Table 16: Outcome Indicators by County and State Socioeconomic Status, 2005^a

Table 16B: Outcome Indicators by State Socioeconomic Status

HCBS Subpopulation	Outcome Indicator	Median Income		Percent in Poverty		Supply of Federally Qualified Health Centers per Capita		Percent of People 65+ Living Alone		Percent Female Labor Force Participation
		>Median	≤Median	>Median	≤Median	>Median	≤Median	>Median	≤Median	>Median	≤Median
National HCBS Population	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	254	342	287	293	360	263	337	249	294	284
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	3,314	4,720	3,896	3,782	4,517	3,632	4,806	3,116	4,365	3,428
	Congestive Heart Failure	4,446	6,193	5,180	4,999	5,554	4,979	5,681	4,693	5,493	4,815
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	6,854	9,857	7,993	8,134	8,839	7,742	8,652	7,537	8,765	7,390
	Bacterial Pneumonia	4,269	5,953	4,889	5,038	5,595	4,691	5,406	4,550	5,349	4,562
	Urinary Tract Infection	2,585	3,904	3,104	3,096	3,245	3,051	3,246	2,987	3,415	2,828
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	687	864	737	807	827	731	803	718	785	731
	Dehydration	1,576	2,409	1,870	1,990	2,129	1,821	2,105	1,741	2,222	1,624
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	10,412	14,217	12,026	11,575	13,225	11,430	13,786	10,405	12,899	11,034
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	6,179	9,131	7,304	7,421	8,388	6,959	7,996	6,810	7,932	6,815
	Composite: ACSC Overall	16,590	23,347	19,328	18,994	21,612	18,388	21,781	17,215	20,829	17,849
	Pressure Ulcer	3,050	4,160	3,514	3,406	3,667	3,420	3,778	3,252	3,773	3,233
	Injurious Falls	252	369	291	315	388	265	268	321	294	301
Dually Eligible HCBS Participants	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	207	267	222	256	288	210	260	208	236	227
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	3,425	5,079	4,120	4,007	4,895	3,795	5,023	3,351	4,534	3,690
	Congestive Heart Failure	5,048	7,180	5,970	5,729	6,369	5,735	6,498	5,435	6,327	5,525
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	7,704	11,200	9,090	9,155	9,979	8,790	9,822	8,544	9,948	8,355
	Bacterial Pneumonia	4,757	6,746	5,517	5,659	6,342	5,269	6,124	5,107	6,030	5,130
	Urinary Tract Infection	2,947	4,455	3,573	3,497	3,637	3,522	3,698	3,438	3,918	3,225
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	669	834	727	757	803	710	764	712	767	706
	Dehydration	1,802	2,677	2,128	2,220	2,354	2,080	2,336	2,009	2,477	1,863
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	11,171	15,518	13,032	12,611	14,354	12,392	14,758	11,462	13,923	12,015
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	6,990	10,438	8,363	8,406	9,512	7,960	9,129	7,779	9,077	7,745
	Composite: ACSC Overall	18,160	25,955	21,393	21,016	23,865	20,351	23,885	19,240	22,997	19,760
	Pressure Ulcer	3,478	4,542	4,009	3,629	3,918	3,900	4,115	3,739	4,175	3,663
	Injurious Falls	327	453	373	390	485	339	330	416	368	387
Medicaid-Only HCBS Participants	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	382	581	471	408	582	411	557	370	471	441
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	3,011	3,576	3,258	3,103	3,359	3,169	4,189	2,427	3,848	2,706
	Congestive Heart Failure	2,805	3,043	2,926	2,797	3,062	2,834	3,353	2,517	2,940	2,853
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	4,539	5,568	4,865	5,050	5,354	4,764	5,319	4,584	5,143	4,728
	Bacterial Pneumonia	2,940	3,422	3,098	3,163	3,308	3,050	3,360	2,917	3,266	2,993
	Urinary Tract Infection	1,599	2,146	1,766	1,887	2,046	1,714	1,959	1,667	1,877	1,734
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	735	959	766	958	902	788	916	736	839	799
	Dehydration	961	1,553	1,134	1,295	1,441	1,087	1,448	956	1,440	963
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	8,345	10,065	9,158	8,447	9,773	8,700	11,017	7,309	9,769	8,326
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	3,968	4,959	4,286	4,448	4,950	4,118	4,768	3,972	4,429	4,247
	Composite: ACSC Overall	12,312	15,022	13,443	12,894	14,722	12,817	15,784	11,280	14,196	12,573
	Pressure Ulcer	1,883	2,943	2,104	2,733	2,898	2,056	2,817	1,824	2,546	2,044
	Injurious Falls	45	101	57	88	94	56	91	44	68	63
I/DD Subpopulation	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	135	187	171	128	157	154	131	184	155	155
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	678	802	762	663	628	763	788	650	786	652
	Congestive Heart Failure	573	788	743	505	640	662	661	650	707	593
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	4,200	4,766	4,607	4,093	4,211	4,498	4,694	4,088	4,583	4,218
	Bacterial Pneumonia	2,877	3,085	3,048	2,800	2,809	3,014	3,248	2,608	3,103	2,780
	Urinary Tract Infection	1,323	1,681	1,559	1,292	1,403	1,483	1,445	1,480	1,480	1,438
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	269	366	331	262	296	310	290	325	296	318
	Dehydration	607	846	737	634	738	684	722	672	741	648
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	1,893	2,414	2,297	1,743	1,925	2,159	2,117	2,066	2,218	1,942
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	3,146	3,780	3,577	3,068	3,373	3,397	3,568	3,176	3,466	3,298
	Composite: ACSC Overall	5,039	6,194	5,874	4,811	5,299	5,555	5,685	5,243	5,684	5,240
	Pressure Ulcer	1,206	1,720	1,560	1,136	1,380	1,414	1,379	1,435	1,413	1,394
	Injurious Falls	61	90	75	68	86	67	73	72	85	58
SMI Subpopulation	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	438	612	499	523	577	481	524	486	479	546
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	4,469	5,799	5,061	4,811	5,397	4,843	5,584	4,337	4,971	5,009
	Congestive Heart Failure	2,921	4,142	3,580	2,959	3,552	3,342	3,561	3,217	3,273	3,578
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	6,330	8,871	7,119	7,794	7,917	7,110	7,467	7,157	7,411	7,182
	Bacterial Pneumonia	4,175	5,535	4,536	5,102	5,178	4,538	4,919	4,470	4,777	4,596
	Urinary Tract Infection	2,155	3,336	2,583	2,692	2,739	2,572	2,548	2,687	2,634	2,587
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	664	862	693	855	842	706	723	761	664	854
	Dehydration	1,674	2,469	1,957	2,045	2,193	1,910	1,973	1,994	2,038	1,902
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	10,414	13,609	12,002	10,837	12,400	11,397	12,701	10,522	11,398	12,039
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	6,038	8,506	6,813	7,440	7,832	6,707	7,185	6,795	6,939	7,086
	Composite: ACSC Overall	16,451	22,114	18,813	18,277	20,232	18,103	19,885	17,316	18,336	19,125
	Pressure Ulcer	2,329	3,238	2,737	2,555	2,934	2,595	2,693	2,673	2,606	2,796
	Injurious Falls	205	299	238	251	314	217	217	269	225	266
HCBS Population Aged 18-64 Without I/DD or SMI	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	557	731	626	635	812	549	793	511	616	636
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	4,552	5,378	4,804	5,155	5,484	4,637	6,760	3,570	6,079	4,108
	Congestive Heart Failure	4,915	5,347	5,058	5,198	5,313	4,998	6,109	4,374	5,600	4,758
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	6,490	7,871	6,793	7,849	7,669	6,795	7,998	6,394	7,791	6,575
	Bacterial Pneumonia	3,794	4,350	3,898	4,397	4,376	3,871	4,601	3,614	4,384	3,785
	Urinary Tract Infection	2,696	3,520	2,896	3,452	3,293	2,924	3,397	2,780	3,407	2,790
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	1,658	1,868	1,654	2,015	1,784	1,727	2,011	1,556	2,010	1,569
	Dehydration	1,535	2,061	1,622	2,136	1,938	1,671	2,151	1,469	2,252	1,420
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	13,818	16,160	14,629	15,240	16,221	14,162	18,667	12,033	16,789	13,457
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	5,505	6,960	5,857	6,841	6,998	5,719	7,154	5,362	6,631	5,757
	Composite: ACSC Overall	19,322	23,118	20,484	22,082	23,217	19,881	25,819	17,394	23,417	19,213
	Pressure Ulcer	4,208	5,894	4,514	6,063	5,607	4,599	5,878	4,212	5,616	4,432
	Injurious Falls	111	175	135	143	167	124	162	119	156	125
HCBS Population Aged 65+	Short-Term Complications of Diabetes	124	151	126	163	147	130	174	108	170	107
	Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	3,959	6,245	4,677	5,400	6,064	4,460	6,495	3,758	5,880	4,036
	Congestive Heart Failure	6,691	9,985	7,590	9,223	9,247	7,563	9,739	6,800	9,350	6,887
	Composite: Potentially Preventable Infection	9,114	14,389	10,733	12,569	13,138	10,532	12,931	9,988	13,210	9,554
	Bacterial Pneumonia	5,601	8,725	6,524	7,766	8,478	6,285	7,992	6,033	7,951	5,920
	Urinary Tract Infection	3,514	5,664	4,209	4,803	4,659	4,247	4,939	3,955	5,258	3,634
	Infection Due to Device or Implant	458	603	488	601	550	503	571	476	596	450
	Dehydration	2,183	3,480	2,549	3,141	3,138	2,542	3,204	2,344	3,342	2,173
	Composite: ACSC Chronic Conditions	13,508	19,662	15,241	18,061	18,507	15,067	20,036	13,165	18,848	13,584
	Composite: ACSC Acute Conditions	8,609	13,732	10,164	12,022	12,875	9,874	12,461	9,362	12,450	9,143
	Composite: ACSC Overall	22,116	33,392	25,404	30,079	31,379	24,939	32,495	22,525	31,295	22,726
	Pressure Ulcer	3,775	4,848	4,198	4,163	4,122	4,211	4,880	3,737	5,013	3,549
	Injurious Falls	436	657	486	644	754	449	493	541	533	513

Notes:

ACSC = ambulatory care-sensitive condition; HCBS = home and community-based services; I/DD = intellectual and development disabilities; SMI = serious mental illness.

^a. All outcome indicators expressed as potentially avoidable hospital stays per 100,000 persons in the HCBS population. HCBS population for outcome indicators excludes: individuals under age 18; people with only institutional use in a given quarter; people on managed care plans; and persons in the States of Arizona, Maine, Washington, and Wisconsin.

Dually eligible = dually eligible for Medicaid and Medicare. Eligibility for Medicare defined as inclusion in Medicare denominator file.

Medicaid only = part of Medicaid HCBS population but not enrolled in Medicare.

HCBS subpopulations of I/DD, SMI, Under 65 Without I/DD or SMI, and 65+ are defined as in the Appendix.

Median is defined as the value at which half of States are below and half of States are above.

Source for Outcome Indicators: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data, and Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) data.

Sources for column heading data are described in the Appendix.

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