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Related information

• Folic acid fact sheet
• Preconception visit – print-and-go guide (PDF, 182 KB)
• Preconception health quiz
• Smoking and how to quit

Preconception health

• Why preconception health matters
• Five most important things to boost your preconception health
• Talk to your doctor before you become pregnant
• Your partner's role in preparing for pregnancy
• Genetic counseling
• More information on preconception health

Why preconception health matters

Preconception health is a woman's health before she becomes pregnant. It means knowing how health conditions and risk factors could affect a woman or her unborn baby if she becomes pregnant. For example, some foods, habits, and medicines can harm your baby — even before he or she is conceived. Some health problems, such as diabetes, also can affect pregnancy.

Every woman should be thinking about her health whether or not she is planning pregnancy. One reason is that about half of all pregnancies are not planned. Unplanned pregnancies are at greater risk of preterm birth and low birth weight babies. Another reason is that, despite important advances in medicine and prenatal care, about 1 in 8 babies is born too early. Researchers are trying to find out why and how to prevent preterm birth. But experts agree that women need to be healthier before becoming pregnant. By taking action on health issues and risks before pregnancy, you can prevent problems that might affect you or your baby later.

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Five most important things to boost your preconception health

Women and men should prepare for pregnancy before becoming sexually active — or at least three months before getting pregnant. Some actions, such as quitting smoking, reaching a healthy weight, or adjusting medicines you are using, should start even earlier. The five most important things you can do for preconception health are:

1. Take 400 to 800 micrograms (400 to 800 mcg or 0.4 to 0.8 mg) of folic acid every day if you are planning or capable of pregnancy to lower your risk of some birth defects of the brain and spine, including spina bifida. All women need folic acid every day. Talk to your doctor about your folic acid needs. Some doctors prescribe prenatal vitamins that contain higher amounts of folic acid.
2. Stop smoking and drinking alcohol.
3. If you have a medical condition, be sure it is under control. Some conditions that can affect pregnancy or be affected by it include asthma, diabetes, oral health, obesity, or epilepsy.
4. Talk to your doctor about any over-the-counter and prescription medicines you are using. These include dietary or herbal supplements. Be sure your vaccinations are up to date.
5. Avoid contact with toxic substances or materials that could cause infection at work and at home. Stay away from chemicals and cat or rodent feces.

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Talk to your doctor before you become pregnant

Preconception care can improve your chances of getting pregnant, having a healthy pregnancy, and having a healthy baby. If you are sexually active, talk to your doctor about your preconception health now. Preconception care should begin at least three months before you get pregnant. But some women need more time to get their bodies ready for pregnancy. Be sure to discuss your partner's health too. Ask your doctor about:

• Family planning and birth control.
• Taking folic acid.
• Vaccines and screenings you may need, such as a Pap test and screenings for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV.
• Managing health problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, thyroid disease, obesity, depression, eating disorders, and asthma. Find out how pregnancy may affect, or be affected by, health problems you have.
• Medicines you use, including over-the-counter, herbal, and prescription drugs and supplements.
• Ways to improve your overall health, such as reaching a healthy weight, making healthy food choices, being physically active, caring for your teeth and gums, reducing stress, quitting smoking, and avoiding alcohol.
• How to avoid illness.
• Hazards in your workplace or home that could harm you or your baby.
• Health problems that run in your or your partner's family.
• Problems you have had with prior pregnancies, including preterm birth.
• Family concerns that could affect your health, such as domestic violence or lack of support.

Bring a list of talking points (PDF, 182 KB) to be sure you don't forget anything. If you run out of time at your visit, schedule a follow-up visit to make sure everything is covered.

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Your partner's role in preparing for pregnancy

Your partner can do a lot to support and encourage you in every aspect of preparing for pregnancy. Here are some ways:

• Make the decision about pregnancy together. When both partners intend for pregnancy, a woman is more likely to get early prenatal care and avoid risky behaviors such as smoking and drinking alcohol.
• Screening for and treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can help make sure infections are not passed to female partners.
• Male partners can improve their own reproductive health and overall health by limiting alcohol, quitting smoking or illegal drug use, making healthy food choices, and reducing stress. Studies show that men who drink a lot, smoke, or use drugs can have problems with their sperm. These might cause you to have problems getting pregnant. If your partner won't quit smoking, ask that he not smoke around you, to avoid harmful effects of secondhand smoke.
• Your partner should also talk to his doctor about his own health, his family health history, and any medicines he uses.
• People who work with chemicals or other toxins can be careful not to expose women to them. For example, people who work with fertilizers or pesticides should change out of dirty clothes before coming near women. They should handle and wash soiled clothes separately.

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Genetic counseling

The genes your baby is born with can affect your baby's health in these ways:

• Single gene disorders are caused by a problem in a single gene. Genes contain the information your body's cells need to function. Single gene disorders run in families. Examples of single gene disorders are cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
• Chromosome disorders occur when all or part of a chromosome is missing or extra, or if the structure of one or more chromosomes is not normal. Chromosomes are structures where genes are located. Most chromosome disorders that involve whole chromosomes do not run in families.

Talk to your doctor about your and your partner's family health histories before becoming pregnant. This information can help your doctor find out any genetic risks you might have.

Depending on your genetic risk factors, your doctor might suggest you meet with a genetic professional. Some reasons a person or couple might seek genetic counseling are:

• A family history of a genetic condition, birth defect, chromosomal disorder, or cancer
• Two or more pregnancy losses, a stillbirth, or a baby who died
• A child with a known inherited disorder, birth defect, or intellectual disability
• A woman who is pregnant or plans to become pregnant at 35 years or older
• Test results that suggest a genetic condition is present
• Increased risk of getting or passing on a genetic disorder because of one's ethnic background
• People related by blood who want to have children together

During a consultation, the genetics professional meets with a person or couple to discuss genetic risks or to diagnose, confirm, or rule out a genetic condition. Sometimes, a couple chooses to have genetic testing. Some tests can help couples to know the chances that a person will get or pass on a genetic disorder. The genetics professional can help couples decide if genetic testing is the right choice for them.

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More information on preconception health

Explore other publications and websites

• Genetic Consultation — This publication explains what a genetic consultation is, why you might need one, what happens during the consultation, and how you can find a genetic counselor in your area.
  http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/info=consultation/show/alltopics
• Genetic Counseling — This website provides information about genetic counselors. It includes where to find local genetic counselors, how to become a counselor, and where to find other resources.
  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genecounseling.shtml
• Genetic Counseling (Copyright © Nemours Foundation) — This publication offers information on what a genetic counselor is and who should see one. It also explains what to expect before and after a counseling session and how to find a counselor.
  http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/genetic_counseling.html
• Genetic Testing: What You Should Know (Copyright © American Academy of Family Physicians) — This publication provides information on genetic testing, including what it is, who should be tested, and where to go to find out more information.
  http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/healthy/prevention/462.html
• In Vitro Fertilization: IVF (Copyright © American Pregnancy Association) — This publication provides general information on in vitro fertilization (IVF). The information includes what is involved in the process of IVF, the different types of IVF, the success rate, the associated risks, and how to choose an infertility clinic.
  http://www.americanpregnancy.org/infertility/ivf.html
• Planning Your Pregnancy (Copyright © American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) — This publication provides helpful information for women who want to become pregnant.
  http://www.acog.org/from_home/misc/promotion2.pdf
• Preconception Care — The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hosts this Internet site as their main portal to finding information on preconception care.
  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/preconception/
• Preconception Care — This fact sheet discusses steps you can take to have a healthy pregnancy.
  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preconception_care.cfm
• Preconception Care Questions and Answers — This question and answer sheet discusses what preconception health and preconception health care are, explains recommendations on preconception health, and provides information on how to prepare for pregnancy and reproductive life plans.
  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/preconception/QandA.htm
• Preconception Health and Care, 2006 - At A Glance — This publication explains what preconception care is, why it is a public health concern, and what the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and local affiliates are doing to provide preconception care to pregnant mothers.
  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/preconception/documents/At-a-glance-4-11-06.pdf
• Pregnancy Information Center, CDC — If you're pregnant or planning to get pregnant, you probably have a lot of questions. This website will help you learn how to be healthy (before, during, and after pregnancy) and give your baby a healthy start to life.
  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/pregnancy_gateway/default.htm
• Safe Motherhood: Promoting Health for Women Before, During, and After Pregnancy — This report emphasizes the importance of proper care from conception through delivery, in order to prevent complications when possible. The ideal result is a labor at term without any unnecessary interventions.
  http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/aag/pdf/drh.pdf
• Trying to Get Pregnant: Genetic Counseling (Copyright © March of Dimes) — This publication provides information on genetic counseling and explains who would benefit from genetic counseling, what to expect during a consultation, and where to find a genetic counselor.
  http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/4439_15008.asp

Connect with other organizations

• March of Dimes
  http://www.marchofdimes.com
• National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC
  http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/index.html
• National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, HHS
  http://www.genome.gov/
• National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm
• National Society of Genetic Counselors
  http://www.nsgc.org/
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
  http://www.samhsa.gov/
• Tinina Q. Cade Foundation
  http://www.cadefoundation.org/index.php

Content last updated September 27, 2010.

Resources last updated September 27, 2010.

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