocobalamin; diagnostic imaging; folic acid; laser therapy; pentoxifylline; thrombolytic therapy; ultrasonography; vitamin E
SNOMEDCT:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (233985008); Abdominal aortic aneurysm without rupture (75878002); Abdominal aortogram (168941001); Acute vascular insufficiency of intestine (91489000); Aneurysm of iliac artery (13290008); Aneurysm of visceral artery (35239001); Angiogenesis growth factor (18509003); Angiography (77343006); Angioplasty balloon catheter (44959004); Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor agent (372733002); Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor agent (41549009); Ankle brachial pressure index (446841001); Antilipemic agent (373267003); Antilipemic agent (57952007); Aortic aneurysm repair (233370007); Arginine (52625008); Arteriography (129118002); Atherectomy (6832004); Atherosclerosis of renal artery (45281005); Behavioral therapy (166001); Benzazepine (413639003); beta-Blocking agent (33252009); beta-Blocking agent (373254001); Bupropion (387564004); Bupropion (96199001); Calcium channel blocker (373304005); Calcium channel blocker (48698004); Cilostazol (116087001); Cilostazol (395239000); Claudication (275520000); Computerized axial tomography (77477000); Contrast media (385420005); Contrast media (407935004); Critical lower limb ischemia (233962007); CT angiography (418272005); Diabetic foot examination (401191002); Examination of foot (284384005); Exercise (183301007); Exercise (256235009); Exercise (61686008); Exercise tolerance test (165079009); False aneurysm of artery (58780002); Folic acid (6247001); Folic acid (63718003); Ginkgo biloba (7182001); HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (372912004); HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (96302009); Hypoglycemic agent (312064005); Hypoglycemic agent (373299009); Hypotensive agent (1182007); Hypotensive agent (372586001); Imaging (363679005); Insertion of renal artery stent (414512008); Intermittent claudication (63491006); Ischemia (52674009); Laparotomy (86481000); Laparotomy and incision of small intestine (445971001); Laser device (122456005); Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of vessels (241663008); Nicotine replacement therapy (313396002); Pentoxifylline (387522004); Pentoxifylline (91376007); Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (68457009); Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty with insertion of stent into renal artery (427862004); Peripheral ischemia (233958001); Peripheral vascular disease (400047006); Prostaglandin (26351002); Prostaglandin (350067007); Pseudoaneurysm (22036004); Pseudoaneurysm (443089001); Pulse volume (248642002); Pulse volume recorder plethysmography (252460005); Reconstruction procedure (122465003); Reconstruction procedure (129377008); Removal of thrombus (43810009); Repair of aneurysm (75087007); Risk assessment (225338004); Segmental pressure (blood pressure) (251079001); Skin care (225360001); Skin cleansing procedure (225133004); Stent (65818007); Thrombin (36176003); Thrombin (415715002); Thrombolytic (303960004); Thrombolytic (372742009); Thrombolytic therapy (426347000); Treadmill (1211003); Ultrasonography (16310003); Ultrasonography (359659005); Varenicline (420507002); Varenicline (421772003); Vascular stent (360042007); Vascular surgery (30904006); Vascular surgery (408463005); Vasodilating agent (372787008); Vasodilating agent (58944007); Vasospasm (71772004); Vitamin B>12< preparation (30010009); Vitamin B>12< preparation (419382002); Vitamin B>12< preparation (81064004); Vitamin E (37237003); Vitamin E (63822004)
SPN:
CATHETERS, TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY, PERCUTANEOUS & OPERATIVE; PHLEBOGRAPH, IMPEDANCE; PLETHYSMOGRAPH, VOLUME; SYRINGE, BALLOON INFLATION; SYSTEM, IMAGING, PULSED DOPPLER, ULTRASONIC
UMD:
Angiography Kits (16-545); Angioplasty Systems, Atherectomy (17-559); Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Balloon (17-184); Catheters, Vascular, Angioplasty, Thermal (18-647); Contrast Media (16-573); Exercisers, Aerobic, Treadmill (14-141); Inflators, Angioplasty Balloon (17-541); Lasers (12-296); Plethysmographs, Segmental (18-336); Plethysmographs, Segmental, Lower Limb (18-338); Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic (14-278); Scanning Systems, Ultrasonic, Vascular (15-957); Stents (15-784); Stents, Vascular (17-461)
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FDA Warning/Regulatory Alert
Note from the National Guideline Clearinghouse: This guideline references a drug(s) for which important revised regulatory and/or warning information has been released.
- March 1, 2012 – Statins and HIV or Hepatitis C drugs : The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notified healthcare professionals of updates to the prescribing information concerning interactions between protease inhibitors and certain statin drugs. Protease inhibitors and statins taken together may raise the blood levels of statins and increase the risk for muscle injury (myopathy). The most serious form of myopathy, called rhabdomyolysis, can damage the kidneys and lead to kidney failure, which can be fatal.
- February 28, 2012 – Statin drugs : The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved important safety label changes for the class of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins. The changes include removal of routine monitoring of liver enzymes from drug labels. Information about the potential for generally non-serious and reversible cognitive side effects and reports of increased blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels has been added to the statin labels. The lovastatin label has been extensively updated with new contraindications and dose limitations when it is taken with certain medicines that can increase the risk for muscle injury.
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Disease/Condition(s)
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) including:
- Lower extremity PAD
- Renal arterial disease
- Mesenteric arterial disease
- Disorders of the abdominal aorta
Guideline Category
Diagnosis
Evaluation
Management
Prevention
Risk Assessment
Treatment
Clinical Specialty
Cardiology
Critical Care
Emergency Medicine
Family Practice
Geriatrics
Internal Medicine
Nephrology
Nursing
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Podiatry
Preventive Medicine
Radiology
Surgery
Intended Users
Advanced Practice Nurses
Health Care Providers
Health Plans
Hospitals
Managed Care Organizations
Nurses
Physical Therapists
Physician Assistants
Physicians
Public Health Departments
Guideline Objective(s)
2005 Guideline
To assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making and care delivery by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), specifically
- To aid in the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of lower extremity PAD, addressing its high prevalence, impact on quality of life, cardiovascular ischemic risk, and risk of critical limb ischemia (CLI) and amputation
- To aid in the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of renal and mesenteric arterial diseases
- To improve the detection and treatment of abdominal and branch artery aneurysms
2011 Focused Update
To update the 2005 recommendations for lower extremity and abdominal aortic disease based on new data
Target Population
- Adults with peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
- Adults at risk of PAD
Interventions and Practices Considered
Lower Extremity PAD
Diagnosis/Evaluation
- Medical history and review of symptoms (ROS)
- Diagnostic methods
- Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and toe-brachial index
- Segmental pressure examination
- Pulse volume recoding
- Continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound
- Duplex ultrasound
- Treadmill exercise testing with and without ABI assessments and 6-minute walk test
- Computed tomographic angiography (CTA)
- Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
- Contrast angiography
Management/Treatment/Prevention
- Cardiovascular risk reduction
- Lipid-lowering drugs (statins, fibric acid derivatives)
- Antihypertensive drugs (beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors)
- Diabetes management (foot inspection, skin cleansing, glucose control)
- Smoking cessation (behavioral therapy, nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, varenicline)
- Antiplatelet and antithrombotic drugs
- Note: The following drugs were considered but not recommended: homocysteine-lowering drugs, such as folic acid, vitamin B12
- Treatment of claudication
- Supervised exercise programs
- Pharmacological treatment (cilostazol, pentoxifylline)
- Note: The following agents were considered but not recommended: L-arginine, propionyl-L-carnitine, ginkgo biloba, oral prostaglandins, vitamin E, chelation
- Endovascular treatment (e.g., stenting, lasers, atherectomy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA], thermal angioplasty)
- Surgery (inflow and outflow procedures)
- Treatment for limb salvage (critical limb ischemia [CLI])
- Parenteral prostaglandins (limited efficacy)
- Angiogenic growth factors (considered but not recommended outside of clinical trials)
- Endovascular treatment
- Thrombolysis
- Balloon angioplasty
- Surgery
- Prevention: vascular ROS and prompt use of the ABI test, comprehensive pulse examination, feet inspection, and review of family history of abdominal aortic aneurysm for patients at risk for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease
Renal Arterial Disease
Diagnostic Studies
- Noninvasive imaging (e.g., duplex ultrasound, MRA, CTA)
- Invasive imaging (e.g., abdominal aortography)
Treatment
- Medical treatment (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium-channel blockers, beta-blockers)
- Percutaneous revascularization via renal artery stent placement and balloon angioplasty
- Vascular surgical reconstruction
Mesenteric Arterial Disease
- Management of acute obstructive intestinal ischemia:
- Surgical treatment including revascularization, resection of necrotic bowel, and "second look" operation if appropriate
- Endovascular treatment including transcatheter lytic therapy, balloon angioplasty, and stenting
- Management of nonocclusive intestinal ischemia:
- Arteriography
- Treatment of the underlying shock state
- Laparotomy and resection of nonviable bowel
- Transcatheter administration of vasodilator medications into the area of vasospasm
- Management of chronic intestinal ischemia
- Duplex ultrasound, CTA, MRA, and lateral aortography if needed
- Percutaneous endovascular treatment
- Revascularization for patients undergoing aortic/renal artery surgery for other indications
Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta, Its Branch Vessels, and the Lower Extremities
- Management of abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms
- Assessment and management of atherosclerotic risk factors
- Screening high-risk population
- Open aortic aneurysm repair
- Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair
- Prevention of aortic aneurysm rupture
- Management of visceral artery aneurysms
- Open repair
- Catheter-based interventions
- Management of lower extremity aneurysms
- Ultrasound, CT, or MR examination
- Surgical repair
- Catheter-directed thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy or both
- Antiplatelet medication
- Management of catheter-related femoral artery pseudoaneurysms
- Duplex ultrasonography
- Initial treatment with ultrasound-guided compression or thrombin injection
- Surgical repair if appropriate
- Ultrasound re-evaluation
Major Outcomes Considered
- Utility of diagnostic procedures
- Rates of detection of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in target populations
- Objective and subjective improvement in claudication symptoms
- Cardiovascular ischemic event rates and cardiovascular mortality
- Operative mortality during vascular surgical procedures
- Primary patency and limb salvage rates after endovascular procedure for peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities
- Procedural success rates (cure, improvement, benefit)
- Four-year survival rates in individuals with renal artery stenosis (RAS)
- Rates of detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in target populations
- Risk factors associated with progression of RAS
- Survival rates in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms
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Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence
Hand-searches of Published Literature (Primary Sources)
Hand-searches of Published Literature (Secondary Sources)
Searches of Electronic Databases
Description of Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence
2005 Guideline
The Committee to Develop Guidelines for Peripheral Arterial Disease conducted comprehensive searching of the scientific and medical literature relevant to peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Literature searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and a clinical trials database. Searches were limited to publications in English and human subjects. The committee reviewed all compiled reports from computerized searches and conducted additional searching by hand. Committee members also recommended applicable articles outside the scope of formal searches.
In addition to broad-based searching on PAD, specific targeted searches were performed on the following subtopics: amputation, aneurysm, ankle-brachial index, antihypertensive drugs, antiplatelet and antithrombotic drugs, arteriography, beta blockade, "blue-toe" syndrome, calcification, catheter-based intervention, chronic limb ischemia, claudication, compression, computed tomography, coprevalance of cardiovascular/carotid disease, diabetes, diagnosis, endovascular treatment, etiology, exercise/rehabilitation, femoral pseudoaneurysms, follow-up, homocysteine lowering, imaging, location and prevalence, lower extremity pulse exam, magnetic resonance angiography, management of ischemia, measurement, medical/pharmacological management, mesenteric, natural history, pathology, pregnancy risk, preoperative assessment/evaluation, prevalence, renal function, smoking cessation, statins, stent, surgical intervention, thrombolysis, ultrasound, vascular surgery. The list of subtopics is not exhaustive.
2011 Focused Update
These updated guideline recommendations reflect a consensus of expert opinion after a thorough review primarily of late-breaking clinical trials identified through a broad-based vetting process as being important to the relevant patient population, as well as other new data deemed to have an impact on patient care. This focused update is not intended to represent an update based on a complete literature review from the date of the previous guideline publication. Specific criteria/considerations for inclusion of new data include the following:
- Publication in a peer-reviewed journal
- Large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial(s)
- Nonrandomized data deemed important on the basis of results affecting current safety and efficacy assumptions, including observational studies and meta-analyses
- Strength/weakness of research methodology and findings
- Likelihood of additional studies influencing current finding
- Impact on current and/or likelihood of need to develop new performance measure(s)
- Request(s) and requirement(s) for review and update from the practice community, key stakeholders, and other sources free of relationships with industry or other potential bias
- Number of previous trials showing consistent results; and
- Need for consistency with a new guideline or guideline updates or revisions.
The results of late-breaking clinical trials presented at the annual scientific meetings of the ACC, AHA, European Society of Cardiology, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology, and Society for Vascular Medicine, as well as selected other data/articles published through December 2010, were reviewed by the 2005 guideline writing committee along with the Task Force and other experts to identify those trials and other key data that may impact guideline recommendations. On the basis of the criteria/considerations noted above, recent trial data and other clinical information were considered important enough to prompt a focused update of the "ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic)." Because clinical research and clinical care of vascular disease have a global investigative and international clinical care tradition, efforts were made to harmonize this update with the Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus document on Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) and the Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II) Steering Committee guideline writing efforts.
To provide clinicians with a comprehensive set of data, whenever deemed appropriate or when published, the absolute risk difference and number needed to treat or harm are provided in the guideline, along with confidence intervals (CIs) and data related to the relative treatment effects, such as odds ratio, relative risk, hazard ratio (HR), or incidence rate ratio.
Number of Source Documents
2005 Guideline
More than 1300 references were used as the major evidence base in the final Guideline, with many times this number of references reviewed by the Committee.
2011 Focused Update
Not stated
Methods Used to Assess the Quality and Strength of the Evidence
Weighting According to a Rating Scheme (Scheme Given)
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence
2005 Guideline
Levels of Evidence
Level of Evidence A: Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses
Level of Evidence B: Data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
Level of Evidence C: Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard-of-care
2011 Focused Update
Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence
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SIZE OF TREATMENT EFFECT |
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CLASS I
Benefit >>> Risk
Procedure/Treatment SHOULD be performed/ administered |
CLASS IIa
Benefit >> Risk
Additional studies with focused objectives needed
IT IS REASONABLE to perform procedure/administer treatment |
CLASS IIb
Benefit ≥ Risk
Additional studies with broad objectives needed; additional registry data would be helpful
Procedure/Treatment
MAY BE CONSIDERED |
CLASS III No Benefit
or CLASS III Harm |
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Procedure/Test |
Treatment |
COR III: No benefit |
Not Helpful |
No Proven Benefit |
COR III: Harm |
Excess Cost w/o Benefit or Harmful |
Harmful to Patients |
Estimate of Certainty (Precision) of Treatment Effect |
LEVEL A
Multiple populations evaluated*
Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses |
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
- Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
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- Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
- Some conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
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- Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established
- Greater conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
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- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful
- Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
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LEVEL B
Limited populations evaluated*
Data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies |
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
- Limited evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
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- Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
- Some conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
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- Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established
- Greater conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
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- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful
- Evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
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LEVEL C
Very limited populations evaluated*
Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard of care |
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
- Only expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
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- Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
- Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
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- Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established
- Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
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- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful
- Only expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
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NOTE: A recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Although randomized trials are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective. (See Table 1 in the original guideline document for a list of suggested phrases for writing recommendations.)
*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as gender, age, history of diabetes, history of prior myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use.
Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence
Review of Published Meta-Analyses
Systematic Review with Evidence Tables
Description of the Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence
2005 Guideline
Not stated
2011 Focused Update
In analyzing the data and developing recommendations and supporting text, the writing group uses evidence-based methodologies developed by the Task Force. The Class of Recommendation (COR) is an estimate of the size of the treatment effect considering risks versus benefits in addition to evidence and/or agreement that a given treatment or procedure is or is not useful/effective or in some situations may cause harm. The Level of Evidence (LOE) is an estimate of the certainty or precision of the treatment effect. The writing group reviews and ranks evidence supporting each recommendation with the weight of evidence ranked as LOE A, B, or C according to specific definitions that are included in the "Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence" field. Studies are identified as observational, retrospective, prospective, or randomized where appropriate. For certain conditions for which inadequate data are available, recommendations are based on expert consensus and clinical experience and are ranked as LOE C. When recommendations at LOE C are supported by historical clinical data, appropriate references (including clinical reviews) are cited if available. For issues for which sparse data are available, a survey of current practice among the clinicians on the writing group is the basis for LOE C recommendations, and no references are cited. The schema for COR and LOE is summarized in the "Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence" field. Table 1 in the original guideline document provides suggested phrases for writing recommendations within each COR. A new addition to this methodology is a separation of the Class III recommendations to delineate whether the recommendation is determined to be of "no benefit" or is associated with "harm" to the patient. In addition, in view of the increasing number of comparative effectiveness studies, comparator verbs and suggested phrases for writing recommendations for the comparative effectiveness of one treatment or strategy versus another have been added for COR I and IIa, LOE A or B only.
Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations
Expert Consensus
Description of Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations
2005 Guideline
Experts in the subject under consideration are selected from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) and charged with examining subject-specific data and writing or updating these guidelines. The process includes additional representatives from other medical practitioner and specialty groups where appropriate. Writing groups are specifically charged to perform a formal literature review, weigh the strength of evidence for or against a particular treatment or procedure, and include estimates of expected health outcomes where data exist. Patient-specific modifiers, comorbidities, and issues of patient preference that might influence the choice of particular tests or therapies are considered, as well as frequency of follow-up and cost-effectiveness. When available, information from studies on cost will be considered; however, review of data on efficacy and clinical outcomes will be the primary basis for preparing recommendations in these guidelines.
This guideline was developed by a writing committee whose members had expertise in vascular medicine and cardiovascular medicine, vascular surgery, vascular and interventional radiology, and hypertension and renal disease, with committee membership derived from the ACC, the AHA, the Society for Vascular Surgery, the Society of Interventional Radiology, the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, the ACC Board of Governors, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines.
This writing committee recognizes the prodigious effort and international contribution of the "Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease" document developed by the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) Working Group (http://www.tasc-2-pad.org/ ). The TASC is an internationally derived, collaboratively created consensus that provides an evidence-based, detailed review of the diagnosis and treatment of intermittent claudication, acute limb ischemia, and critical limb ischemia (CLI). The efforts of TASC have defined the standard of excellence in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. At this writing, the TASC Working Group is in the process of updating its 2000 document. Readers are encouraged to consult, in addition to this guideline, the revised TASC document when it becomes available.
The ACC/AHA Writing Committee was charged with building on the work of TASC to create a guideline for a broader audience to include primary care clinicians as well as vascular specialists.
2011 Focused Update
In an effort to respond promptly to new evidence, the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Task Force) has created a "focused update" process to revise the existing guideline recommendations that are affected by the evolving data or opinion. New evidence is reviewed in an ongoing fashion to more efficiently respond to important science and treatment trends that could have a major impact on patient outcomes and quality of care. Evidence is reviewed at least twice a year, and updates are initiated on an as-needed basis and completed as quickly as possible while maintaining the rigorous methodology that the ACCF and AHA have developed during their partnership of >20 years.
For this focused update, all eligible members of the 2005 writing committee were invited to participate; those who agreed (referred to as the 2011 focused update writing group) were required to disclose all relationships with industry (RWI) relevant to the data under consideration. In addition, new members were invited in order to preserve the required RWI balance. The writing group included representatives from the ACCF, AHA, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery.
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations
2005 Guideline
Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective
Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment
Class IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.
Class IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.
Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.
2011 Focused Update
See "Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence" field above.
Cost Analysis
The guideline developers reviewed published cost analyses.
Method of Guideline Validation
External Peer Review
Internal Peer Review
Description of Method of Guideline Validation
2005 Guideline
This document was approved by the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) Board of Trustees in October 2005 and by the American Heart Association (AHA) Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee in October 2005.
2011 Focused Update
This document was reviewed by 2 official reviewers each nominated by the ACCF and the AHA, as well as 2 reviewers each from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery; and 13 individual content reviewers (including members from the following groups: ACCF/AHA Task Force on Clinical Data Standards, ACCF Interventional Scientific Council, 2005 Peripheral Artery Disease Writing Committee, ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures, ACCF Prevention Committee, and ACCF Peripheral Vascular Disease Committee). All information on reviewers' relationships with industry (RWI) was distributed to the writing group and is published in the original guideline document (Appendix 2).
This document was approved for publication by the governing bodies of the ACCF and AHA and endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery.
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Major Recommendations
Definitions for the weight of the evidence (A-C) and classes of recommendations (I-III) are provided at the end of the "Major Recommendations" field.
Note from the National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines: In 2011, the ACC/AHA Task Force performed a focused update of the 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease to revise existing guideline recommendations that are affected by evolving data or opinion. The updated recommendations are presented below, along with the original 2005 recommendations. Sections affected by the focused update are labeled "2011 Focused Update," and new or modified recommendations are labeled as such. All other recommendations remain current in their 2005 form.
General Recommendations for Peripheral Arterial Disease
Vascular History and Physical Examination
Class I
- Individuals at risk for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (see the table below) should undergo a vascular review of symptoms to assess walking impairment, claudication, ischemic rest pain, and/or the presence of nonhealing wounds. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Individuals at risk for lower extremity PAD (see the table below) should undergo comprehensive pulse examination and inspection of the feet. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Individuals over 50 years of age should be asked if they have a family history of a first-order relative with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. (Level of Evidence: C)
Table: Individuals at Risk for Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease
- Age less than 50 years, with diabetes and one other atherosclerosis risk factor (smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or hyperhomocysteinemia)
- Age 50 to 69 years and history of smoking or diabetes
- Age 70 years and older
- Leg symptoms with exertion (suggestive of claudication) or ischemic rest pain
- Abnormal lower extremity pulse examination
- Known atherosclerotic coronary, carotid, or renal artery disease
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Lower Extremity PAD
Clinical Presentation
Asymptomatic
Class I
- A history of walking impairment, claudication, ischemic rest pain, and/or nonhealing wounds is recommended as a required component of a standard review of symptoms (ROS) for adults 50 years and older who have atherosclerosis risk factors and for adults 70 years and older. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD should be identified by examination and/or measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) so that therapeutic interventions known to diminish their increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death may be offered. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Smoking cessation, lipid lowering, and diabetes and hypertension treatment according to current national treatment guidelines are recommended for individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Antiplatelet therapy is indicated for individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular ischemic events. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
- An exercise ABI measurement can be useful to diagnose lower extremity PAD in individuals who are at risk for lower extremity PAD who have a normal ABI (0.91 to 1.30), are without classic claudication symptoms, and have no other clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. (Level of Evidence: C)
- A toe-brachial index or pulse volume recording measurement can be useful to diagnose lower extremity PAD in individuals who are at risk for lower extremity PAD who have an ABI greater than 1.30 and no other clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition may be considered for individuals with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD for cardiovascular risk reduction. (Level of Evidence: C)
Claudication
Class I
- Patients with symptoms of intermittent claudication should undergo a vascular physical examination, including measurement of the ABI. (Level of Evidence: B)
- In patients with symptoms of intermittent claudication, the ABI should be measured after exercise if the resting index is normal. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with intermittent claudication should have significant functional impairment with a reasonable likelihood of symptomatic improvement and absence of other disease that would comparably limit exercise even if the claudication was improved (e.g., angina, heart failure, chronic respiratory disease, or orthopedic limitations) before undergoing an evaluation for revascularization. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Individuals with intermittent claudication who are offered the option of endovascular or surgical therapies should: (a) be provided information regarding supervised claudication exercise therapy and pharmacotherapy; (b) receive comprehensive risk factor modification and antiplatelet therapy; (c) have a significant disability, either being unable to perform normal work or having serious impairment of other activities important to the patient; and (d) have lower extremity PAD lesion anatomy such that the revascularization procedure would have low risk and a high probability of initial and long-term success. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class III
- Arterial imaging is not indicated for patients with a normal postexercise ABI. This does not apply if other atherosclerotic causes (e.g., entrapment syndromes or isolated internal iliac artery occlusive disease) are suspected. (Level of Evidence: C)
Critical Limb Ischemia
Class I
- Patients with clinical limb ischemia (CLI) should undergo expedited evaluation and treatment of factors that are known to increase the risk of amputation (see table below and discussion in the original guideline document). (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients with CLI in whom open surgical repair is anticipated should undergo assessment of cardiovascular risk. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with a prior history of CLI or who have undergone successful treatment for CLI should be evaluated at least twice annually by a vascular specialist owing to the relatively high incidence of recurrence. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients at risk of CLI (ABI less than 0.4 in a nondiabetic individual, or any diabetic individual with known lower extremity PAD) should undergo regular inspection of the feet to detect objective signs of CLI. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The feet should be examined directly, with shoes and socks removed, at regular intervals after successful treatment of CLI. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients with CLI and features to suggest atheroembolization should be evaluated for aneurysmal disease (e.g., abdominal aortic, popliteal, or common femoral aneurysms). (Level of Evidence: B)
- Systemic antibiotics should be initiated promptly in patients with CLI, skin ulcerations, and evidence of limb infection. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with CLI and skin breakdown should be referred to healthcare providers with specialized expertise in wound care. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients at risk for CLI (those with diabetes, neuropathy, chronic renal failure, or infection) who develop acute limb symptoms represent potential vascular emergencies and should be assessed immediately and treated by a specialist competent in treating vascular disease. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients at risk for or who have been treated for CLI should receive verbal and written instructions regarding self-surveillance for potential recurrence. (Level of Evidence: C)
Table: Factors That Increase Risk of Limb Loss in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia
Factors that reduce blood flow to the microvascular bed:
- Diabetes
- Severe renal failure
- Severely decreased cardiac output (severe heart failure or shock)
- Vasospastic diseases or concomitant conditions (e.g., Raynaud's phenomenon, prolonged cold exposure)
- Smoking and tobacco use
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Factors that increase demand for blood flow to the microvascular bed:
- Infection (e.g., cellulitis, osteomyelitis)
- Skin breakdown or traumatic injury
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Acute Limb Ischemia
Class I
- Patients with acute limb ischemia and a salvageable extremity should undergo an emergent evaluation that defines the anatomic level of occlusion and that leads to prompt endovascular or surgical revascularization. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Patients with acute limb ischemia and a nonviable extremity should not undergo an evaluation to define vascular anatomy or efforts to attempt revascularization. (Level of Evidence: B)
Prior Limb Arterial Revascularization
Class I
- Long-term patency of infrainguinal bypass grafts should be evaluated in a surveillance program, which should include an interval vascular history, resting ABIs, physical examination, and a duplex ultrasound at regular intervals if a venous conduit has been used. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Long-term patency of infrainguinal bypass grafts may be considered for evaluation in a surveillance program, which may include conducting exercise ABIs and other arterial imaging studies at regular intervals (see "Duplex Ultrasound" recommendations below). (Level of Evidence: B)
- Long-term patency of endovascular sites may be evaluated in a surveillance program, which may include conducting exercise ABIs and other arterial imaging studies at regular intervals (see "Duplex Ultrasound" recommendations below). (Level of Evidence: B)
Diagnostic Methods
Ankle- and Toe-Brachial Indices, Segmental Pressure Examination (2011 Focused Update)
Class I
- The resting ABI should be used to establish the lower extremity PAD diagnosis in patients with suspected lower extremity PAD, defined as individuals with 1 or more of the following: exertional leg symptoms, nonhealing wounds, age 65 years and older, or 50 years and older with a history of smoking or diabetes. (Level of Evidence: B) (Modified recommendation [age modified and level of evidence changed from C to B].)
- The ABI should be measured in both legs in all new patients with PAD of any severity to confirm the diagnosis of lower extremity PAD and establish a baseline. (Level of Evidence: B) (2005 recommendation remains current in 2011 focused update.)
- The toe-brachial index should be used to establish the lower extremity PAD diagnosis in patients in whom lower extremity PAD is clinically suspected but in whom the ABI test is not reliable due to noncompressible vessels (usually patients with long-standing diabetes or advanced age). (Level of Evidence: B) (2005 recommendation remains current in 2011 focused update.)
- Leg segmental pressure measurements are useful to establish the lower extremity PAD diagnosis when anatomic localization of lower extremity PAD is required to create a therapeutic plan. (Level of Evidence: B) (2005 recommendation remains current in 2011 focused update.)
- ABI results should be uniformly reported with noncompressible values defined as greater than 1.40, normal values 1.00 to 1.40, borderline 0.91 to 0.99, and abnormal 0.90 or less. (Level of Evidence: B) (New recommendation)
Pulse Volume Recording
Class IIa
- Pulse volume recordings are reasonable to establish the initial lower extremity PAD diagnosis, assess localization and severity, and follow the status of lower extremity revascularization procedures. (Level of Evidence: B)
Continuous-Wave Doppler Ultrasound
Class I
- Continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound blood flow measurements are useful to provide an accurate assessment of lower extremity PAD location and severity, to follow lower extremity PAD progression, and to provide quantitative follow-up after revascularization procedures. (Level of Evidence: B)
Treadmill Exercise Testing With and Without ABI Assessments and 6-Minute Walk Test
Class I
- Exercise treadmill tests are recommended to provide the most objective evidence of the magnitude of the functional limitation of claudication and to measure the response to therapy. (Level of Evidence: B)
- A standardized exercise protocol (either fixed or graded) with a motorized treadmill should be used to ensure reproducibility of measurements of pain-free walking distance and maximal walking distance. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Exercise treadmill tests with measurement of preexercise and postexercise ABI values are recommended to provide diagnostic data useful in differentiating arterial claudication from nonarterial claudication ("pseudoclaudication"). (Level of Evidence: B)
- Exercise treadmill tests should be performed in individuals with claudication who are to undergo exercise training (lower extremity PAD rehabilitation) so as to determine functional capacity, assess nonvascular exercise limitations, and demonstrate the safety of exercise. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- A 6-minute walk test may be reasonable to provide an objective assessment of the functional limitation of claudication and response to therapy in elderly individuals or others not amenable to treadmill testing. (Level of Evidence: B)
Duplex Ultrasound
Class I
- Duplex ultrasound of the extremities is useful to diagnose anatomic location and degree of stenosis of PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Duplex ultrasound is recommended for routine surveillance after femoral-popliteal or femoral-tibial-pedal bypass with a venous conduit. Minimum surveillance intervals are approximately 3, 6, and 12 months, and then yearly after graft placement. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class II
- Duplex ultrasound of the extremities can be useful to select patients as candidates for endovascular intervention. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Duplex ultrasound can be useful to select patients as candidates for surgical bypass and to select the sites of surgical anastomosis. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- The use of duplex ultrasound is not well established to assess long-term patency of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Duplex ultrasound may be considered for routine surveillance after femoral-popliteal bypass with a synthetic conduit. (Level of Evidence: B)
Computed Tomographic Angiography
Class IIb
- Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the extremities may be considered to diagnose anatomic location and presence of significant stenosis in patients with lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)
- CTA of the extremities may be considered as a substitute for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for those patients with contraindications to MRA. (Level of Evidence: B)
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Class I
- MRA of the extremities is useful to diagnose anatomic location and degree of stenosis of PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)
- MRA of the extremities should be performed with gadolinium enhancement. (Level of Evidence: B)
- MRA of the extremities is useful in selecting patients with lower extremity PAD as candidates for endovascular intervention. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIb
- MRA of the extremities may be considered to select patients with lower extremity PAD as candidates for surgical bypass and to select the sites of surgical anastomosis. (Level of Evidence: B)
- MRA of the extremities may be considered for postrevascularization (endovascular and surgical bypass) surveillance in patients with lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)
Contrast Angiography
Class I
- Contrast angiography provides detailed information about arterial anatomy and is recommended for evaluation of patients with lower extremity PAD when revascularization is contemplated. (Level of Evidence: B)
- A history of contrast reaction should be documented before the performance of contrast angiography and appropriate pretreatment administered before contrast is given. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Decisions regarding the potential utility of invasive therapeutic interventions (percutaneous or surgical) in patients with lower extremity PAD should be made with a complete anatomic assessment of the affected arterial territory, including imaging of the occlusive lesion, as well as arterial inflow and outflow with angiography or a combination of angiography and noninvasive vascular techniques. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Digital subtraction angiography is recommended for contrast angiographic studies because this technique allows for enhanced imaging capabilities compared with conventional unsubtracted contrast angiography. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Before performance of contrast angiography, a full history and complete vascular examination should be performed to optimize decisions regarding the access site, as well as to minimize contrast dose and catheter manipulation. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Selective or superselective catheter placement during lower extremity angiography is indicated because this can enhance imaging, reduce contrast dose, and improve sensitivity and specificity of the procedure. (Level of Evidence: C)
- The diagnostic lower extremity arteriogram should image the iliac, femoral, and tibial bifurcations in profile without vessel overlap. (Level of Evidence: B)
- When conducting a diagnostic lower extremity arteriogram in which the significance of an obstructive lesion is ambiguous, transstenotic pressure gradients and supplementary angulated views should be obtained. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with baseline renal insufficiency should receive hydration before undergoing contrast angiography. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Follow-up clinical evaluation, including a physical examination and measurement of renal function, is recommended within 2 weeks after contrast angiography to detect the presence of delayed adverse effects, such as atheroembolism, deterioration in renal function, or access site injury (e.g., pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistula). (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
- Noninvasive imaging modalities, including MRA, CTA, and color flow duplex imaging, may be used in advance of invasive imaging to develop an individualized diagnostic strategic plan, including assistance in selection of access sites, identification of significant lesions, and determination of the need for invasive evaluation. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Treatment with n-acetylcysteine in advance of contrast angiography is suggested for patients with baseline renal insufficiency (creatinine greater than 2.0 mg per dL). (Level of Evidence: B)
Treatment
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Class I
- Treatment with a hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG) coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor (statin) medication is indicated for all patients with PAD to achieve a target low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level of less than 100 mg per dL. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Treatment with an HMG coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor (statin) medication to achieve a target LDL cholesterol level of less than 70 mg per dL is reasonable for patients with lower extremity PAD at very high risk of ischemic events. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Treatment with a fibric acid derivative can be useful for patients with PAD and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, normal LDL cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides. (Level of Evidence: C)
Antihypertensive Drugs
Class I
- Antihypertensive therapy should be administered to hypertensive patients with lower extremity PAD to achieve a goal of less than 140 mm Hg systolic over 90 mm Hg diastolic (nondiabetics) or less than 130 mm Hg systolic over 80 mm Hg diastolic (diabetics and individuals with chronic renal disease) to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular death. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are effective antihypertensive agents and are not contraindicated in patients with PAD. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
- The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is reasonable for symptomatic patients with lower extremity PAD to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may be considered for patients with asymptomatic lower extremity PAD to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. (Level of Evidence: C)
Diabetes Therapies
Class I
- Proper foot care, including use of appropriate footwear, chiropody/podiatric medicine, daily foot inspection, skin cleansing, and use of topical moisturizing creams, should be encouraged and skin lesions and ulcerations should be addressed urgently in all diabetic patients with lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Treatment of diabetes in individuals with lower extremity PAD by administration of glucose control therapies to reduce the hemoglobin A1C to less than 7% can be effective to reduce microvascular complications and potentially improve cardiovascular outcomes. (Level of Evidence: C)
Smoking Cessation (2011 Focused Update)
Class I
- Patients who are smokers or former smokers should be asked about status of tobacco use at every visit. (Level of Evidence: A) (New recommendation)
- Patients should be assisted with counseling and developing a plan for quitting that may include pharmacotherapy and/or referral to a smoking cessation program. (Level of Evidence: A) (New recommendation)
- Individuals with lower extremity PAD who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco should be advised by each of their clinicians to stop smoking and offered behavioral and pharmacological treatment. (Level of Evidence: C) (Modified recommendation [wording clarified and level of evidence changed from B to C].)
- In the absence of contraindication or other compelling clinical indication, 1 or more of the following pharmacological therapies should be offered: varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy. (Level of Evidence: A) (New recommendation)
Homocysteine-Lowering Drugs
Class IIb
- The effectiveness of the therapeutic use of folic acid and B12 vitamin supplements in individuals with lower extremity PAD and homocysteine levels greater than 14 micromoles per liter is not well established. (Level of Evidence: C)
Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Drugs (2011 Focused Update)
Class I
- Antiplatelet therapy is indicated to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, and vascular death in individuals with symptomatic atherosclerotic lower extremity PAD, including those with intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia, prior lower extremity revascularization (endovascular or surgical), or prior amputation for lower extremity ischemia. (Level of Evidence: A) (Modified recommendation [wording clarified].)
- Aspirin, typically in daily doses of 75 to 325 mg, is recommended as safe and effective antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death in individuals with symptomatic atherosclerotic lower extremity PAD, including those with intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia, prior lower extremity revascularization (endovascular or surgical), or prior amputation for lower extremity ischemia. (Level of Evidence: B) (Modified recommendation [wording clarified; level of evidence changed from A to B].)
- Clopidogrel (75 mg per day) is recommended as a safe and effective alternative antiplatelet therapy to aspirin to reduce the risk of MI, ischemic stroke, or vascular death in individuals with symptomatic atherosclerotic lower extremity PAD, including those with intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia, prior lower extremity revascularization (endovascular or surgical), or prior amputation for lower extremity ischemia. (Level of Evidence: B) (Modified recommendation [wording clarified].)
Class IIa
- Antiplatelet therapy can be useful to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death in asymptomatic individuals with an ABI less than or equal to 0.90. (Level of Evidence: C) (New recommendation)
Class IIb
- The usefulness of antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, or vascular death in asymptomatic individuals with borderline abnormal ABI, defined as 0.91 to 0.99, is not well established. (Level of Evidence: A) (New recommendation)
- The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel may be considered to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic lower extremity PAD, including those with intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia, prior lower extremity revascularization (endovascular or surgical), or prior amputation for lower extremity ischemia and who are not at increased risk of bleeding and who are at high perceived cardiovascular risk. (Level of Evidence: B) (New recommendation)
Class III
- In the absence of any other proven indication for warfarin, its addition to antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular ischemic events in individuals with atherosclerotic lower extremity PAD is of no benefit and is potentially harmful due to increased risk of major bleeding. (Level of Evidence: B) (Modified recommendation [level of evidence changed from C to B].)
Claudication
Exercise and Lower Extremity PAD Rehabilitation
Class I
- A program of supervised exercise training is recommended as an initial treatment modality for patients with intermittent claudication. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Supervised exercise training should be performed for a minimum of 30 to 45 minutes, in sessions performed at least 3 times per week for a minimum of 12 weeks. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIb
- The usefulness of unsupervised exercise programs is not well established as an effective initial treatment modality for patients with intermittent claudication. (Level of Evidence: B)
Medical and Pharmacological Treatment for Claudication
- Cilostazol
Class I
- Cilostazol (100 mg orally 2 times per day) is indicated as an effective therapy to improve symptoms and increase walking distance in patients with lower extremity PAD and intermittent claudication (in the absence of heart failure). (Level of Evidence: A)
- A therapeutic trial of cilostazol should be considered in all patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication (in the absence of heart failure). (Level of Evidence: A)
- Pentoxifylline
Class IIb
- Pentoxifylline (400 mg 3 times per day) may be considered as second-line alternative therapy to cilostazol to improve walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication. (Level of Evidence: A)
- The clinical effectiveness of pentoxifylline as therapy for claudication is marginal and not well established. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Other proposed medical therapies
Class IIb
- The effectiveness of L-arginine for patients with intermittent claudication is not well established. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The effectiveness of propionyl-L-carnitine as a therapy to improve walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication is not well established. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The effectiveness of ginkgo biloba to improve walking distance for patients with intermittent claudication is marginal and not well established. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Oral vasodilator prostaglandins such as beraprost and iloprost are not effective medications to improve walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Vitamin E is not recommended as a treatment for patients with intermittent claudication. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Chelation (e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is not indicated for treatment of intermittent claudication and may have harmful adverse effects. (Level of Evidence: A)
Endovascular Treatment for Claudication
Class I
- Endovascular procedures are indicated for individuals with a vocational or lifestyle-limiting disability due to intermittent claudication when clinical features suggest a reasonable likelihood of symptomatic improvement with endovascular intervention and (a) there has been an inadequate response to exercise or pharmacological therapy and/or (b) there is a very favorable risk-benefit ratio (e.g., focal aortoiliac occlusive disease). (Level of Evidence: A)
- Endovascular intervention is recommended as the preferred revascularization technique for TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) type A (see Tables 20 and 21 and Figure 8 in the original guideline document) iliac and femoropopliteal arterial lesions. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Translesional pressure gradients (with and without vasodilation) should be obtained to evaluate the significance of angiographic iliac arterial stenoses of 50% to 75% diameter before intervention. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Provisional stent placement is indicated for use in the iliac arteries as salvage therapy for a suboptimal or failed result from balloon dilation (e.g., persistent translesional gradient, residual diameter stenosis greater than 50%, or flow-limiting dissection). (Level of Evidence: B)
- Stenting is effective as primary therapy for common iliac artery stenosis and occlusions. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Stenting is effective as primary therapy in external iliac artery stenoses and occlusions. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
- Stents (and other adjunctive techniques such as lasers, cutting balloons, atherectomy devices, and thermal devices) can be useful in the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries as salvage therapy for a suboptimal or failed result from balloon dilation (e.g., persistent translesional gradient, residual diameter stenosis greater than 50%, or flow-limiting dissection). (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
- The effectiveness of stents, atherectomy, cutting balloons, thermal devices, and lasers for the treatment of femoral-popliteal arterial lesions (except to salvage a suboptimal result from balloon dilation) is not well established. (Level of Evidence: A)
- The effectiveness of uncoated/uncovered stents, atherectomy, cutting balloons, thermal devices, and lasers for the treatment of infrapopliteal lesions (except to salvage a suboptimal result from balloon dilation) is not well established. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class III
- Endovascular intervention is not indicated if there is no significant pressure gradient across a stenosis despite flow augmentation with vasodilators. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Primary stent placement is not recommended in the femoral, popliteal, or tibial arteries. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Endovascular intervention is not indicated as prophylactic therapy in an asymptomatic patient with lower extremity PAD. (Level of Evidence: C)
Surgery for Claudication
- Indications
Class I
- Surgical interventions are indicated for individuals with claudication symptoms who have a significant functional disability that is vocational or lifestyle limiting, who are unresponsive to exercise or pharmacotherapy, and who have a reasonable likelihood of symptomatic improvement. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- Because the presence of more aggressive atherosclerotic occlusive disease is associated with less durable results in patients younger than 50 years of age, the effectiveness of surgical intervention in this population for intermittent claudication is unclear. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Surgical intervention is not indicated to prevent progression to limb-threatening ischemia in patients with intermittent claudication. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Preoperative Evaluation
Class I
- A preoperative cardiovascular risk evaluation should be undertaken in those patients with lower extremity PAD in whom a major vascular surgical intervention is planned. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Inflow Procedures: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
Class I
- Aortobifemoral bypass is beneficial for patients with vocational- or lifestyle-disabling symptoms and hemodynamically significant aortoiliac disease who are acceptable surgical candidates and who are unresponsive to or unsuitable for exercise, pharmacotherapy, or endovascular repair. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Iliac endarterectomy and aortoiliac or iliofemoral bypass in the setting of acceptable aortic inflow should be used for the surgical treatment of unilateral disease or in conjunction with femoral-femoral bypass for the treatment of a patient with bilateral iliac artery occlusive disease if the patient is not a suitable candidate for aortobifemoral bypass grafting. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- Axillofemoral-femoral bypass may be considered for the surgical treatment of patients with intermittent claudication in very limited settings, such as chronic infrarenal aortic occlusion associated with symptoms of severe claudication in patients who are not candidates for aortobifemoral bypass. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Axillofemoral-femoral bypass should not be used for the surgical treatment of patients with intermittent claudication except in very limited settings (see Class IIb recommendation above). (Level of Evidence: B)
- Outflow Procedures: Infrainguinal Disease
Class I
- Bypasses to the popliteal artery above the knee should be constructed with autogenous vein when possible. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Bypasses to the popliteal artery below the knee should be constructed with autogenous vein when possible. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- The use of synthetic grafts to the popliteal artery below the knee is reasonable only when no autogenous vein from ipsilateral or contralateral leg or arms is available. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIb
- Femoral-tibial artery bypasses constructed with autogenous vein may be considered for the treatment of claudication in rare instances for certain patients (see the original guideline document). (Level of Evidence: B)
- Because their use is associated with reduced patency rates, the effectiveness of the use of synthetic grafts to the popliteal artery above the knee is not well-established. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Femoral-tibial artery bypasses with synthetic graft material should not be used for the treatment of claudication. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Follow-Up after Vascular Surgical Procedures
Class I
- Patients who have undergone placement of aortobifemoral bypass grafts should be followed up with periodic evaluations that record any return or progression of claudication symptoms, the presence of femoral pulses, and ABIs at rest and after exercise. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients who have undergone placement of a lower extremity bypass with autogenous vein should undergo periodic evaluations for at least 2 years that record any claudication symptoms; a physical examination and pulse examination of the proximal, graft, and outflow vessels; and duplex imaging of the entire length of the graft, with measurement of peak systolic velocities and calculation of velocity ratios across all lesions. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients who have undergone placement of a synthetic lower extremity bypass graft should, for at least 2 years after implantation, undergo periodic evaluations that record any return or progression of claudication symptoms; a pulse examination of the proximal, graft, and outflow vessels; and assessment of ABIs at rest and after exercise. (Level of Evidence: C)
Clinical Limb Ischemia and Treatment for Limb Salvage
Medical and Pharmacological Treatment for Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)
Class III
- Parenteral administration of pentoxifylline is not useful for the treatment of CLI. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Prostaglandins
Class IIb
- Parenteral administration of PGE-1 or iloprost for 7 to 28 days may be considered to reduce ischemic pain and facilitate ulcer healing in patients with CLI, but its efficacy is likely to be limited to a small percentage of patients. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class III
- Oral iloprost is not an effective therapy to reduce the risk of amputation or death in patients with CLI. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Angiogenic Growth Factors
Class IIb
- The efficacy of angiogenic growth factor therapy for treatment of CLI is not well established and is best investigated in the context of a placebo-controlled trial. (Level of Evidence: C)
Endovascular Treatment for CLI (2011 Focused Update)
Class I
- For individuals with combined inflow and outflow disease with CLI, inflow lesions should be addressed first. (Level of Evidence: C) (2005 recommendation remains current in 2011 focused update.)
- For individuals with combined inflow and outflow disease in whom symptoms of CLI or infection persist after inflow revascularization, an outflow revascularization procedure should be performed. (Level of Evidence: B) (2005 recommendation remains current in 2011 focused update.)
- If it is unclear whether hemodynamically significant inflow disease exists, intra-arterial pressure measurements across suprainguinal lesions should be measured before and after the administration of a vasodilator. (Level of Evidence: C) (2005 recommendation remains current in 2011 focused update.)
Class IIa
- For patients with limb-threatening lower extremity ischemia and an estimated life expectancy of 2 years or less or in patients in whom an autogenous vein conduit is not available, balloon angioplasty is reasonable to perform when possible as the initial procedure to improve distal blood flow. (Level of Evidence: B) (New recommendation)
- For patients with limb-threatening ischemia and an estimated life expectancy of more than 2 years, bypass surgery, when possible and when an autogenous vein conduit is available, is reasonable to perform as the initial treatment to improve distal blood flow. (Level of Evidence: B) (New recommendation)
Thrombolysis for Acute and Chronic Limb Ischemia
Class I
- Catheter-based thrombolysis is an effective and beneficial therapy and is indicated for patients with acute limb ischemia (Rutherford categories I and IIa) of less than 14 days' duration. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
- Mechanical thrombectomy devices can be used as adjunctive therapy for acute limb ischemia due to peripheral arterial occlusion. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- Catheter-based thrombolysis or thrombectomy may be considered for patients with acute limb ischemia (Rutherford category IIb) of more than 14 days' duration. (Level of Evidence: B)
Surgery for CLI
Class I
- For individuals with combined inflow and outflow disease with CLI, inflow lesions should be addressed first. (Level of Evidence: B)
- For individuals with combined inflow and outflow disease in whom symptoms of CLI or infection persist after inflow revascularization, an outflow revascularization procedure should be performed. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients who have significant necrosis of the weight-bearing portions of the foot (in ambulatory patients), an uncorrectable flexion contracture, paresis of the extremity, refractory ischemic rest pain, sepsis, or a very limited life expectancy due to comorbid conditions should be evaluated for primary amputation of the leg. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class III
- Surgical and endovascular intervention is not indicated in patients with severe decrements in limb perfusion (e.g., ABI less than 0.4) in the absence of clinical symptoms of CLI. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Inflow Procedures: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
Class I
- When surgery is to be undertaken, aortobifemoral bypass is recommended for patients with symptomatic, hemodynamically significant, aorto-bi-iliac disease requiring intervention. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Iliac endarterectomy, patch angioplasty, or aortoiliac or iliofemoral bypass in the setting of acceptable aortic inflow should be used for the treatment of unilateral disease or in conjunction with femoral-femoral bypass for the treatment of a patient with bilateral iliac artery occlusive disease if the patient is not a suitable candidate for aortobifemoral bypass grafting. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Axillofemoral-femoral bypass is indicated for the treatment of patients with CLI who have extensive aortoiliac disease and are not candidates for other types of intervention. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Outflow Procedures: Infrainguinal Disease
Class I
- Bypasses to the above-knee popliteal artery should be constructed with autogenous saphenous vein when possible. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Bypasses to the below-knee popliteal artery should be constructed with autogenous vein when possible. (Level of Evidence: A)
- The most distal artery with continuous flow from above and without a stenosis greater than 20% should be used as the point of origin for a distal bypass. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The tibial or pedal artery that is capable of providing continuous and uncompromised outflow to the foot should be used as the site of distal anastomosis. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Femoral-tibial artery bypasses should be constructed with autogenous vein, including the ipsilateral greater saphenous vein, or if unavailable, other sources of vein from the leg or arm. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Composite sequential femoropopliteal-tibial bypass and bypass to an isolated popliteal arterial segment that has collateral outflow to the foot are both acceptable methods of revascularization and should be considered when no other form of bypass with adequate autogenous conduit is possible. (Level of Evidence: B)
- If no autogenous vein is available, a prosthetic femoral-tibial bypass, and possibly an adjunctive procedure, such as arteriovenous fistula or vein interposition or cuff, should be used when amputation is imminent. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Prosthetic material can be used effectively for bypasses to the below-knee popliteal artery when no autogenous vein from ipsilateral or contralateral leg or arms is available. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Postsurgical Care
Class I
- Unless contraindicated, all patients undergoing revascularization for CLI should be placed on antiplatelet therapy (see Sections 2.4.2 and 2.6.1.6 of the original guideline document), and this treatment should be continued indefinitely. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Patients who have undergone placement of aortobifemoral bypass grafts should be followed up with periodic evaluations that record any return or progression of ischemic symptoms, the presence of femoral pulses, and ABIs. (Level of Evidence: B)
- If infection, ischemic ulcers, or gangrenous lesions persist and the ABI is less than 0.8 after correction of inflow, an outflow procedure should be performed that bypasses all major distal stenoses and occlusions. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Patients who have undergone placement of a lower extremity bypass with autogenous vein should undergo for at least 2 years periodic examinations that record any return or progression of ischemic symptoms; a physical examination, with concentration on pulse examination of the proximal, graft, and outflow vessels; and duplex imaging of the entire length of the graft, with measurement of peak systolic velocities and calculation of velocity ratios across all lesions. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Patients who have undergone placement of a synthetic lower extremity bypass graft should undergo periodic examinations that record any return of ischemic symptoms; a pulse examination of the proximal, graft, and outflow vessels; and assessment of ABIs at rest and after exercise for at least 2 years after implantation. (Level of Evidence: A)
Renal Arterial Disease (RAS)
Clinical Clues to the Diagnosis of RAS
Class I
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is indicated in patients with the onset of hypertension before the age of 30 years. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is indicated in patients with the onset of severe hypertension (as defined in The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC-7 report) after the age of 55 years. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is indicated in patients with the following characteristics: (a) accelerated hypertension (sudden and persistent worsening of previously controlled hypertension); (b) resistant hypertension (defined as the failure to achieve goal blood pressure in patients who are adhering to full doses of an appropriate 3-drug regimen that includes a diuretic); or (c) malignant hypertension (hypertension with coexistent evidence of acute end-organ damage, i.e., acute renal failure, acutely decompensated congestive heart failure, new visual or neurological disturbance, and/or advanced [grade III to IV] retinopathy). (Level of Evidence: C)
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is indicated in patients with new azotemia or worsening renal function after the administration of an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocking agent (see the original guideline document). (Level of Evidence: B)
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is indicated in patients with an unexplained atrophic kidney or a discrepancy in size between the 2 kidneys of greater than 1.5 cm. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is indicated in patients with sudden, unexplained pulmonary edema (especially in azotemic patients). (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS is reasonable in patients with unexplained renal failure, including individuals starting renal replacement therapy (dialysis or renal transplantation). (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- The performance of arteriography to identify significant RAS may be reasonable in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and none of the clinical clues (refer to Figure 17 in the original guideline document) or PAD at the time of arteriography. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The performance of diagnostic studies to identify clinically significant RAS may be reasonable in patients with unexplained congestive heart failure or refractory angina (see Section 3.5.2.4 of the original guideline document). (Level of Evidence: C)
Diagnostic Methods
Class I
- Duplex ultrasonography is recommended as a screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Computed tomographic angiography (in individuals with normal renal function) is recommended as a screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
- MRA is recommended as a screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
- When the clinical index of suspicion is high and the results of noninvasive tests are inconclusive, catheter angiography is recommended as a diagnostic test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Captopril renal scintigraphy is not recommended as a screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Selective renal vein renin measurements are not recommended as a useful screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Plasma renin activity is not recommended as a useful screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
- The captopril test (measurement of plasma renin activity after captopril administration) is not recommended as a useful screening test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
Treatment of Renovascular Disease: Renal Artery Stenosis
Medical Treatment
Class I
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are effective medications for treatment of hypertension associated with unilateral RAS. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Angiotensin receptor blockers are effective medications for treatment of hypertension associated with unilateral RAS. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Calcium-channel blockers are effective medications for treatment of hypertension associated with unilateral RAS. (Level of Evidence: A)
- Beta-blockers are effective medications for treatment of hypertension associated with RAS. (Level of Evidence: A)
Indications for Revascularization
Asymptomatic Stenosis
Class IIb
- Percutaneous revascularization may be considered for treatment of an asymptomatic bilateral or solitary viable kidney with a hemodynamically significant RAS. (Level of Evidence: C)
- The usefulness of percutaneous revascularization of an asymptomatic unilateral hemodynamically significant RAS in a viable kidney is not well established and is presently clinically unproven. (Level of Evidence: C)
Hypertension
Class IIa
- Percutaneous revascularization is reasonable for patients with hemodynamically significant RAS and accelerated hypertension, resistant hypertension, malignant hypertension, hypertension with an unexplained unilateral small kidney, and hypertension with intolerance to medication. (Level of Evidence: B)
Preservation of Renal Function
Class IIa
- Percutaneous revascularization is reasonable for patients with RAS and progressive chronic kidney disease with bilateral RAS or a RAS to a solitary functioning kidney. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- Percutaneous revascularization may be considered for patients with RAS and chronic renal insufficiency with unilateral RAS. (Level of Evidence: C)
Impact of RAS on Congestive Heart Failure and Unstable Angina
Class I
- Percutaneous revascularization is indicated for patients with hemodynamically significant RAS and recurrent, unexplained congestive heart failure or sudden, unexplained pulmonary edema (see the original guideline document). (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Percutaneous revascularization is reasonable for patients with hemodynamically significant RAS and unstable angina (see the original guideline document). (Level of Evidence: B)
Catheter-Based Interventions
Class I
- Renal stent placement is indicated for ostial atherosclerotic RAS lesions that meet the clinical criteria for intervention. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Balloon angioplasty with bailout stent placement if necessary is recommended for fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) lesions. (Level of Evidence: B)
Surgery for RAS
Class I
- Vascular surgical reconstruction is indicated for patients with fibromuscular dysplastic RAS with clinical indications for interventions (same as for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA]), especially those exhibiting complex disease that extends into the segmental arteries and those having macroaneurysms. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Vascular surgical reconstruction is indicated for patients with atherosclerotic RAS and clinical indications for intervention, especially those with multiple small renal arteries or early primary branching of the main renal artery. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Vascular surgical reconstruction is indicated for patients with atherosclerotic RAS in combination with pararenal aortic reconstructions (in treatment of aortic aneurysms or severe aortoiliac occlusive disease). (Level of Evidence: C)
Mesenteric Arterial Disease
Acute Intestinal Ischemia
Acute Intestinal Ischemia Caused by Arterial Obstruction
Diagnosis
Class I
- Patients with acute abdominal pain out of proportion to physical findings and who have a history of cardiovascular disease should be suspected of having acute intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients who develop acute abdominal pain after arterial interventions in which catheters traverse the visceral aorta or any proximal arteries or who have arrhythmias (such as atrial fibrillation) or recent MI should be suspected of having acute intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class III
- In contrast to chronic intestinal ischemia, duplex sonography of the abdomen is not an appropriate diagnostic tool for suspected acute intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C)
Surgical Treatment
Class I
- Surgical treatment of acute obstructive intestinal ischemia includes revascularization, resection of necrotic bowel, and, when appropriate, a "second look" operation 24 to 48 hours after the revascularization. (Level of Evidence: B)
Endovascular Treatment
Class IIb
- Percutaneous interventions (including transcatheter lytic therapy, balloon angioplasty, and stenting) are appropriate in selected patients with acute intestinal ischemia caused by arterial obstructions. Patients so treated may still require laparotomy. (Level of Evidence: C)
Acute Nonocclusive Intestinal Ischemia
Etiology
Class I
- Nonocclusive intestinal ischemia should be suspected in patients with low flow states or shock, especially cardiogenic shock, who develop abdominal pain. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Nonocclusive intestinal ischemia should be suspected in patients receiving vasoconstrictor substances and medications (e.g., cocaine, ergots, vasopressin, or norepinephrine) who develop abdominal pain. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Nonocclusive intestinal ischemia should be suspected in patients who develop abdominal pain after coarctation repair or after surgical revascularization for intestinal ischemia caused by arterial obstruction. (Level of Evidence: B)
Diagnosis
Class I
- Arteriography is indicated in patients suspected of having nonocclusive intestinal ischemia whose condition does not improve rapidly with treatment of their underlying disease. (Level of Evidence: B)
Treatment
Class I
- Treatment of the underlying shock state is the most important initial step in treatment of nonocclusive intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Laparotomy and resection of nonviable bowel is indicated in patients with nonocclusive intestinal ischemia who have persistent symptoms despite treatment. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Transcatheter administration of vasodilator medications into the area of vasospasm is indicated in patients with nonocclusive intestinal ischemia who do not respond to systemic supportive treatment and in patients with intestinal ischemia due to cocaine or ergot poisoning. (Level of Evidence: B)
Chronic Intestinal Ischemia
Diagnosis
Class I
- Chronic intestinal ischemia should be suspected in patients with abdominal pain and weight loss without other explanation, especially those with cardiovascular disease. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Duplex ultrasound, CTA, and gadolinium-enhanced MRA are useful initial tests for supporting the clinical diagnosis of chronic intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Diagnostic angiography, including lateral aortography, should be obtained in patients suspected of having chronic intestinal ischemia for whom noninvasive imaging is unavailable or indeterminate. (Level of Evidence: B)
Interventional Treatment
Class I
- Percutaneous endovascular treatment of intestinal arterial stenosis is indicated in patients with chronic intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: B)
Surgical Treatment
Class I
- Surgical treatment of chronic intestinal ischemia is indicated in patients with chronic intestinal ischemia. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
- Revascularization of asymptomatic intestinal arterial obstructions may be considered for patients undergoing aortic/renal artery surgery for other indications. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Surgical revascularization is not indicated for patients with asymptomatic intestinal arterial obstructions, except in patients undergoing aortic/renal artery surgery for other indications. (Level of Evidence: B)
Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta, Its Branch Vessels, and the Lower Extremities
Abdominal Aortic and Iliac Aneurysms
Etiology
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors
Class I
- In patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), blood pressure and fasting serum lipid values should be monitored and controlled as recommended for patients with atherosclerotic disease. (Level of Evidence: C)
- Patients with aneurysms or a family history of aneurysms should be advised to stop smoking and be offered smoking cessation interventions, including behavior modification, nicotine replacement, or bupropion. (Level of Evidence: B)
Natural History
Aortic Aneurysm Rupture
Class I
- Patients with infrarenal or juxtarenal AAAs measuring 5.5 cm or larger should undergo repair to eliminate the risk of rupture. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with infrarenal or juxtarenal AAAs measuring 4.0 to 5.4 cm in diameter should be monitored by ultrasound or computed tomographic scans every 6 to 12 months to detect expansion. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
- Repair can be beneficial in patients with infrarenal or juxtarenal AAAs 5.0 to 5.4 cm in diameter. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Repair is probably indicated in patients with suprarenal or type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms larger than 5.5 to 6.0 cm. (Level of Evidence: B)
- In patients with AAAs smaller than 4.0 cm in diameter, monitoring by ultrasound examination every 2 to 3 years is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class III
- Intervention is not recommended for asymptomatic infrarenal or juxtarenal AAAs if they measure less than 5.0 cm in diameter in men or less than 4.5 cm in diameter in women. (Level of Evidence: A)
Diagnosis
Symptomatic Aortic or Iliac Aneurysms
Class I
- In patients with the clinical triad of abdominal and/or back pain, a pulsatile abdominal mass, and hypotension, immediate surgical evaluation is indicated. (Level of Evidence: B)
- In patients with symptomatic aortic aneurysms, repair is indicated regardless of diameter. (Level of Evidence: C)
Screening High-Risk Populations
Class I
- Men 60 years of age or older who are either the siblings or offspring of patients with AAAs should undergo physical examination and ultrasound screening for detection of aortic aneurysms. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Men who are 65 to 75 years of age who have ever smoked should undergo a physical examination and 1-time ultrasound screening for detection of AAAs. (Level of Evidence: B)
Observational Management
Blood Pressure Control and Beta-Blockade
Class I
- Perioperative administration of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, in the absence of contraindications, is indicated to reduce the risk of adverse cardiac events and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing surgical repair of atherosclerotic aortic aneurysms. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIb
- Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may be considered to reduce the rate of aneurysm expansion in patients with aortic aneurysms. (Level of Evidence: B)
Prevention of Aortic Aneurysm Rupture
Management Overview (2011 Focused Update)
Class I
- Open or endovascular repair of infrarenal AAAs and/or common iliac aneurysms is indicated in patients who are good surgical candidates. (Level of Evidence: A) (Modified recommendation [endovascular repair incorporated from 2005 Class IIb recommendation; level of evidence changed from B to A].)
- Periodic long-term surveillance imaging should be performed to monitor for endoleak, confirm graft position, document shrinkage or stability of the excluded aneurysm sac, and determine the need for further intervention in patients who have undergone endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic and/or iliac aneurysms. (Level of Evidence: A) (Modified recommendation [level of evidence changed from B to A].)
Class IIa
- Open aneurysm repair is reasonable to perform in patients who are good surgical candidates but who cannot comply with the periodic long-term surveillance required after endovascular repair. (Level of Evidence: C) (New recommendation)
Class IIb
- Endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms in patients who are at high surgical or anesthetic risk as determined by the presence of coexisting severe cardiac, pulmonary, and/or renal disease is of uncertain effectiveness. (Level of Evidence: B) (New recommendation)
Visceral Artery Aneurysms
Class I
- Open repair or catheter-based intervention is indicated for visceral aneurysms measuring 2.0 cm in diameter or larger in women of childbearing age who are not pregnant and in patients of either gender undergoing liver transplantation. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Open repair or catheter-based intervention is probably indicated for visceral aneurysms 2.0 cm in diameter or larger in women beyond childbearing age and in men. (Level of Evidence: B)
Lower Extremity Aneurysms
Natural History
Class I
- In patients with femoral or popliteal aneurysms, ultrasound (or computed tomography or magnetic resonance) imaging is recommended to exclude contralateral femoral or popliteal aneurysms and AAA. (Level of Evidence: B)
Management
Class I
- Patients with a palpable popliteal mass should undergo an ultrasound examination to exclude popliteal aneurysm. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with popliteal aneurysms 2.0 cm in diameter or larger should undergo repair to reduce the risk of thromboembolic complications and limb loss. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Patients with anastomotic pseudoaneurysms or symptomatic femoral artery aneurysms should undergo repair. (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
- Surveillance by annual ultrasound imaging is suggested for patients with asymptomatic femoral artery true aneurysms smaller than 3.0 cm in diameter. (Level of Evidence: C)
- In patients with acute ischemia and popliteal artery aneurysms and absent runoff, catheter-directed thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy (or both) is suggested to restore distal runoff and resolve emboli. (Level of Evidence: B)
- In patients with asymptomatic enlargement of the popliteal arteries twice the normal diameter for age and gender, annual ultrasound monitoring is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: C)
- In patients with femoral or popliteal artery aneurysms, administration of antiplatelet medication may be beneficial. (Level of Evidence: C)
Catheter-Related Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysms
Class I
- Patients with suspected femoral pseudoaneurysms should be evaluated by duplex ultrasonography. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Initial treatment with ultrasound-guided compression or thrombin injection is recommended in patients with large and/or symptomatic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
- Surgical repair is reasonable in patients with femoral artery pseudoaneurysms 2.0 cm in diameter or larger that persist or recur after ultrasound-guided compression or thrombin injection. (Level of Evidence: B)
- Re-evaluation by ultrasound 1 month after the original injury can be useful in patients with asymptomatic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms smaller than 2.0 cm in diameter. (Level of Evidence: B)
Definitions:
2005 Guideline
Classification of Recommendations
Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective.
Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.
Class IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.
Class IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.
Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.
Levels of Evidence
Level of Evidence A: Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses
Level of Evidence B: Data derived from a single randomized trial, or nonrandomized studies
Level of Evidence C: Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard-of-care
2011 Focused Update
Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence
|
SIZE OF TREATMENT EFFECT |
|
CLASS I
Benefit >>> Risk
Procedure/Treatment SHOULD be performed/ administered |
CLASS IIa
Benefit >> Risk
Additional studies with focused objectives needed
IT IS REASONABLE to perform procedure/administer treatment |
CLASS IIb
Benefit ≥ Risk
Additional studies with broad objectives needed; additional registry data would be helpful
Procedure/Treatment
MAY BE CONSIDERED |
CLASS III No Benefit
or CLASS III Harm |
|
Procedure/Test |
Treatment |
COR III: No benefit |
Not Helpful |
No Proven Benefit |
COR III: Harm |
Excess Cost w/o Benefit or Harmful |
Harmful to Patients |
Estimate of Certainty (Precision) of Treatment Effect |
LEVEL A
Multiple populations evaluated*
Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses |
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
- Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
|
- Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
- Some conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
|
- Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established
- Greater conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
|
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful
- Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
|
LEVEL B
Limited populations evaluated*
Data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies |
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
- Limited evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
|
- Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
- Some conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
|
- Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established
- Greater conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
|
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful
- Evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies
|
LEVEL C
Very limited populations evaluated*
Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard of care |
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
- Only expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
|
- Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
- Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
|
- Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established
- Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
|
- Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful
- Only expert opinion, case studies, or standard of care
|
NOTE: A recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Although randomized trials are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective. (See Table 1 in the original guideline document for a list of suggested phrases for writing recommendations.)
*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as gender, age, history of diabetes, history of prior myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use.
Clinical Algorithm(s)
Clinical algorithms are provided in the original guideline documents (Full-text and Executive Summary) for:
- Steps toward the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
- Diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic PAD and atypical leg pain
- Diagnosis of claudication and systemic risk treatment
- Treatment of claudication
- Diagnosis and treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI)
- Diagnosis of acute limb ischemia
- Treatment of acute limb ischemia
- Clinical clues to the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis
- Indications for revascularization
- Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms
- Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for popliteal mass
- Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for femoral pseudoaneurysm
|
Evidence Supporting the Recommendations
Type of Evidence Supporting the Recommendations
The type of supporting evidence is identified and graded for each recommendation (see the "Major Recommendations" field).
|
Benefits/Harms of Implementing the Guideline Recommendations
Potential Benefits
- Improved (prompt, accurate, and cost-effective) diagnosis linked to provision of integrated lifelong management of peripheral arterial disease
- Decreased rates of cardiovascular ischemic events (myocardial infarction and stroke) and cardiovascular death
- Decreased rates of critical limb ischemia and amputation
- Decreased rates of ischemic renal failure, and diminished morbidity and mortality due to mesenteric ischemia and aortic aneurysmal rupture
- Improved quality of life
Potential Harms
Adverse Effects of Medications
- Antihypertensive therapy may decrease limb perfusion pressure and potentially exacerbate symptoms of claudication or critical limb ischemia.
- Aspirin and clopidogrel increase the risk of intracranial and gastrointestinal bleeding.
- The most common side effects of cilostazol include headache, diarrhea, abnormal stools, palpitations, and dizziness; cilostazol should not be used in patients with heart failure.
- Adverse effects associated with pentoxifylline include sore throat, dyspepsia, nausea, and diarrhea.
Vascular Diagnostic Tools
- Catheter-based contrast angiography is associated with a low rate of serious adverse outcomes in individuals with normal renal function. However, the risk of contrast-induced acute renal failure is magnified in certain clinical groups, particularly those with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In general, the incidence of contrast-induced acute renal failure is less than 3% in patients with neither diabetes nor chronic kidney disease; 5% to 10% in those with diabetes; 10% to 20% in those with chronic kidney disease (and greater with more advanced stages), and 20% to 50% in those with both diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
- See Table 15 in the original guideline documents for limitations of noninvasive and invasive vascular diagnostic tools.
Surgical Procedures
- Surgical procedures are associated with intraoperative and postoperative complications including an associated cardiovascular ischemic risk and device-related complications and graft-related complications (e.g., pseudoaneurysms, graft thrombosis, enteric fistulas, graft infections, death)
- Mechanical thrombectomy devices are associated with hemorrhage, embolization, acute occlusion, amputation (refer to Table 27 in the original guideline document for more details)
|
Contraindications
- Magnetic resonance angiography is contraindicated in patients with pacemakers, defibrillators, intracranial metallic stents, clips, coils, and other devices
- The history of an allergic reaction to contrast agents may serve as a relative procedural contraindication to angiography.
- Because of bleeding risks, thrombolysis may be contraindicated in some patients.
- Duplex sonography is contraindicated in patients with suspected acute intestinal ischemia because of the need for emergent treatment and the time required to attempt duplex scanning.
|
Qualifying Statements
2005 Guideline
These practice guidelines are intended to assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and lifelong management of specific diseases or conditions. These guidelines attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients in most circumstances. These guideline recommendations reflect a consensus of expert opinion after a thorough review of the available, current scientific evidence and are intended to improve patient care. If these guidelines are used as the basis for regulatory/payer decisions, the ultimate goal is quality of care and serving the patient's best interests. The ultimate judgment regarding care of a particular patient must be made by the healthcare provider and patient in light of all of the circumstances presented by that patient.
2011 Focused Update
- These practice guidelines are intended to assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of specific diseases or conditions. The guidelines attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients in most circumstances. The ultimate judgment regarding care of a particular patient must be made by the healthcare provider and patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient. As a result, situations may arise for which deviations from these guidelines may be appropriate. Clinical decision making should involve consideration of the quality and availability of expertise in the area where care is provided. When these guidelines are used as the basis for regulatory or payer decisions, the goal should be improvement in quality of care. The Task Force recognizes that situations arise in which additional data are needed to inform patient care more effectively; these areas will be identified within each respective guideline when appropriate.
- Prescribed courses of treatment in accordance with these recommendations are effective only if followed. Because lack of patient understanding and adherence may adversely affect outcomes, physicians and other healthcare providers should make every effort to engage the patient's active participation in prescribed medical regimens and lifestyles. In addition, patients should be informed of the risks, benefits, and alternatives to a particular treatment and be involved in shared decision making whenever feasible, particularly for Class of Recommendation (COR) IIa and IIb, for which the benefit-to-risk ratio may be lower.
|
Implementation of the Guideline
Description of Implementation Strategy
An implementation strategy was not provided.
Implementation Tools
Clinical Algorithm
Pocket Guide/Reference Cards
Quick Reference Guides/Physician Guides
Slide PresentationFor information about availability, see the Availability of Companion Documents and Patient Resources fields below.
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Institute of Medicine (IOM) National Healthcare Quality Report Categories
IOM Care Need
Getting Better
Living with Illness
Staying Healthy
|
Identifying Information and Availability
Bibliographic Source(s)
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM Jr, White CJ, White J, White RA. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report [trunc]. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology Foundation; 2005. 192 p. [1308 references] |
Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, Sidawy AN, Beckman JA, Findeiss LK, Golzarian J, Gornik HL, Halperin JL, Jaff MR, Moneta GL, Olin JW, Stanley JC, White CJ, White JV, Zierler RE, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Surgery. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force [trunc]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 Nov 1;58(19):2020-45. [66 references] PubMed |
Adaptation
The ACC/AHA Writing Committee was charged with building on the work of TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) to create a guideline for a broader audience.
Date Released
2005 (addendum released 2011 Nov 1)
Guideline Developer(s)
American College of Cardiology Foundation - Medical Specialty Society
American Heart Association - Professional Association
Source(s) of Funding
The American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. No outside funding accepted.
Guideline Committee
Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
Composition of Group That Authored the Guideline
2005 Guideline
Writing Committee Members: Alan T. Hirsch, MD, FACC, FAHA (Chair); Ziv J. Haskal, MD, FAHA, FSIR (Co-Chair); Norman R. Hertzer, MD, FACS, Co-Chair; Curtis W. Bakal, MD, MPH, FAHA; Mark A. Creager, MD, FACC, FAHA; Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA1; Loren F. Hiratzka, MD, FACC, FAHA, FACS; William R.C. Murphy, MD, FACC, FACS; Jeffrey W. Olin, DO, FACC; Jules B. Puschett, MD, FAHA; Kenneth A. Rosenfield, MD, FACC; David Sacks, MD, FACR, FSIR3; James C. Stanley, MD, FACS, FACR, FSIR2; Lloyd M. Taylor, Jr., MD, FACS2; Christopher J. White, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC, FSCAI4; John White, MD, FACS2; Rodney A. White, MD, FACS2
Task Force Members: Elliott M. Antman, MD, FACC, FAHA (Chair); Sidney C. Smith, Jr., MD, FACC, FAHA (Vice-Chair); Cynthia D. Adams, MSN, APRN-BC, FAHA; Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA; David P. Faxon, MD, FACC, FAHA5; Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FESC5; Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FACC, FAHA6; Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA; Loren F. Hiratzka, MD, FACC, FAHA5; Sharon A. Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA; Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA; Rick Nishimura, MD, FACC, FAHA; Joseph P. Ornato, MD, FACC, FAHA; Richard L. Page, MD, FACC, FAHA; Barbara Riegel, DNSc, RN, FAHA
1Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology official representative
2Society for Vascular Surgery official representative
3Society of Interventional Radiology official representative
4Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions official representative
5Former Task Force member during this effort
6Immediate Past Chair
2011 Focused Update
Writing Group Members: Thom W. Rooke, MD, FACC (Chair)†; Alan T. Hirsch, MD, FACC (Vice Chair); Sanjay Misra, MD (Vice Chair)‡; Anton N. Sidawy, MD, MPH, FACS (Vice Chair)§; Joshua A. Beckman, MD, FACC, FAHA*; Laura K. Findeiss, MD‡; Jafar Golzarian, MD†; Heather L. Gornik, MD, FACC, FAHA†; Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA¶; Michael R. Jaff, DO, FACC†; Gregory L. Moneta, MD, FACS†; Jeffrey W. Olin, DO, FACC, FAHA#; James C. Stanley, MD, FACS†; Christopher J. White, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI**; John V. White, MD, FACS†; R. Eugene Zierler, MD, FACS†
Task Force Members: Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair; Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect; Nancy Albert, PhD, CCNS, CCRN, FAHA; Mark A. Creager, MD, FACC, FAHA; Steven M. Ettinger, MD, FACC; Robert A. Guyton, MD, FACC; Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA; Judith S. Hochman, MD, FACC, FAHA; Frederick G. Kushner, MD, FACC, FAHA; E. Magnus Ohman, MD, FACC; William Stevenson, MD, FACC, FAHA; Clyde W. Yancy, MD, FACC, FAHA
†ACCF/AHA Representative
‡Society of Interventional Radiology Representative
§Society for Vascular Surgery Representative
*Society for Vascular Medicine Representative
¶ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison
#ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
**Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Representative
Financial Disclosures/Conflicts of Interest
2005 Guideline
The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines makes every effort to avoid any actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that might arise as a result of an outside relationship or personal interest of a member of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing panel are asked to provide disclosure statements of all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest. These statements are reviewed by the parent task force, reported orally to all members of the writing panel at each meeting, and updated and reviewed by the writing committee yearly and as changes occur.
See Appendix 1 in the original 2005 guideline document for author relationships with industry and Appendix 2 for peer reviewer relationships with industry.
2011 Focused Update
The Task Force makes every effort to avoid actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of industry relationships or personal interests among the members of the writing group. All writing group members and peer reviewers of the guideline are asked to disclose all such current relationships as well as those existing 12 months previously. In December 2009, the ACCF and AHA implemented a new policy for relationships with industry and other entities (RWI) that requires the writing group chair plus a minimum of 50% of the writing group to have no relevant RWI (see Appendix 1 in the 2011 Focused Update document for the ACCF/AHA definition of relevance). These statements are reviewed by the Task Force and all members during each conference call and/or meeting of the writing group and are updated as changes occur. All guideline recommendations require a confidential vote by the writing group and must be approved by a consensus of the voting members. Members are not permitted to write, and must recuse themselves from voting on, any recommendation or section to which their RWI apply. Members who recused themselves from voting are indicated in the list of writing group members, and section recusals are noted in Appendix 1 of the 2011 Focused Update document. Authors' and peer reviewers' RWI pertinent to this guideline are disclosed in Appendixes 1 and 2 of the 2011 Focused Update document, respectively. Additionally, to ensure complete transparency, writing group members' comprehensive disclosure information—including RWI not pertinent to this document—is available as an online supplement. Comprehensive disclosure information for the Task Force is also available online at http://www.cardiosource.org/ACC/About-ACC/Leadership/Guidelines-and-Documents-Task-Forces.aspx . The work of the writing group was supported exclusively by the ACCF and AHA without commercial support. Writing group members volunteered their time for this activity.
Guideline Endorser(s)
American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation - Medical Specialty Society
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]
Society for Vascular Nursing - Nonprofit Organization
TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus - Independent Expert Panel
Vascular Disease Foundation - Professional Association
Guideline Status
This is the current release of the guideline.
Availability of Companion Documents
The following are available:
- ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic). A collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery*, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease [Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic]): executive summary. Electronic copies: Available from the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) Web site .
- Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (lower extremity, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic). Pocket guideline. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. 2011. 62 p. Electronic copies: Available from the ACC Web site.
- 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease. Slide set. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. 2005. 187 p. Electronic copies: Available from the JACC Web site .
- 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease. Slide set. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. 2011 Nov. 142 p. Electronic copies: Available from the JACC Web site .
- Methodology manual and policies from the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2010 Jun. 88 p. American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association, Inc. Electronic copies: Available in PDF from the ACC Web site .
Print copies: Available from the ACC, 2400 N Street NW, Washington DC, 20037; (800) 253-4636 (US only)
NGC Status
This NGC summary was completed by ECRI on February 3, 2006. The information was verified by the guideline developer on May 16, 2006. This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on May 17, 2007 following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory on Gadolinium-based contrast agents. This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on June 20, 2007 following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory on gadolinium-based contrast agents. This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on November 9, 2007, following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory on Antidepressant drugs. This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on July 20, 2009 following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory on Varenicline and Bupropion. This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on January 4, 2010 following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory on Plavix (Clopidogrel). This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on May 17, 2010 following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory on Plavix (clopidogrel). This NGC summary was updated by ECRI Institute on May 21, 2012. The updated information was verified by the guideline developer on June 5, 2012.
Copyright Statement
This NGC summary is based on the original guideline, which is subject to the guideline developer's copyright restrictions as follows:
Copyright to the original guideline is owned by the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association, Inc. (AHA). NGC users are free to download a single copy for personal use. Reproduction without permission of the ACC/AHA guidelines is prohibited. Permissions requests should be directed to copyright_permissions@acc.org.
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