S-1      

A drug that is being studied for its ability to enhance the effectiveness of fluorouracil and prevent gastrointestinal side effects caused by fluorouracil. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

S-phase fraction       (... fayz FRAK-shun)

A measure of the percentage of cells in a tumor that are in the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is synthesized. The S-phase fraction may be used with the proliferative index to give a more complete understanding of how fast a tumor is growing.

S100 calcium binding protein A8       (… KAL-see-um … PROH-teen …)

A protein that is made by many different types of cells and is involved in processes that take place both inside and outside of the cell. It is made in larger amounts in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and in some types of cancer. It is being studied as a biomarker for breast cancer. Also called calgranulin A.

S100 calcium binding protein A9       (… KAL-see-um … PROH-teen …)

A protein that is made by many different types of cells and is involved in processes that take place both inside and outside of the cell. It is made in larger amounts in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and in some types of cancer. It is being studied as a biomarker for breast cancer. Also called calgranulin B.

SAB      

A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or the lower part of the body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spinal column to cause the loss of feeling. The patient stays awake during the procedure. It is a type of regional anesthesia. Also called spinal anesthesia, spinal block, and subarachnoid block.

sacrum       (SAY-krum)

The large, triangle-shaped bone in the lower spine that forms part of the pelvis. It is made of 5 fused bones of the spine.

safingol       (SA-fin-gol)

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein kinase inhibitors. Also called L-threo-dihydrosphingosine.

SAHA      

A drug that is used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that does not get better, gets worse, or comes back during or after treatment with other drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. SAHA is a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor. Also called suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, vorinostat, and Zolinza.

saline       (SAY-leen)

A solution of salt and water.

saliva       (suh-LY-vuh)

The watery fluid in the mouth made by the salivary glands. Saliva moistens food to help digestion and it helps protect the mouth against infections.

salivary gland       (SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland)

A gland in the mouth that produces saliva.

salivary gland cancer       (SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland KAN-ser)

A rare cancer that forms in tissues of a salivary gland (gland in the mouth that makes saliva). Most salivary gland cancers occur in older people.

salpingo-oophorectomy       (sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee)

Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

salvage therapy       (SAL-vij THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment that is given after the cancer has not responded to other treatments.

samarium 153       (suh-MAYR-ee-um ...)

A radioactive substance used in the treatment of bone cancer and bone metastases (cancers that have spread from the original tumor to the bone). Samarium 153 is a radioactive form of the element samarium. It collects in bone, where it releases radiation that may kill cancer cells. It is a type of radioisotope.

samarium Sm 153 lexidronam pentasodium       (suh-MAYR-ee-um…LEK-sih-DROH-nam PEN-tuh-SOH-dee-um)

A drug used to treat pain caused by bone cancer and other cancers that have spread to the bones. Samarium Sm 153 lexidronam pentasodium is a type of radiopharmaceutical. Also called Quadramet.

saponin       (SA-poh-nin)

A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects.

saquinavir mesylate       (sa-KWIH-nuh-veer MEH-zih-layt)

A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called protease inhibitors. It interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.

sarCNU      

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called sarcosinamide nitrosourea.

sarcoid       (SAR-koyd)

An inflammatory disease marked by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. Sarcoid may be acute and go away by itself, or it may be chronic and progressive. Also called sarcoidosis.

sarcoidosis       (SAR-koy-DOH-sis)

An inflammatory disease marked by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. Sarcoidosis may be acute and go away by itself, or it may be chronic and progressive. Also called sarcoid.

sarcoma       (sar-KOH-muh)

A cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

sarcomatoid carcinoma       (sar-KOH-muh-toyd KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

A type of cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs and that contains long spindle-shaped cells. Also called spindle cell cancer.

sarcosinamide nitrosourea       (SAR-koh-SIH-nuh-MIDE ny-TROH-soh-YOO-ree-uh)

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called sarCNU.

sargramostim       (sar-GRA-moh-stim)

A substance that helps make more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages, and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood-forming) agent. Also called GM-CSF and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

satellite tumor       (SA-teh-lite TOO-mer)

A type of skin cancer on or under the skin that has spread from the primary tumor through the lymph system and is not more than 2 centimeters away from the original tumor.

satraplatin       (SA-truh-PLA-tin)

A substance being studied in the treatment of prostate and other types of cancer. It contains the metal platinum and may kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called BMS-182751 and JM 216.

saturated fat       (SA-chuh-RAY-ted…)

A type of fat with certain chemical properties that is usually solid at room temperature. Most saturated fats come from animal food products, but some plant oils, such as palm and coconut oil, also contain high levels. Eating saturated fat increases the level of cholesterol in the blood and the risk of heart disease.

saw palmetto       (...pawl-MEH-toh)

A shrub that is a member of the palm tree family. An extract made from the berries of this shrub has been studied in the treatment of certain urinary and prostate disorders. The scientific name is Serenoa repens.

SB-715992      

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. SB-715992 blocks a protein that tumor cells need to divide. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor. Also called ispinesib.

SB939      

A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. SB939 blocks the action of an enzyme called histone deacetylase (HDAC) and may stop tumor cells from dividing. It is a type of HDAC inhibitor.

SC-70935      

A substance being studied for its ability to stimulate the production of blood cells during chemotherapy. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called leridistim.

SC-PEG E. coli L-asparaginase       (… as-PAYR-uh-jih-NAYS)

A drug used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is a form of the anticancer drug PEG-asparaginase that stays in the body longer. SC-PEG E. coli L-asparaginase is an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid asparagine and may block the growth of tumor cells that need asparagine to grow. It is a type of protein synthesis inhibitor. Also called EZN-2285 and Oncaspar-IV.

scalpel       (SKAL-pul)

A small, thin knife used for surgery.

scan       (skan)

A picture of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body.

scanner       (SKA-ner)

In medicine, an instrument that takes pictures of the inside of the body.

scapula       (SKA-pyoo-luh)

One of a pair of triangular bones at the back of the shoulder. The scapula connects the collarbone with the upper arm bone. Also called shoulder blade.

scar tissue       (skar TIH-shoo)

Fibrous tissue that forms when a wound heals.

SCF      

A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to change into different types of blood cells and increases the number and actions of these cells in the blood. SCF is a type of cytokine and a type of growth factor. Also called kit ligand and stem cell factor.

SCH 54031      

A drug used to treat hepatitis C infections. It is also being studied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. SCH 54031 is a cytokine that is modified in the laboratory. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called PEG-interferon alfa-2b and PEG-Intron.

SCH 66336      

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. Also called lonafarnib.

SCH-58500      

A substance that has been studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. SCH-58500 is a weakened adenovirus that carries the p53 gene into tumor cells, causing them to die. It is a type of gene therapy. Also called ACN53, rAd/p53, and recombinant adenovirus-p53.

schedule       (SKEH-jool)

In a clinical setting, the step-by-step plan for how patients are to be treated; for example, the drug or type of radiation therapy that is to be given, the method by which it is to be given, the amount of time between courses, and the total length of treatment.

Schiller test       (SHIH-ler …)

A test in which iodine is applied to the cervix. The iodine colors healthy cells brown; abnormal cells remain unstained, usually appearing white or yellow.

schistosome       (SHIS-tuh-some)

A parasitic worm that can cause diseases of the liver, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. One type of schistosome has been linked to bladder cancer. Schistosomes are found in Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, the Caribbean, and South America.

schizophrenia       (SKIT-soh-FREE-nee-uh)

A group of severe mental disorders in which a person has trouble telling the difference between real and unreal experiences, thinking logically, having normal emotional responses to others, and behaving normally in social situations. Symptoms include seeing, hearing, feeling things that are not there, having false ideas about what is taking place or who one is, nonsense speech, unusual behavior, lack of emotion, and social withdrawal.

Schwann cell       (shwan sel)

A type of glial cell of the peripheral nervous system that helps separate and insulate nerve cells.

schwannoma       (shwah-NOH-muh)

A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that arises in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported.

SCID      

A rare, inherited disease that is marked by a lack of B lymphocytes (white blood cells that make antibodies and help fight infections) and a lack of T lymphocytes (white blood cells that attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells). Patients with this disease have a high risk of developing viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Also called severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

scientific review committee       (SY-en-TIH-fik ree-VYOO kuh-MIH-tee)

A group of doctors, scientists, and other experts that reviews the detailed plan of a clinical trial for scientific quality and correct study design. There is a scientific review committee at every health care facility that does clinical research. Most clinical trials are reviewed by the scientific review committee before they go to the facility’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) for approval. Also called scientific review panel.

scientific review panel       (SY-en-TIH-fik ree-VYOO PA-nil)

A group of doctors, scientists, and other experts that reviews the detailed plan of a clinical trial for scientific quality and correct study design. There is a scientific review panel at every health care facility that does clinical research. Most clinical trials are reviewed by the scientific review panel before they go to the facility’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) for approval. Also called scientific review committee.

scientist       (SY-en-tist)

A person who has studied science, especially one who is active in a particular field of investigation.

scintigraphy       (sin-TIH-gruh-fee)

A procedure that produces pictures (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where there are cancer cells. Scintigraphy is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease. A small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein or swallowed. Different radionuclides travel through the blood to different organs. A machine with a special camera moves over the person lying on a table and detects the type of radiation given off by the radionuclides. A computer forms an image of the areas where the radionuclide builds up. These areas may contain cancer cells. Also called radionuclide scanning.

scintimammography       (SIN-tih-ma-MAH-gruh-fee)

A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. It is not used for screening or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called Miraluma test and sestamibi breast imaging.

sclera       (SKLAYR-uh)

The white layer of the eye that covers most of the outside of the eyeball.

scleroderma       (SKLAYR-oh-DER-muh)

A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic).

sclerosing adenosis       (skleh-ROH-sing A-deh-NOH-sis)

A benign condition in which scar-like tissue is found in a gland, such as the breast lobules or the prostate. A biopsy may be needed to tell the difference between the abnormal tissue and cancer. Women with sclerosing adenosis of the breast may have a slightly increased risk of breast cancer.

scoliosis       (SKOH-lee-OH-sis)

A condition marked by a side-to-side curve of the backbone. The curve is usually shaped like an S or a C. In most cases, the cause of scoliosis is not known. In some cases, scoliosis may be present at birth or it may be caused by muscle spasms, inflammation, tumors, or certain other disorders. It may also occur at some point in time after radiation therapy to the backbone.

screening       (SKREE-ning)

Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. Since screening may find diseases at an early stage, there may be a better chance of curing the disease. Examples of cancer screening tests are the mammogram (breast), colonoscopy (colon), and the Pap test and HPV test (cervix). Screening can also include checking for a person’s risk of developing an inherited disease by doing a genetic test.

screening mammogram       (SKREE-ning MA-muh-gram)

X-rays of the breasts taken to check for breast cancer in the absence of signs or symptoms.

scrotum       (SKROH-tum)

In males, the external sac that contains the testicles.

Scutellaria barbata       (skoo-tuh-LAYR-ee-uh bar-BAY-tuh)

An herb that belongs to a group of herbs named the Scutellaria species or scullcap. Both the root and the above-ground part have been used to make herbal medicines. The root has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat lung cancer and other medical problems.

SDS      

A rare, inherited disorder in which the pancreas and bone marrow do not work the way they should. Symptoms include problems digesting food, a low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), bone problems, and being short. Infants with the disorder get bacterial infections and are at an increased risk of aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and leukemia. Also called Shwachman syndrome and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.

SDX-102      

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. Also called alanosine.

Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine       (… MEH-thul-seh-LEE-noh-L-SIS-teh-een)

A substance that contains the element selenium (a nutrient that protects cells against damage) and is found in certain plants such as garlic and broccoli. Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine can act as an antioxidant and may help prevent or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of amino acid.

sebum       (SEE-bum)

An oily substance produced by certain glands in the skin.

second primary cancer       (SEH-kund PRY-mayr-ee KAN-ser)

Refers to a new primary cancer in a person with a history of cancer.

second-line therapy       (SEH-kund ... THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment that is given when initial treatment (first-line therapy) doesn’t work, or stops working.

second-look surgery       (SEH-kund ... SER-juh-ree)

Surgery performed after primary treatment to determine whether tumor cells remain.

secondary cancer       (SEH-kun-dayr-ee KAN-ser)

A term that is used to describe either a new primary cancer or cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body.

secondhand smoke       (SEH-kund-hand ...)

Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers. Inhaling secondhand smoke is called involuntary or passive smoking. Also called environmental tobacco smoke and ETS.

secrete       (seh-KREET)

To form and release a substance. In the body, cells secrete substances, such as sweat that cools the body or hormones that act in other parts of the body.

secretin       (seh-KREE-tin)

A hormone released into the blood by cells in the inner layer of the small intestine. It is released when partly digested food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. Secretin causes the pancreas, liver, and stomach to release other substances that help digest food. Secretin may also be made in the laboratory.

secretin human       (seh-KREE-tin HYOO-mun)

A drug used to help diagnose gastrinomas (tumors that cause too much gastric acid to be made) and other problems with the pancreas. It is also used to increase secretions from the pancreas and to help identify a duct called the ampulla of Vater. Secretin human is a form of secretin that is made in the laboratory. Secretin causes the pancreas, liver, and stomach to release substances that help digest food. Also called ChiRhoStim and synthetic human secretin.

secretin stimulation test       (seh-KREE-tin STIM-yoo-LAY-shun …)

A test used to help diagnose problems in the pancreas, such as gastrinomas and pancreatitis. It measures the ability of the pancreas to respond to the hormone secretin (a hormone that causes other substances to be released by the stomach, liver, and pancreas). Secretin is given to the patient by a tube put through the nose or throat into the small intestine and stomach or by injection into a vein. After a certain amount of time, samples are taken to be sent to a laboratory for testing. It is a type of pancreatic function test. Also called pancreatic function test.

sedation       (seh-DAY-shun)

A state of calmness, relaxation, or sleepiness caused by certain drugs. Sedation may be used to help relieve anxiety during medical or surgical procedures or to help cope with very stressful events. Drugs that relieve pain may be used at the same time.

sedative       (SEH-duh-tiv)

A drug or substance used to calm a person down, relieve anxiety, or help a person sleep.

sedimentation rate       (SEH-dih-men-TAY-shun rayt)

The distance red blood cells travel in one hour in a sample of blood as they settle to the bottom of a test tube. The sedimentation rate is increased in inflammation, infection, cancer, rheumatic diseases, and diseases of the blood and bone marrow. Also called erythrocyte sedimentation rate and ESR.

sedoxantrone trihydrochloride       (seh-DOK-san-trone try-HY-droh-KLOR-ide)

A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Sedoxantrone trihydrochloride binds to DNA and stops cells, including cancer cells, from repairing damage to DNA and from making more DNA, RNA, and protein. It is a type of DNA intercalator. Also called CI-958.

SEGA      

A benign (not cancer), slow-growing tumor that usually forms in the walls of fluid-filled spaces in the brain. The tumors are made up of large, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. SEGAs are common in patients with tuberous sclerosis (an inherited disorder in which benign tumors form in the brain and other parts of the body). Also called subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.

segmental cystectomy       (seg-MEN-tul sis-TEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove part of the bladder (the organ that holds urine). Also called partial cystectomy.

segmental mastectomy       (seg-MEN-tul ma-STEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove the part of the breast that has cancer and some of the normal tissue around it. The lining over the chest muscles below the cancer and some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed. It is a type of breast-conserving surgery. Also called partial mastectomy.

segmental resection       (seg-MEN-tul ree-SEK-shun)

Surgery to remove part of an organ or gland. It may also be used to remove a tumor and normal tissue around it. In lung cancer surgery, segmental resection refers to removing a section of a lobe of the lung. Also called segmentectomy.

segmentectomy       (seg-men-TEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove part of an organ or gland. It may also be used to remove a tumor and normal tissue around it. In lung cancer surgery, segmentectomy refers to removing a section of a lobe of the lung. Also called segmental resection.

seizure       (SEE-zher)

Sudden, uncontrolled body movements and changes in behavior that occur because of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Symptoms include loss of awareness, changes in emotion, loss of muscle control, and shaking. Seizures may be caused by drugs, high fevers, head injuries, and certain diseases, such as epilepsy.

selection bias       (seh-LEK-shun BY-us)

An error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a study. Ideally, the subjects in a study should be very similar to one another and to the larger population from which they are drawn (for example, all individuals with the same disease or condition). If there are important differences, the results of the study may not be valid.

selective estrogen receptor modulator       (seh-LEK-tiv ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter MAH-juh-lay-ter)

A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are selective estrogen receptor modulators. Also called SERM.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor       (seh-LEK-tiv SAYR-uh-TOH-nin ree-UP-tayk in-HIH-bih-ter)

A type of drug that is used to treat depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors slow the process by which serotonin (a substance that nerves use to send messages to one another) is reused by nerve cells that make it. This increases the amount of serotonin available for stimulating other nerves. Also called SSRI.

selenium       (seh-LEE-nee-um)

A mineral that is needed by the body to stay healthy. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Selenium is a type of antioxidant.

self-esteem       (self-eh-STEEM)

A feeling of self-worth, self-confidence, and self-respect.

sella turcica       (SEL-uh TER-sih-kuh)

A depression of the bone at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is located.

semaxanib       (seh-MAK-suh-nib)

A substance that has been studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Also called SU5416.

semen       (SEE-men)

The fluid that is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of sperm from the testicles and fluid from the prostate and other sex glands.

seminal fluid       (SEH-mih-nul FLOO-id)

Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm.

seminal vesicle       (SEH-mih-nul VEH-sih-kul)

A gland that helps produce semen.

seminal vesicle biopsy       (SEH-mih-nul VEH-sih-kul BY-op-see)

The removal of fluid or tissue with a needle from the seminal vesicles for examination under a microscope. The seminal vesicles are glands in the male reproductive tract that produce a part of semen.

seminoma       (SEH-mih-NOH-muh)

A type of cancer that begins in cells that make sperm or eggs. Seminomas occur most often in the testicles or the ovaries. They may also occur in other organs, such as the brain, chest, or abdomen. This happens when cells that have the ability to form sperm or eggs are found in other parts of the body. Seminomas grow and spread slowly.

semiparasitic       (SEH-mee-PAYR-uh-SIH-tik)

In botany, a plant that gets food from a host but also contains chlorophyll and is capable of photosynthesis.

semustine       (seh-MUS-teen)

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

Seneca Valley virus-001       (SEH-nih-kuh VA-lee VY-rus…)

A virus being studied in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer. Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. The virus infects and breaks down these tumor cells but not normal cells. It is a type of oncolytic virus. Also called NTX-010 and SVV-001.

senega root       (SEH-neh-guh root)

The root of an herb called Polygala senega. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including problems of the respiratory system.

senile keratosis       (SEE-nile KAYR-uh-TOH-sis)

A thick, scaly patch of skin that may become cancer. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, back of the hands, or chest. It is most common in people with fair skin. Also called actinic keratosis and solar keratosis.

sensitivity       (SEN-sih-TIH-vih-tee)

When referring to a medical test, sensitivity refers to the percentage of people who test positive for a specific disease among a group of people who have the disease. No test has 100% sensitivity because some people who have the disease will test negative for it (false negatives).

sensor       (SEN-sor)

A device that responds to a stimulus, such as heat, light, or pressure, and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted.

Sensorcaine       (SEN-sor-kane)

A drug used to relieve pain by blocking signals at nerve endings. It is being studied in the relief of pain following surgery for cancer. It is a type of local anesthetic. Also called bupivacaine, bupivacaine hydrochloride, and Marcaine.

sensory       (SEN-sor-ee)

Having to do with the senses.

sentinel lymph node       (SEN-tih-nul limf node)

The first lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor. When cancer spreads, the cancer cells may appear first in the sentinel node before spreading to other lymph nodes.

sentinel lymph node biopsy       (SEN-tih-nul limf node BY-op-see)

Removal and examination of the sentinel node(s) (the first lymph node(s) to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor). To identify the sentinel lymph node(s), the surgeon injects a radioactive substance, blue dye, or both near the tumor. The surgeon then uses a probe to find the sentinel lymph node(s) containing the radioactive substance or looks for the lymph node(s) stained with dye. The surgeon then removes the sentinel node(s) to check for the presence of cancer cells.

sentinel lymph node mapping       (SEN-tih-nul limf node MA-ping)

The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify the first lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor. Cancer cells may appear first in the sentinel node before spreading to other lymph nodes and other places in the body.

seocalcitol       (see-oh-KAL-sih-tol)

A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called vitamin D analogs.

sepsis       (SEP-sis)

The presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues.

septate       (SEP-tate)

An organ or structure that is divided into compartments.

septicemia       (SEP-tih-SEE-mee-uh)

Disease caused by the spread of bacteria and their toxins in the bloodstream. Also called blood poisoning and toxemia.

sequential AC/Taxol-Trastuzumab regimen       (see-KWEN-shul … TAK-sol-tras-TOO-zoo-mab REH-jih-men)

An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat breast cancer. It includes the drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol) and trastuzumab (Herceptin). Also called AC-T-T, AC-T-T regimen, and AC-TH regimen.

sequential treatment       (see-KWEN-shul TREET-ment)

One treatment after the other.

SERM      

A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. Also called selective estrogen receptor modulator.

seroma       (see-ROH-muh)

A mass or lump caused by a buildup of clear fluid in a tissue, organ, or body cavity. It usually goes away on its own but may need to be drained with a needle. It often occurs after breast surgery.

Seromycin       (SAYR-oh-MY-sin)

A drug used to treat tuberculosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of pain and nerve problems (numbness, tingling) caused by chemotherapy and in the treatment of low back pain, autism, certain anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Seromycin is a type of antibiotic. Also called D-cycloserine.

serosa       (seh-ROH-suh)

The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach. Also called serous membrane.

serotonin       (SAYR-uh-TOH-nin)

A hormone found in the brain, platelets, digestive tract, and pineal gland. It acts both as a neurotransmitter (a substance that nerves use to send messages to one another) and a vasoconstrictor (a substance that causes blood vessels to narrow). A lack of serotonin in the brain is thought to be a cause of depression. Also called 5-hydroxytryptamine.

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor       (sayr-uh-TOH-nin-NOR-eh-pih-NEH-frin ree-UP-tayk in-HIH-bih-ter)

A type of drug that is used to treat depression and certain other disorders. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors increase the levels of the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Nerves use these chemicals to send messages to one another. Increasing their levels in the brain helps improve mood. Also called SNRI.

serous       (SEER-us)

Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood.

serous membrane       (SEER-us MEM-brayn)

The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach. Also called serosa.

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary       (ser-TOH-lee-LY-dig sel TOO-mer ... OH-vuh-ree)

A rare type of ovarian tumor in which the tumor cells secrete a male sex hormone. This may cause virilization (the appearance of male physical characteristics in females). Also called androblastoma and arrhenoblastoma.

sertraline       (SER-truh-leen)

A drug used to treat depression. It is a type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Also called Zoloft.

serum       (SEER-um)

The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed.

serum albumin       (SEER-um al-BYOO-min)

The main protein in blood plasma. Low levels of serum albumin occur in people with malnutrition, inflammation, and serious liver and kidney disease.

serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase       (SEER-um GLOO-tuh-mayt py-ROO-vayt tranz-A-mih-nays)

An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase released into the blood may be a sign of liver damage, cancer, or other diseases. Also called alanine transferase and SGPT.

serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase       (SEER-um gloo-TA-mik-ok-SA-loh-uh-SEE-tik tranz-A-mih-nays)

An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase released into the blood may be a sign of liver or heart damage, cancer, or other diseases. Also called aspartate transaminase and SGOT.

serum tumor marker test       (SEER-um TOO-mer MAR-ker ...)

A blood test that measures the amount of substances called tumor markers (or biomarkers). Tumor markers are released into the blood by tumor cells or by other cells in response to tumor cells. A high level of a tumor marker may be a sign of cancer.

Serzone       (SER-zone)

A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the family of drugs called antidepressant agents. Also called nefazodone.

sesquiterpene lactone       (SES-kwih-TER-peen LAK-tone)

A substance found in some plants. Sesquiterpene lactones may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Plants containing sesquiterpene lactones have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems.

sestamibi breast imaging       (SES-tuh-MIH-bee brest IH-muh-jing)

A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. It is not used for screening or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called Miraluma test and scintimammography.

sestamibi scan       (SES-tuh-MIH-bee...)

An imaging test used to find overactive parathyroid glands (four pea-sized glands found on the thyroid) and breast cancer cells, and to diagnose heart disease. The patient receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium which is bound to another substance called sestamibi. This substance collects in overactive glands, cancer cells, heart muscle, or other tissues and a picture is taken by a gamma camera (a special camera that detects radioactivity).

severe combined immunodeficiency disease       (seh-VEER kum-BIND IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-shun-see dih-ZEEZ)

A rare, inherited disease that is marked by a lack of B lymphocytes (white blood cells that make antibodies and help fight infections) and a lack of T lymphocytes (white blood cells that attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells). Patients with this disease have a high risk of developing viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Also called SCID.

severe myelosuppression       (... MY-eh-loh-suh-PREH-shun)

A severe form of myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is a condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is a side effect of some cancer treatments. Also called myeloablation.

sex cord tumor       (… kord TOO-mer)

A rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues that support the ovaries or testes. These tumors may release sex hormones. Sex cord tumors include granulosa cell, Sertoli cell, and Leydig cell tumors. Also called sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor and sex cord-stromal tumor.

sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor       (… kord-goh-NA-dul STROH-mul TOO-mer)

A rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues that support the ovaries or testes. These tumors may release sex hormones. Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors include granulosa cell, Sertoli cell, and Leydig cell tumors. Also called sex cord tumor and sex cord-stromal tumor.

sex cord-stromal tumor       (… kord-STROH-mul TOO-mer)

A rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues that support the ovaries or testes. These tumors may release sex hormones. Sex cord-stromal tumors include granulosa cell, Sertoli cell, and Leydig cell tumors. Also called sex cord tumor and sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor.

sex drive       (sex drive)

The need for sex. Also called sexual drive.

sexual drive       (SEK-shoo-ul …)

The need for sex. Also called sex drive.

sexuality       (SEK-shoo-A-lih-tee)

A person's behaviors, desires, and attitudes related to sex and physical intimacy with others.

Sezary syndrome       (say-zah-REE SIN-drome)

A cancer that affects the skin. It is a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

SGN-00101      

A substance that is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called fusion proteins.

SGN-30      

A monoclonal antibody that binds to cells that have the CD30 antigen on their surface, including Hodgkin disease cells and cells from anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. SGN-30 is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of monoclonal antibody.

SGN-35      

A drug used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma that did not get better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of lymphoma. SGN-35 is made by combining a monoclonal antibody with an anticancer drug. It binds to a protein called CD30, which is on the surface of some lymphoma cells, and may kill cancer cells. SGN-35 is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called Adcetris and brentuximab vedotin.

SGN-40      

A monoclonal antibody that binds to cells that have the CD40 antigen on their surface, including cells from multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. SGN-40 is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of monoclonal antibody.

SGOT      

An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of SGOT released into the blood may be a sign of liver or heart damage, cancer, or other diseases. Also called aspartate transaminase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase.

SGPT      

An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of SGPT released into the blood may be a sign of liver damage, cancer, or other diseases. Also called alanine transferase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase.

sham therapy       (...THAYR-uh-pee)

An inactive treatment or procedure that is intended to mimic as closely as possible a therapy in a clinical trial. Also called placebo therapy.

shave biopsy       (shayv BY-op-see)

A procedure in which a skin abnormality and a thin layer of surrounding skin are removed with a small blade for examination under a microscope. Stitches are not needed with this procedure.

sheep sorrel       (sheep SOR-ul)

A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects. The scientific name is Rumex acetosella. Also called dock and sorrel.

Sheridan’s Formula       (SHAYR-ih-dunz FOR-myoo-luh)

A liquid that has been promoted as a treatment for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. The ingredients thought to be in Sheridan’s Formula have been tested, and none of them have been shown to be effective in treating any form of cancer. Sheridan’s Formula is not available in the United States. Also called 126–F, Cancell, Cantron, Jim’s Juice, JS–101, JS–114, and Protocel.

shiitake mushroom       (shee-TAH-kee ...)

A dark oriental mushroom widely used as a food. Several anticancer substances have been found in shiitake mushrooms, including lentinan, which has been studied in Japan as a treatment for stomach and colorectal cancer. The scientific name is Lentinus edodes.

shinbone       (SHIN-bone)

The larger of two bones between the knee and ankle. Also called tibia.

Sho-saiko-to       (shoh-sah-ee-koh-toh)

A Japanese formulation of seven Chinese herbs that is being studied as a treatment for cancer.

short-term side effect       (... eh-FEKT)

A problem that is caused by treatment of a disease but usually goes away after treatment ends. Short-term side effects of cancer treatment include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, fatigue, and mouth sores.

shoulder blade       (SHOLE-der blayd)

One of a pair of triangular bones at the back of the shoulder. The shoulder blade connects the collarbone with the upper arm bone. Also called scapula.

shunt       (shunt)

In medicine, a passage that is made to allow blood or other fluid to move from one part of the body to another. For example, a surgeon may implant a tube to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the abdomen. A surgeon may also change normal blood flow by making a passage that leads from one blood vessel to another.

Shwachman syndrome       (SHWAK-mun SIN-drome)

A rare, inherited disorder in which the pancreas and bone marrow do not work the way they should. Symptoms include problems digesting food, a low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), bone problems, and being short. Infants with the disorder get bacterial infections and are at an increased risk of aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and leukemia. Also called SDS and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome       (SHWAK-mun-DY-mund SIN-drome)

A rare, inherited disorder in which the pancreas and bone marrow do not work the way they should. Symptoms include problems digesting food, a low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), bone problems, and being short. Infants with the disorder get bacterial infections and are at an increased risk of aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and leukemia. Also called SDS and Shwachman syndrome.

sialic acid       (sy-A-lik A-sid)

Any of a group of simple sugar molecules.

sialyl Tn-KLH       (sy-A-lil ...)

A vaccine composed of a substance that enhances immunity plus an antigen found on some tumors of the colon, breast, lung, ovary, pancreas, and stomach.

sibling       (SIB-ling)

A person’s brother or sister who has the same parents.

sickle cell anemia       (SIH-kul sel uh-NEE-mee-uh)

An inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation (change) in one of the genes for hemoglobin (the substance inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the tissues). It is most common in people of West and Central African descent. Also called sickle cell disease.

sickle cell disease       (SIH-kul sel dih-ZEEZ)

An inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation (change) in one of the genes for hemoglobin (the substance inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the tissues). It is most common in people of West and Central African descent. Also called sickle cell anemia.

side effect       (side eh-FEKT)

A problem that occurs when treatment affects healthy tissues or organs. Some common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.

side-to-end coloanal anastomosis       (... KOH-loh-AY-nul uh-NAS-toh-MOH-sis)

A surgical procedure in which the side of the colon is attached to the anus after the rectum has been removed. A section of the colon about 2 inches long is formed into a mini-pouch in order to replace the function of the rectum and store stool until it can be eliminated. This procedure is similar to the J-pouch coloanal anastomosis but a much smaller pouch is formed.

sideropenic dysphagia       (SIH-der-oh-PEE-nik dis-FAY-jee-uh)

A disorder marked by anemia caused by iron deficiency, and a web-like growth of membranes in the throat that makes swallowing difficult. Having sideropenic dysphagia may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Also called Paterson-Kelly syndrome and Plummer-Vinson syndrome.

SIDS      

The sudden and unexpected death of a healthy child who is younger than one year old, usually during sleep. The cause of SIDS is not known. Also called crib death and sudden infant death syndrome.

sigmoid colon       (SIG-moyd KOH-lun)

The S-shaped section of the colon that connects to the rectum.

sigmoidoscope       (sig-MOY-doh-skope)

A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the colon. A sigmoidoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.

sigmoidoscopy       (sig-MOY-DOS-koh-pee)

Examination of the lower colon using a sigmoidoscope, inserted into the rectum. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called proctosigmoidoscopy.

signal transduction       (SIG-nul tranz-DUK-shun)

The process by which a cell responds to substances in its environment. The binding of a substance to a molecule on the surface of a cell causes signals to be passed from one molecule to another inside the cell. These signals can affect many functions of the cell, including cell division and cell death. Cells that have permanent changes in signal transduction molecules may develop into cancer.

signal transduction inhibitor       (SIG-nul tranz-DUK-shun in-HIH-bih-ter)

A substance that blocks signals passed from one molecule to another inside a cell. Blocking these signals can affect many functions of the cell, including cell division and cell death, and may kill cancer cells. Certain signal transduction inhibitors are being studied in the treatment of cancer.

signaling pathway       (SIG-nuh-ling …)

Describes a group of molecules in a cell that work together to control one or more cell functions, such as cell division or cell death. After the first molecule in a pathway receives a signal, it activates another molecule. This process is repeated until the last molecule is activated and the cell function involved is carried out. Abnormal activation of signaling pathways can lead to cancer, and drugs are being developed to block these pathways. This may help block cancer cell growth and kill cancer cells.

signature molecule       (SIG-nuh-cher MAH-leh-kyool)

A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A signature molecule may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition. Also called biomarker and molecular marker.

signet ring cell carcinoma       (SIG-nut ... sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

A highly malignant type of cancer typically found in glandular cells that line the digestive organs. The cells resemble signet rings when examined under a microscope.

significant       (sig-NIH-fih-kunt)

In statistics, describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. Also called statistically significant.

SIL      

A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear. Also called squamous intraepithelial lesion.

sildenafil       (sil-DEH-nuh-FIL)

A drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil relaxes the smooth muscle of the penis to allow increased blood flow and erection. It is a type of phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Also called Viagra.

silicon phthalocyanine 4       (SIH-lih-kon THA-loh-SY-uh-NEEN …)

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. It is a type of photodynamic therapy agent.

silicone       (SIH-lih-kone)

A synthetic gel that is used as an outer coating on breast implants and as the inside filling of some implants.

Silybum marianum       (SIH-lih-bum mayr-ee-AY-num)

A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including stomach, liver, and gallbladder disorders. The active extract of Silybum marianum seeds is called silymarin. It is being studied in the prevention of liver damage caused by some cancer treatments. Also called milk thistle.

silymarin       (SIH-lih-MAYR-in)

A substance obtained from milk thistle seeds that is being studied in the prevention of liver damage caused by certain cancer treatments.

simian virus 40       (SIH-mee-un VY-rus…)

A virus that infects some types of monkeys. It may also infect humans, and was found in some polio vaccines tested in the early 1960s. Although the virus has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals, there is no evidence that it causes cancer in people. Also called SV40.

simple mastectomy       (SIM-pul ma-STEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove the whole breast. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed. Also called total mastectomy.

simple nephrectomy       (SIM-pul neh-FREK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove one kidney.

simple vulvectomy       (SIM-pul vul-VEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove the entire vulva (the external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina).

simulation       (SIM-yoo-LAY-shun)

In cancer treatment, a process used to plan radiation therapy so that the target area is precisely located and marked.

simvastatin       (SIM-vuh-STA-tin)

A drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol and other harmful substances in the blood, such as triglycerides. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer and other conditions. Simvastatin blocks an enzyme that helps make cholesterol in the body. It is a type of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and a type of statin. Also called Zocor.

single blind study       (SING-gul blind STUH-dee)

A type of clinical trial in which only the doctor knows whether a patient is taking the standard treatment or the new treatment being tested. This helps prevent bias in treatment studies.

single nucleotide polymorphism       (SING-gul NOO-klee-oh-tide PAH-lee-MOR-fih-zum)

The most common type of change in DNA (molecules inside cells that carry genetic information). Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur when a single nucleotide (building block of DNA) is replaced with another. These changes may cause disease, and may affect how a person reacts to bacteria, viruses, drugs, and other substances. Also called SNP.

single-photon emission computed tomography       (SIN-gul-FOH-ton ee-MIH-shun kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee)

A special type of computed tomography (CT) scan in which a small amount of a radioactive drug is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to make detailed images of areas inside the body where the radioactive material is taken up by the cells. Single-photon emission computed tomography can give information about blood flow to tissues and chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body. Also called SPECT.

Singulair       (SING-yoo-layr)

A drug used to treat symptoms of asthma, such as trouble breathing, tight chest, wheezing, coughing, and runny nose. Singulair blocks the action of a substance that causes airways in the lungs to narrow and causes other symptoms of asthma. It is a type of leukotriene receptor antagonist and a type of antiasthmatic agent. Also called montelukast sodium.

sinus       (SY-nus)

A cavity, space, or channel in the body. Examples include hollow spaces in the bones at the front of the skull, and channels for blood and lymph. Sinuses may also be found in the heart, brain, and other organs.

sinusoidal obstruction syndrome       (SINE-yoo-SOY-dul ub-STRUK-shun SIN-drome)

A condition in which some of the veins in the liver are blocked. This causes a decrease in blood flow inside the liver and may lead to liver damage. Signs and symptoms include weight gain, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, dark-colored urine, and increased liver size. It may occur at some point in time after radiation therapy to the liver and bile ducts or after high-dose anticancer drugs were given before a stem cell transplant. Also called hepatic veno-occlusive disease.

siplizumab       (sip-LIH-zoo-mab)

A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of certain lymphoproliferative disorders and psoriasis. Also called MEDI-507.

Sipple syndrome       (SIH-pul SIN-drome)

A rare, genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and causes a type of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid gland cancer. It may also cause benign (noncancerous) tumors in the parathyroid glands and adrenal glands. The affected endocrine glands may make high levels of hormones, which can lead to other medical problems such as high blood pressure and kidney stones. An itchy skin condition may also occur. Sipple syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in a gene called RET. Also called MEN2A, MEN2A syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2A, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome.

sipuleucel-T       (SY-puh-LOO-sel...)

A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread. It is made from immune system cells collected from a patient with prostate cancer. The cells are treated with a protein that is made by combining a protein found on prostate cancer cells with a growth factor. When the cells are injected back into the patient, they may stimulate T cells to kill prostate cancer cells. Sipuleucel-T is a type of vaccine and a type of cellular adoptive immunotherapy. Also called APC8015 and Provenge.

sirolimus       (sih-ROH-lih-mus)

A drug used to keep the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. Sirolimus blocks certain white blood cells that can reject foreign tissues and organs. It also blocks a protein that is involved in cell division. It is a type of antibiotic, a type of immunosuppressant, and a type of serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. Sirolimus was previously called rapamycin. Also called Rapamune.

SIRS      

A serious condition in which there is inflammation throughout the whole body. It may be caused by a severe bacterial infection (sepsis), trauma, or pancreatitis. It is marked by fast heart rate, low blood pressure, low or high body temperature, and low or high white blood cell count. The condition may lead to multiple organ failure and shock. Also called systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

SJG-136      

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called DNA cross-linking agents.

Sjögren syndrome       (SHOH-grin SIN-drome)

An autoimmune disease that affects the tear glands and salivary glands, and may affect glands in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines. The disease causes dry eyes and mouth, and may cause dryness in the nose, throat, air passages, skin, and vagina. It may also cause inflammation in the joints, muscles, and skin; pneumonia; tingling in the fingers and toes; and fatigue. It often occurs with rheumatoid arthritis or other connective tissue diseases.

SK&F106615      

A substance being studied in the treatment of certain multiple myelomas and other advanced cancers. SK&F106615 may block the growth of tumors and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. SK&F106615 is a type of signal transduction inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called atiprimod and azaspirane.

skeletal       (SKEH-leh-tul)

Having to do with the skeleton (bones of the body).

skeleton       (SKEH-leh-tun)

The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage.

skin cancer       (skin KAN-ser)

Cancer that forms in the tissues of the skin. There are several types of skin cancer. Skin cancer that forms in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment) is called melanoma. Skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) is called basal cell carcinoma. Skin cancer that forms in squamous cells (flat cells that form the surface of the skin) is called squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer that forms in neuroendocrine cells (cells that release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system) is called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.

skin conduction       (... kun-DUK-shun)

A change in the heat and electricity passed through the skin by nerves and sweat. Skin conduction increases in certain emotional states and during hot flashes that happen with menopause. Also called electrodermal response and galvanic skin response.

skin graft       (skin graft)

Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another.

skin patch       (skin pach)

A bandage-like patch that releases medicine into the body through the skin. The medicine enters the blood slowly and steadily.

skin stimulation       (skin STIM-yoo-LAY-shun)

The process of applying pressure, friction, temperature change, or chemical substances to the skin to lessen or block a feeling of pain.

skin test       (skin test)

A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin.

skin vesicle       (… VEH-sih-kul)

A fluid-filled sac in the outer layer of skin. It can be caused by rubbing, heat, or diseases of the skin. Also called blister.

skinning vulvectomy       (SKIH-ning vul-VEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove the top layer of skin of the vulva (the external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina). A skin graft may be used to replace the skin that was removed.

SL-11047      

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of lymphoma. It belongs to the family of drugs called polyamine analogs.

SLE      

A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect many organs including the joints, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It is marked by many different symptoms; however, not everyone with SLE has all of the symptoms. Also called lupus and systemic lupus erythematosus.

sleep apnea       (… AP-nee-uh)

A sleep disorder that is marked by pauses in breathing of 10 seconds or more during sleep, and causes unrestful sleep. Symptoms include loud or abnormal snoring, daytime sleepiness, irritability, and depression.

sleep disorder       (sleep dis-OR-der)

A disturbance of normal sleep patterns. There are a number of sleep disorders that range from trouble falling asleep, to nightmares, sleepwalking, and sleep apnea (problems with breathing that cause loud snoring). Poor sleep may also be caused by diseases such as heart disease, lung disease, or nerve disorders.

sleep stage       (sleep stayj)

One of 5 parts or stages of the sleep cycle based on the type of brain activity that occurs during the stage. During stages 1 to 4, a person will feel drowsy, fall asleep, and move into a deep, dreamless sleep. Stage 5 is called rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and it is during this stage that dreams occur. During several hours of normal sleep, a person will go through several sleep cycles that include REM sleep and the 4 stages of non-REM sleep (light to deep sleep).

sleeve lobectomy       (...loh-BEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove a lung tumor in a lobe of the lung and a part of the main bronchus (airway). The ends of the bronchus are rejoined and any remaining lobes are reattached to the bronchus. This surgery is done to save part of the lung. Also called sleeve resection.

sleeve resection       (...ree-SEK-shun)

Surgery to remove a lung tumor in a lobe of the lung and a part of the main bronchus (airway). The ends of the bronchus are rejoined and any remaining lobes are reattached to the bronchus. This surgery is done to save part of the lung. Also called sleeve lobectomy.

slippery elm       (SLIH-puh-ree elm)

The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called gray elm, Indian elm, red elm, sweet elm, Ulmus fulva, and Ulmus rubra.

slit-lamp biomicroscopy       (… BY-oh-my-KROS-koh-pee)

An eye exam using an instrument that combines a low-power microscope with a light source that makes a narrow beam of light. The instrument may be used to examine the retina, optic nerve, and other parts of the eye. Also called slit-lamp eye exam.

slit-lamp eye exam       (... I eg-ZAM)

An eye exam using an instrument that combines a low-power microscope with a light source that makes a narrow beam of light. The instrument may be used to examine the retina, optic nerve, and other parts of the eye. Also called slit-lamp biomicroscopy.

SLL      

An indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found mostly in the lymph nodes. This causes the lymph nodes to become larger than normal. Sometimes cancer cells are found in the blood and bone marrow, and the disease is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The disease is most often seen in people older than 50 years. SLL is a type of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Also called small lymphocytic lymphoma and well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma.

small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

An aggressive (fast-growing) cancer that forms in tissues of the lung and can spread to other parts of the body. The cancer cells look small and oval-shaped when looked at under a microscope.

small intestine       (... in-TES-tin)

The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine.

small intestine cancer       (... in-TES-tin KAN-ser)

A rare cancer that forms in tissues of the small intestine (the part of the digestive tract between the stomach and the large intestine). The most common type is adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). Other types of small intestine cancer include sarcoma (cancer that begins in connective or supportive tissue), carcinoid tumor (a slow-growing type of cancer), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (a type of soft tissue sarcoma), and lymphoma (cancer that begins in immune system cells).

small lymphocytic lymphoma       (... LIM-foh-SIH-tik lim-FOH-muh)

An indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found mostly in the lymph nodes. This causes the lymph nodes to become larger than normal. Sometimes cancer cells are found in the blood and bone marrow, and the disease is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The disease is most often seen in people older than 50 years. Small lymphocytic lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Also called SLL and well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma.

smoldering leukemia       (SMOLE-der-ing loo-KEE-mee-uh)

A group of diseases in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Also called myelodysplastic syndromes and preleukemia.

smoldering myeloma       (SMOLE-der-ing MY-eh-LOH-muh)

A very slow-growing type of myeloma in which abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) make too much of a single type of monoclonal antibody (a protein). This protein builds up in the blood or is passed in the urine. Patients with smoldering myeloma usually have no symptoms, but need to be checked often for signs of progression to fully developed multiple myeloma.

SN-38 liposome       (... LY-poh-some)

A form of the anticancer drug irinotecan that is contained in very tiny, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than irinotecan alone. SN-38 liposome is being studied in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer and other types of cancer. SN-38 liposome blocks the ability of cells to divide and grow. It may stop the growth of tumor cells. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor and a type of irinotecan (CPT-11) derivative. Also called liposomal SN-38.

SNDX-275      

A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. It blocks enzymes needed for cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Also called entinostat and HDAC inhibitor SNDX-275.

SnET2      

An anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called photosensitizing agents. Also called tin ethyl etiopurpurin.

SNP       (snip)

The most common type of change in DNA (molecules inside cells that carry genetic information). SNPs occur when a single nucleotide (building block of DNA) is replaced with another. These changes may cause disease, and may affect how a person reacts to bacteria, viruses, drugs, and other substances. Also called single nucleotide polymorphism.

SNRI      

A type of drug that is used to treat depression and certain other disorders. SNRIs increase the levels of the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Nerves use these chemicals to send messages to one another. Increasing their levels in the brain helps improve mood. Also called serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

SNX 111      

A drug used in the treatment of chronic pain. Also called Prialt and ziconotide.

SNX-5422      

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. SNX-5422 blocks a protein needed for cells to grow and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of heat shock protein 90 inhibitor.

SNX-5422 mesylate       (…MEH-zih-layt)

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. SNX-5422 mesylate blocks a protein needed for cells to grow and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of heat shock protein 90 inhibitor.

soblidotin       (soh-blih-DOH-tin)

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of tubulin inhibitor. Also called TZT-1027.

social service       (SOH-shul SER-vis)

A community resource that helps people in need. Services may include help getting to and from medical appointments, home delivery of medication and meals, in-home nursing care, help paying medical costs not covered by insurance, loaning medical equipment, and housekeeping help.

social support       (SOH-shul suh-PORT)

A network of family, friends, neighbors, and community members that is available in times of need to give psychological, physical, and financial help.

social worker       (SOH-shul WUR-ker)

A professional trained to talk with people and their families about emotional or physical needs, and to find them support services.

SOD1 inhibitor ATN-224       (... in-HIH-bih-ter ...)

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. SOD1 inhibitor ATN-224 also blocks enzymes that cells need to divide and grow, and it may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of superoxide dismutase inhibitor. Also called ATN-224.

sodium       (SOH-dee-um)

A mineral needed by the body to keep body fluids in balance. Sodium is found in table salt and in many processed foods. Too much sodium can cause the body to retain water.

sodium borocaptate       (SOH-dee-um BORE-oh-KAP-tayt)

A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. Sodium borocaptate is injected into a vein and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in sodium borocaptate and make radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Also called BSH.

sodium ferric gluconate       (SOH-dee-um FAYR-ik GLOO-koh-nayt)

A form of the mineral iron that is used to treat anemia caused by low amounts of iron in the blood. Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. Sodium ferric gluconate is a type of hematinic and a dietary supplement. Also called Ferrlecit.

sodium salicylate       (SOH-dee-um suh-LIH-sih-LAYT)

A drug that is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Sodium salicylate may be tolerated by people who are sensitive to aspirin.

sodium stibogluconate       (SOH-dee-um stih-boh-GLOO-koh-nayt)

A substance being studied in the treatment of certain solid tumors, lymphoma, and myeloma. Sodium stibogluconate may block enzymes needed for cancer growth. It is a type of pentavalent antimonial. Also called SSG.

sodium sulfite       (SOH-dee-um SUL-fite)

A chemical used in photography, paper making, water treatment, and for other purposes.

sodium thiosulfate       (SOH-dee-um THY-oh-SUL-fayt)

A substance that is used in medicine as an antidote to cyanide poisoning and to decrease side effects of the anticancer drug cisplatin.

soft diet       (soft DY-et)

A diet consisting of bland foods that are softened by cooking, mashing, pureeing, or blending.

soft palate       (... PAL-et)

The back, muscular (not bony) part of the roof of the mouth.

soft tissue       (... TIH-shoo)

Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body.

soft tissue sarcoma       (…TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

A cancer that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body.

solar keratosis       (SOH-ler KAYR-uh-TOH-sis)

A thick, scaly patch of skin that may become cancer. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, back of the hands, or chest. It is most common in people with fair skin. Also called actinic keratosis and senile keratosis.

solid tumor       (SAH-lid TOO-mer)

An abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas. Leukemias (cancers of the blood) generally do not form solid tumors.

Soliris       (soh-LAYR-is)

A monoclonal antibody used to prevent red blood cells from being destroyed in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), a red blood cell disorder. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to substances in the body. Soliris blocks a protein in the blood that causes the breakdown of red blood cells. Also called eculizumab.

soluble       (SOL-yoo-bul)

Able to be dissolved in a liquid.

solvent       (SOL-vent)

A liquid that is able to dissolve a solid.

somatic       (soh-MA-tik)

Having to do with the body.

somatic cell       (soh-MA-tik ...)

Any of the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells.

somatic mutation       (soh-MA-tik myoo-TAY-shun)

An alteration in DNA that occurs after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases.

somatomedin       (SOH-muh-toh-MEE-din)

A protein made by the body that stimulates the growth of many types of cells. Somatomedin is similar to insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas). There are two forms of somatomedin called IGF-1 and IGF-2. Higher than normal levels of IGF-1 may increase the risk of several types of cancer. Somatomedin is a type of growth factor and a type of cytokine. Also called IGF and insulin-like growth factor.

somatostatin receptor scintigraphy       (SOH-muh-toh-STA-tin reh-SEP-ter sin-TIH-gruh-fee)

A type of radionuclide scan used to find carcinoid and other types of tumors. Radioactive octreotide, a drug similar to somatostatin, is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive octreotide attaches to tumor cells that have receptors for somatostatin. A radiation-measuring device detects the radioactive octreotide, and makes pictures showing where the tumor cells are in the body. Also called octreotide scan and SRS.

somatotropin       (SOH-muh-toh-TROH-pin)

A protein made by the pituitary gland that helps control body growth and the use of glucose and fat in the body. Also called growth hormone.

somnolence syndrome       (SOM-noh-lens SIN-drome)

Periods of drowsiness, lethargy, loss of appetite, and irritability in children following radiation therapy treatments to the head.

sonogram       (SAH-noh-gram)

A computer picture of areas inside the body created by high-energy sound waves. The sound waves are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of the body tissues on a computer screen. A sonogram may be used to help diagnose disease, such as cancer. It may also be used during pregnancy to check the fetus (unborn baby) and during medical procedures, such as biopsies. Also called ultrasonogram.

SOP      

Written instructions for doing a specific task in a certain way. In clinical trials, SOPs are set up to store records, collect data, screen and enroll subjects, and submit Institutional Review Board (IRB) applications and renewals. Also called Standard Operating Procedure.

sorafenib       (sor-A-feh-nib)

A drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer and a type of liver cancer that cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Sorafenib stops cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called BAY 43-9006, Nexavar, and sorafenib tosylate.

sorafenib tosylate       (sor-A-feh-nib TOH-suh-layt)

A drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer and a type of liver cancer that cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Sorafenib tosylate stops cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called BAY 43-9006, Nexavar, and sorafenib.

sorivudine       (sor-IH-vyoo-deen)

An antiviral drug that is being studied as a treatment for herpesvirus. It belongs to the family of drugs called nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors.

sorrel       (SOR-ul)

A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects. The scientific name is Rumex acetosella. Also called dock and sheep sorrel.

soy       (soy)

A product from a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soy contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soy in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Also called Glycine max, soya, and soybean.

soya       (SOY-uh)

A product from a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soya contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soya in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Also called Glycine max, soy, and soybean.

soybean       (SOY-been)

A product from a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soybean contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soybean in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Also called Glycine max, soy, and soya.

spasm       (SPA-zum)

A sudden contraction of a muscle or group of muscles, such as a cramp.

spastic colon       (SPAS-tik KOH-lun)

A disorder of the intestines commonly marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person’s bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, with one occurring after the other. Also called IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable colon, and mucus colitis.

specialist       (SPEH-shuh-list)

In medicine, a doctor or other health care professional who is trained and licensed in a special area of practice. Examples of medical specialists include oncologists (cancer specialists) and hematologists (blood specialists).

specific immune cell       (speh-SIH-fik ih-MYOON sel)

An immune cell such as a T or B lymphocyte that responds to a single, specific antigen.

specificity       (SPEH-sih-FIH-sih-tee)

When referring to a medical test, specificity refers to the percentage of people who test negative for a specific disease among a group of people who do not have the disease. No test is 100% specific because some people who do not have the disease will test positive for it (false positive).

SPECT      

A special type of computed tomography (CT) scan in which a small amount of a radioactive drug is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to make detailed images of areas inside the body where the radioactive material is taken up by the cells. SPECT can give information about blood flow to tissues and chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body. Also called single-photon emission computed tomography.

spectroscopy       (spek-TROS-koh-pee)

The study of the amount of light that is taken up, given off, or scattered (reflected) by an object. Spectroscopy breaks down light and measures different wavelengths of visible and non-visible light. In medicine, different types of spectroscopy are being used to study tissues and to help make a diagnosis.

speculum       (SPEK-yoo-lum)

An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside.

speech pathologist       (... puh-THAH-loh-jist)

A specialist who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called speech therapist.

speech therapist       (speech THAYR-uh-pist)

A specialist who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called speech pathologist.

sperm       (spurm)

The male reproductive cell, formed in the testicle. A sperm unites with an egg to form an embryo.

sperm banking       (spurm...)

Freezing sperm for use in the future. This procedure can allow men to father children after loss of fertility.

sperm count       (spurm kownt)

A count of the number of sperm in a sample of semen. A sperm count may be used as a measure of fertility.

sperm retrieval       (spurm reh-TREE-vul)

Removal of sperm from a man's testis or epididymis by a doctor using a fine needle or other instrument.

spermatic cord       (sper-MA-tik kord)

A cord-like structure in the male reproductive system that contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, and the vas deferens (a coiled tube that carries sperm out of the testicle). It runs from the abdomen to the testicle, and connects to the testicle in the scrotum (external sac). Also called testicular cord.

SPF      

A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it gives. Sunscreens with a value of 2 through 11 give minimal protection against sunburns. Sunscreens with a value of 12 through 29 give moderate protection. SPFs of 30 or higher give high protection against sunburn. Also called sun protection factor.

sphenoid sinus       (SFEE-noyd SY-nus)

A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large sphenoid sinuses in the sphenoid bone, which is behind the nose between the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.

sphincter       (SFINK-ter)

A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body. Examples are the anal sphincter (around the opening of the anus) and the pyloric sphincter (at the lower opening of the stomach).

spiculated mass       (SPIH-kyoo-LAY-ted …)

A lump of tissue with spikes or points on the surface.

spinal anesthesia       (SPY-nul A-nes-THEE-zhuh)

A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or the lower part of the body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spinal column to cause the loss of feeling. The patient stays awake during the procedure. It is a type of regional anesthesia. Also called SAB, spinal block, and subarachnoid block.

spinal block       (SPY-nul blok)

A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or the lower part of the body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spinal column to cause the loss of feeling. The patient stays awake during the procedure. It is a type of regional anesthesia. Also called SAB, spinal anesthesia, and subarachnoid block.

spinal canal       (SPY-nul kuh-NAL)

The narrow, fluid-filled space in the spinal column (the bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone). The spinal cord runs through the spinal canal.

spinal column       (SPY-nul KAH-lum)

The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The spinal column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spine, and vertebral column.

spinal cord       (SPY-nul kord)

A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the back. It is surrounded by three protective membranes, and is enclosed within the vertebrae (back bones). The spinal cord and the brain make up the central nervous system, and spinal cord nerves carry most messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

spinal cord compression       (SPY-nul kord kum-PREH-shun)

Pressure on the spinal cord that may be caused by a tumor, a spinal fracture, or other conditions. Spinal cord compression may cause pain, weakness, loss of feeling, paralysis, incontinence (inability to control urine or stool), or impotence (inability to have an erection of the penis).

spinal tap       (SPY-nul ...)

A procedure in which a thin needle called a spinal needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give drugs. Also called lumbar puncture.

spindle cell cancer       (SPIN-dil sel KAN-ser)

A type of cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs and that contains long spindle-shaped cells. Also called sarcomatoid carcinoma.

spindle cell sarcoma       (SPIN-dul sel sar-KOH-muh)

A type of connective tissue cancer in which the cells are spindle-shaped when examined under a microscope.

spine       (spine)

The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The spine encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and vertebral column.

spine cancer       (... KAN-ser)

Cancer that begins in the spinal column (backbone) or spinal cord. The spinal column is made up of linked bones, called vertebrae. The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the back. It is surrounded by three protective membranes, and is enclosed within the vertebrae. Many different types of cancer may form in the bones, tissues, fluid, or nerves of the spine.

spiral CT scan       (SPY-rul … skan)

A detailed picture of areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. Also called helical computed tomography.

spirituality       (SPEER-ih-choo-A-lih-tee)

Having to do with deep, often religious, feelings and beliefs, including a person’s sense of peace, purpose, connection to others, and beliefs about the meaning of life.

spleen       (spleen)

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen makes lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach.

splenectomy       (spleh-NEK-toh-mee)

An operation to remove the spleen.

splenic       (SPLEH-nik)

Having to do with the spleen (an organ in the abdomen that makes immune cells, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells).

splenomegaly       (SPLEH-noh-MEH-guh-lee)

Enlarged spleen.

sporadic cancer       (spuh-RA-dik KAN-ser)

Cancer that occurs in people who do not have a family history of that cancer or an inherited change in their DNA that would increase their risk for that cancer.

spotted thistle       (... THIH-sul)

A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Spotted thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The scientific name is Cnicus benedictus. Also called blessed thistle, cardin, holy thistle, and St. Benedict's thistle.

Sprycel       (SPRY-sel)

A drug used to treat certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sprycel is also being studied in the treatment of certain other blood diseases and types of cancer. Sprycel binds to and blocks BCR-ABL and other proteins that help cancer cells grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called BMS-354825 and dasatinib.

sputum       (SPYOO-tum)

Mucus and other matter brought up from the lungs by coughing.

sputum cytology       (SPYOO-tum sy-TAH-loh-jee)

Examination under a microscope of cells found in sputum (mucus and other matter brought up from the lungs by coughing). The test checks for abnormal cells, such as lung cancer cells.

squalamine lactate       (SKWAH-luh-meen LAK-tayt)

A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. It prevents the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor.

squamous cell       (SKWAY-mus sel)

Flat cell that looks like a fish scale under a microscope. These cells cover inside and outside surfaces of the body. They are found in the tissues that form the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body (such as the bladder, kidney, and uterus), and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

squamous cell carcinoma       (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma.

squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck       (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh …)

Cancer of the head and neck that begins in squamous cells (thin, flat cells that form the surface of the skin, eyes, various internal organs, and the lining of hollow organs and ducts of some glands). Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck includes cancers of the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, salivary glands, throat, and larynx (voice box). Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.

squamous intraepithelial lesion       (SKWAY-mus IN-truh-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul LEE-zhun)

A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear. Also called SIL.

SR-29142      

A drug that may protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs.

SR-45023A      

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. It affects cancer cell receptors governing cell growth and cell death.

SR49059      

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It inhibits a hormone growth factor that causes some cancer cells to divide. It is a type of vasopressin receptor antagonist.

SRS      

A type of radionuclide scan used to find carcinoid and other types of tumors. Radioactive octreotide, a drug similar to somatostatin, is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive octreotide attaches to tumor cells that have receptors for somatostatin. A radiation-measuring device detects the radioactive octreotide, and makes pictures showing where the tumor cells are in the body. Also called octreotide scan and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy.

SSG      

A substance being studied in the treatment of certain solid tumors, lymphoma, and myeloma. SSG may block enzymes needed for cancer growth. It is a type of pentavalent antimonial. Also called sodium stibogluconate.

SSRI      

A type of drug that is used to treat depression. SSRIs slow the process by which serotonin (a substance that nerves use to send messages to one another) is reused by nerve cells that make it. This increases the amount of serotonin available for stimulating other nerves. Also called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

St. Benedict's thistle       (saynt BEH-neh-diktz THIH-sul)

A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. St. Benedict's thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The scientific name is Cnicus benedictus. Also called blessed thistle, cardin, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.

St. John's wort       (… wort)

An herbal product sold as an over-the-counter treatment for depression. It is being studied for its ability to lessen certain side effects of cancer treatment. Also called Hypericum perforatum.

ST1481      

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. Also called gimatecan.

stable disease       (STAY-bul dih-ZEEZ)

Cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity.

stage       (stayj)

The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.

stage 0 anal carcinoma in situ       (... AY-nul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the anus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 bladder carcinoma in situ       (... BLA-der KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in tissue lining the inside of the bladder. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is divided into stage 0a (papillary carcinoma) and stage 0is (carcinoma in situ), depending on the type of tumor. Stage 0a may look like tiny mushrooms growing from the lining of the bladder. Stage 0is is a flat tumor in the tissue lining the inside of the bladder.

stage 0 breast carcinoma in situ       (... brest KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

There are 3 types of stage 0 breast carcinoma in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget disease of the nipple. DCIS is a noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues. At this time, there is no way to know which lesions could become invasive. LCIS is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. However, having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast. Paget disease of the nipple is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the nipple only. Also called breast carcinoma in situ.

stage 0 cervical carcinoma in situ       (... SER-vih-kul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the cervix. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 3 and CIN 3.

stage 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia       (... KRAH-nik LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh)

There are too many lymphocytes in the blood, but there are no other symptoms of leukemia. Stage 0 is indolent (slow-growing).

stage 0 colorectal carcinoma in situ       (...KOH-loh-REK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the mucosa (innermost layer) of the colon and/or rectal wall. These abnormal cells may become cancer.

stage 0 disease       (stayj … dih-ZEEZ)

A group of abnormal cells that remain in the place where they first formed. They have not spread. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called carcinoma in situ.

stage 0 distal extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma in situ       (... DIS-tul EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the innermost layer of tissue lining the distal extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct empties into the small intestine). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 esophageal carcinoma in situ       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the inner (mucosal) layer of the esophageal wall. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called high-grade dysplasia.

stage 0 gallbladder carcinoma in situ       (... GAWL-bla-der KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the inner (mucosal) layer of the gallbladder. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 gastric carcinoma in situ       (... GAS-trik KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the inside lining of the mucosa (innermost layer) of the stomach wall. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 hypopharyngeal carcinoma in situ       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the hypopharynx. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 laryngeal carcinoma in situ       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the larynx. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 lip and oral cavity carcinoma in situ       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the lips and oral cavity. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 maxillary sinus carcinoma in situ       (... MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the maxillary sinus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 medullary thyroid carcinoma in situ       (... MED-yoo-LAYR-ee THY-royd KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

No tumor is found in the thyroid but abnormal cells are found by screening tests. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 melanoma       (... MEH-luh-NOH-muh)

Abnormal melanocytes (cells that make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color) are found in the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). These abnormal melanocytes may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called melanoma in situ.

stage 0 Merkel cell carcinoma in situ       (stayj … MER-kul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the place where they first formed and have not spread. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body.

stage 0 nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma in situ       (... NAY-zul KA-vih-tee … ETH-moyd SY-nus KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ       (...NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the nasopharynx. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 non-small cell lung carcinoma in situ       (... sel lung KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the airways. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ       (... non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the squamous cell or basal cell layer of the epidermis (topmost layer of the skin). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called nonmelanoma carcinoma in situ.

stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid       (... non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too ... I-lid)

Abnormal cells are found in the epidermis (topmost layer of the skin). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid.

stage 0 oropharyngeal carcinoma in situ       (... OR-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the oropharynx. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 pancreatic carcinoma in situ       (...PAN-kree-A-tik KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the pancreas. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 penile carcinoma in situ       (... PEE-nile KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells or growths that look like warts are found on the surface of the skin of the penis. These abnormal cells or growths may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 perihilar extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma in situ       (... PAYR-ee-HY-ler EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the innermost layer of tissue lining the perihilar extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct leaves the liver). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 testicular carcinoma in situ       (...tes-TIH-kyuh-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in the tiny tubules where the sperm cells begin to develop. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. All tumor marker levels are normal.

stage 0 transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis and ureter       (... tran-ZIH-shuh-nul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too ... REE-nul PEL-vus ... YER-eh-ter)

Abnormal cells are found in tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is divided into stages 0a (noninvasive papillary carcinoma) and 0is (carcinoma in situ), depending on the type of tumor. Stage 0a may look like tiny mushrooms growing from the tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter. Stage 0is is a flat tumor on the tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter.

stage 0 urethral carcinoma in situ       (... yoo-REE-thrul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found on the inside lining of the urethra. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 vaginal carcinoma in situ       (...VA-jih-nul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found in tissue lining the inside of the vagina (birth canal). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 0 vulvar carcinoma in situ       (... VUL-ver KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)

Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

stage 1 neuroblastoma       (... NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh)

Tumor is only found in one area; all of the tumor that can be seen is completely removed during surgery.

stage 2 neuroblastoma       (... NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh)

Stage 2 is divided into stages 2A and 2B. In stage 2A, the tumor is in one area only and not all of the tumor that can be seen can be completely removed during surgery. In stage 2B, the tumor is in one area only and all of the tumor that can be seen may be completely removed during surgery, but cancer cells are found in nearby lymph nodes.

stage 3 neuroblastoma       (... NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh)

In stage 3 neuroblastoma, the tumor (1) cannot be completely removed during surgery and has spread from one side of the body to the other side and may also have spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) is in one area of one side of the body only, but has spread to lymph nodes on the other side of the body; or (3) is in the middle of the body and has spread to tissues or lymph nodes on both sides of the body, and the tumor cannot be removed by surgery.

stage 4 neuroblastoma       (... NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh)

Stage 4 neuroblastoma is divided into stages 4 and 4S. In stage 4, the tumor has spread to distant lymph nodes, the skin, and/or other parts of the body. In stage 4S, (1) the child is younger than 1 year; and (2) the cancer has spread to the skin, liver, and/or bone marrow; and (3) the tumor is in one area only and all of the tumor that can be seen may be completely removed during surgery; and/or (4) cancer cells may be found in the lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage A prostate cancer       (… PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

A prostate cancer stage defined by the Jewett staging system. Stage A prostate cancer is cancer that began in the prostate and is found in the prostate only. It is usually found during surgery for other reasons, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (a condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue occurs). Stage A is divided into stages A1 and A2. In stage A1, the cancer cells do not look very different from normal cells. In stage A2, the cancer cells look more abnormal or are in several areas in the prostate.

stage B prostate cancer       (… PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

A prostate cancer stage defined by the Jewett staging system. Stage B prostate cancer is cancer that began in the prostate and is more advanced than stage A, but has not spread outside the prostate. Stage B is divided into stages B0, B1, and B2. In stage B0, the cancer is detected only by increased blood levels of PSA (prostate-specific antigen). In stage B1, cancer is in one area of one lobe of the prostate. In stage B2, there is more cancer in one or both lobes of the prostate.

stage C prostate cancer       (… PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

A prostate cancer stage defined by the Jewett staging system. Stage C prostate cancer is cancer that began in the prostate, has grown beyond the outer layer of the prostate to nearby tissues, and may be found in the seminal vesicles (glands that help produce semen). Stage C is divided into stages C1 and C2. In stage C1, the cancer has grown outside the prostate but has not spread to lymph nodes or other places in the body. In stage C2, the cancer has grown outside the prostate and blocks urine flow from the bladder or through the ureters.

stage D prostate cancer       (… PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

A prostate cancer stage defined by the Jewett staging system. Stage D prostate cancer is cancer that began in the prostate and has spread to lymph nodes near or far from the prostate, or to other parts of the body, often to the bones. Stage D is divided into stages D0, D1, D2, and D3. In stage D0, the level of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is high. In stage D1, the cancer has spread to local lymph nodes only. In stage D2, the cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes and to bones or internal organs. In stage D3, prostate cancer has come back in patients who had received hormone therapy.

stage I adrenocortical cancer       (... uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer of the adrenal gland that is smaller than 5 centimeters (smaller than 2 inches) and is found in the adrenal gland only.

stage I adult Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages I and IE. In stage I, cancer is found in one or more lymph nodes in one lymph node group. In stage IE, cancer is found outside the lymph nodes in one organ or area.

stage I adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages I and IE. In stage I, cancer is found in one lymphatic area (lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, or spleen). In stage IE, cancer is found in one organ or area outside the lymph nodes.

stage I adult primary liver cancer       (... uh-DULT PRY-mayr-ee LIH-ver KAN-ser)

There is one tumor and it has not spread to nearby blood vessels.

stage I AIDS-related lymphoma       (... ree-LAY-ted lim-FOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages I and IE. In stage I, cancer is found in one lymphatic area (lymph node group, tonsils and nearby tissue, thymus, or spleen). In stage IE, cancer is found in one organ or area outside the lymph nodes.

stage I anal cancer       (... AY-nul KAN-ser)

The tumor is no larger than 2 centimeters.

stage I bladder cancer       (... BLA-der KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to the layer of tissue under the inner lining of the bladder.

stage I breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has not spread outside the breast. In stage IB, small clusters of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes and either: (1) no tumor is found in the breast; or (2) the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.

stage I cancer of the uterus       (... KAN-ser ... YOO-ter-us)

Cancer found in only the main part of the uterus, not the cervix.

stage I cervical cancer       (... SER-vih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in the cervix only. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, based on the amount of cancer that is found. In stage IA, a very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. Stage IA is divided into stages IA1 and IA2, based on the size of the tumor. In stage IA1, the cancer is not more than 3 millimeters deep and not more than 7 millimeters wide. In stage IA2, the cancer is more than 3 but not more than 5 millimeters deep, and not more than 7 millimeters wide. Stage IB is divided into stages IB1 and IB2. In stage IB1, (1) the cancer can only be seen with a microscope and is more than 5 millimeters deep and more than 7 millimeters wide; or (2) the cancer can be seen without a microscope and is 4 centimeters or smaller. In stage IB2, the cancer can be seen without a microscope and is larger than 4 centimeters.

stage I childhood Hodgkin lymphoma       (...HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages I and IE. In stage I, cancer is found in one or more lymph nodes in one lymph node group. In stage IE, cancer is found outside the lymph nodes in one organ or area.

stage I childhood liver cancer       (... LIH-ver KAN-ser)

All of the cancer was removed by surgery.

stage I childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) in one group of lymph nodes; or (2) in one area outside the lymph nodes. No cancer is found in the abdomen or mediastinum (area between the lungs).

stage I chronic lymphocytic leukemia       (… KRAH-nik LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh)

There are too many lymphocytes in the blood and the lymph nodes are larger than normal.

stage I colorectal cancer       (...KOH-loh-REK-tul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread from the mucosa (innermost layer) of the colon and/or rectal wall to the submucosa (layer of tissue under the mucosa) of the colon and/or rectal wall. Cancer may have spread to the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall. Also called Dukes A colorectal cancer.

stage I cutaneous T-cell lymphoma       (... kyoo-TAY-nee-us T-sel lim-FOH-muh)

May be either of the following: (1) stage IA cancer affecting less than 10% of the skin's surface and appearing as red, dry, scaly patches; (2) stage IB cancer affecting 10% or more of the skin's surface and appearing as red, dry, scaly patches.

stage I distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... DIS-tul EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, cancer is found in the distal extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct empties into the small intestine) only. In stage IB, cancer has spread all the way through the wall of the distal bile duct.

stage I endometrial cancer       (... EN-doh-MEE-tree-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in the uterus only. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, based on how far the cancer has spread. In stage IA, cancer is in the endometrium only or less than halfway through the myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus). In stage IB, cancer has spread halfway or more into the myometrium.

stage I esophageal adenocarcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, depending on where the cancer is found. In stage IA, cancer has formed in the inner (mucosal) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope. In stage IB, cancer has formed (1) in the inner (mucosal) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells do not look at all like normal cells under a microscope and they grow quickly; or (2) in the inner (mucosal) layer and spread into the middle (muscle) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope.

stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, depending on where the cancer is found. In stage IA, cancer has formed in the inner (mucosal) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope. In stage IB, cancer has formed (1) in the inner (mucosal) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells do not look at all like normal cells under a microscope; or (2) in the inner (mucosal) layer and spread into the middle (muscle) layer or the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope. The tumor is in the lower esophagus or it is not known where the tumor is.

stage I gallbladder cancer       (... GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the inner (mucosal) layer to a layer of tissue with blood vessels or to the muscle layer.

stage I gastric cancer       (... GAS-trik KAN-ser)

Cancer has formed in the inside lining of the mucosa (innermost layer) of the stomach wall. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IA, cancer may have spread into the submucosa (layer of tissue next to the mucosa) of the stomach wall. In stage IB, cancer (1) may have spread into the submucosa (layer of tissue next to the mucosa) of the stomach wall and is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) has spread to the muscle layer of the stomach wall.

stage I hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in one area of the hypopharynx only and/or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.

stage I kidney cancer       (... KID-nee KAN-ser)

The tumor is 7 centimeters or smaller and is found in the kidney only. Also called stage I renal cell cancer.

stage I laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found only in the area where it started. Stage I laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer is found in the larynx. If it started in the supraglottis, then cancer is in one area of the supraglottis only and the vocal cords can move normally. If it started in the glottis, then cancer is in one or both vocal cords and the vocal cords can move normally. If it started in the subglottis, then cancer is in the subglottis only.

stage I lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has not spread to lymph nodes.

stage I malignant mesothelioma       (...muh-LIG-nunt MEH-zoh-THEE-lee-OH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs and/or the lining that covers the diaphragm. Cancer has not spread to the lining that covers the lung. In stage IB, cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall and the lining that covers the lung. Cancer may also be found in the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs and/or the lining that covers the diaphragm.

stage I maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Cancer has formed in the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus.

stage I melanoma       (... MEH-luh-NOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is not more than 1 millimeter thick, with no ulceration (a break in the skin). In stage IB, (1) the tumor is not more than 1 millimeter thick and it has ulceration; or (2) the tumor is more than 1 but not more than 2 millimeters thick, with no ulceration.

stage I Merkel cell carcinoma       (stayj ... MER-kul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage I Merkel cell carcinoma is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller at its widest point and no cancer is found when the lymph nodes are checked under a microscope. In stage IB, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller at its widest point and no swollen lymph nodes are found by a physical exam or imaging tests.

stage I multiple myeloma       (... MUL-tih-pul MY-eh-LOH-muh)

Relatively few cancer cells have spread throughout the body. There may be no symptoms of disease.

stage I mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome       (...my-KOH-sis fun-GOY-deez ... say-zah-REE SIN-drome)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, less than 10% of the skin surface is covered with patches, papules, and/or plaques. In stage IB, 10% or more of the skin surface is covered with patches, papules, and/or plaques. In stages IA and IB, there may be abnormal lymphocytes in the blood but they are not cancerous.

stage I nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in only one area (of either the nasal cavity or the ethmoid sinus) and may have spread into bone.

stage I nasopharyngeal cancer       (...NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer (1) is found in the nasopharynx only; or (2) has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tonsils) and/or to the nasal cavity.

stage I nonmelanoma skin cancer       (… non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser)

The tumor is not larger than 2 centimeters at its widest point and may have one of the following high-risk features: (1) is thicker than 2 millimeters; (2) has spread into the lower layer of the dermis or into the layer of fat below the skin; (3) has grown and spread along nerve pathways; (4) began on an ear or on a lip that has hair on it; or (5) has cells that look very different from normal cells under a microscope.

stage I nonmelanoma skin cancer on the eyelid       (... non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser ... I-lid)

Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC. In stage IA, the tumor is 5 millimeters or smaller and has not spread to the connective tissue of the eyelid or to the edge of the eyelid where the lashes are. In stage IB, the tumor is larger than 5 millimeters but not larger than 10 millimeters or has spread to the connective tissue of the eyelid or to the edge of the eyelid where the lashes are. In stage IC, the tumor is larger than 10 millimeters but not larger than 20 millimeters or has spread through the full thickness of the eyelid.

stage I oropharyngeal cancer       (... OR-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is 2 centimeters or smaller and is found in the oropharynx only.

stage I ovarian epithelial cancer       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in one or both ovaries. Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC. In stage IA, cancer is found inside a single ovary. In stage IB, cancer is found inside both ovaries. In stage IC, cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and one of the following is true: (1) cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).

stage I ovarian germ cell tumor       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un jerm sel TOO-mer)

Cancer is found in one or both ovaries. Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC. In stage IA, cancer is found inside a single ovary. In stage IB, cancer is found inside both ovaries. In stage IC, cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and one of the following is true: (1) cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).

stage I ovarian low malignant potential tumor       (… oh-VAYR-ee-un...muh-LIG-nunt poh-TEN-shul TOO-mer)

The tumor is found in one or both ovaries. Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC. In stage IA, the tumor is found inside a single ovary. In stage IB, the tumor is found inside both ovaries. In stage IC, the tumor is found inside one or both ovaries and one of the following is true: (1) tumor cells are found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) tumor cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).

stage I pancreatic cancer       (... PAN-kree-A-tik KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in the pancreas only. Stage I is divided into stage IA and stage IB based on tumor size. In stage IA, the tumor is no larger than 2 centimeters and in stage IB, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters.

stage I penile cancer       (... PEE-nile KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis. The tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope.

stage I perihilar extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... PAYR-ee-HY-ler EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Cancer has formed in the innermost layer of the wall of the perihilar extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct leaves the liver) and has spread into the muscle and fibrous tissue of the wall.

stage I prostate cancer       (...PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in the prostate only. The cancer (1) is found by needle biopsy or in a small amount of tissue during surgery for other reasons; the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is lower than 10 and the Gleason score is 6 or lower; or (2) is found in one-half or less of one lobe of the prostate; the PSA level is lower than 10 and the Gleason score is 6 or lower; or (3) cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and is not visible by imaging; cancer is found in one-half or less of one lobe of the prostate and the PSA level and Gleason score are not known.

stage I renal cell cancer       (... REE-nul sel KAN-ser)

The tumor is 7 centimeters or smaller and is found in the kidney only. Also called stage I kidney cancer.

stage I salivary gland cancer       (...SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland KAN-ser)

Cancer that is 2 centimeters or less in diameter and has not spread outside the salivary gland.

stage I soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is low-grade (likely to grow and spread slowly) and 5 centimeters or smaller. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue). In stage IB, the tumor is low-grade (likely to grow and spread slowly) and larger than 5 centimeters. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).

stage I testicular cancer       (...tes-TIH-kyuh-ler KAN-ser)

Stage I is divided into stage IA, stage IB, and stage IS, and is determined after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (surgery to remove the testicle) is done. In stage IA, cancer is in the testicle and epididymis and may have spread to the inner layer of the membrane surrounding the testicle; all tumor marker levels are normal. In stage IB, cancer is in the testicle and the epididymis and has spread to the blood or lymph vessels in the testicle; or has spread to the outer layer of the membrane surrounding the testicle; or is in the spermatic cord or the scrotum and may be in the blood or lymph vessels of the testicle; all tumor marker levels are normal. In stage IS, cancer is found anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or the scrotum, and either all tumor marker levels are slightly above normal or one or more tumor marker levels are moderately above normal or high.

stage I thymoma       (... thy-MOH-muh)

Cancer is found only within the thymus. All cancer cells are inside the capsule (sac) that surrounds the thymus.

stage I transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter       (... tran-ZIH-shuh-nul sel KAN-ser ... REE-nul PEL-vus ... YER-eh-ter)

Cancer has spread through the lining of the renal pelvis and/or ureter, into the layer of connective tissue.

stage I uterine sarcoma       (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)

Stage I uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC based on how far the cancer has spread into the wall of the uterus. In stage IA, cancer is in the endometrium only. In stage IB, cancer has spread into the inner half of the myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus). In stage IC, cancer has spread to the outer half of the myometrium.

stage I vaginal cancer       (...VA-jih-nul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in the vaginal wall only.

stage I vulvar cancer       (... VUL-ver KAN-ser)

Stage I vulvar cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In both IA and IB, cancer is found only in the vulva or in the vulva and perineum (area between the rectum and the vagina) and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IA, the tumor has spread 1 millimeter or less into the tissue of the vulva. In stage IB, the tumor has spread more than 1 millimeter into the tissue of the vulva.

stage I Wilms tumor       (... wilmz TOO-mer)

The tumor was completely removed by surgery and all of the following are true: (1) cancer was found only in the kidney and did not spread to blood vessels of the kidney; (2) the outer layer of the kidney did not break open; (3) the tumor did not break open; (4) a biopsy of the tumor was not done; and (5) no cancer cells were found at the edges of the area where the tumor was removed.

stage IA breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has not spread outside the breast.

stage IA non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

Stage I non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is in the lung only and is 3 centimeters or smaller.

stage IA soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is low-grade (likely to grow and spread slowly) and 5 centimeters or smaller. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).

stage IB breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IB, small clusters of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes and either: (1) no tumor is found in the breast; or (2) the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.

stage IB non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

Stage I non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IB, cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes and one or more of the following is true: (1) the tumor is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters; (2) cancer has spread to the main bronchus and is at least 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus; (3) cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lung; and/or (4) part of the lung has collapsed or become inflamed.

stage IB soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IB, the tumor is low-grade (likely to grow and spread slowly) and larger than 5 centimeters. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).

stage II adrenocortical cancer       (... uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer of the adrenal gland that is larger than 5 centimeters (about 2 inches) and is found in the adrenal gland only.

stage II adult Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages II and IIE. In stage II, cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups above or below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIE, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups above or below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area.

stage II adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages II and IIE. In stage II, cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups, and both are either above or below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIE, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in an organ or area on the same side of the diaphragm as the lymph nodes with cancer.

stage II adult primary liver cancer       (... uh-DULT PRY-mayr-ee LIH-ver KAN-ser)

There is either (1) one tumor that has spread to nearby blood vessels; or (2) there is more than one tumor, none of which is larger than 5 centimeters.

stage II AIDS-related lymphoma       (... ree-LAY-ted lim-FOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages II and IIE. In stage II, cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIE, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm. Cancer is also found outside the lymph nodes in one organ or area on the same side of the diaphragm as the affected lymph nodes.

stage II anal cancer       (... AY-nul KAN-ser)

The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters.

stage II bladder cancer       (... BLA-der KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to either the inner half or outer half of the muscle wall of the bladder.

stage II breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, (1) no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer (larger than 2 millimeters) is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy); or (2) the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. In stage IIB, the tumor is (1) larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Small clusters of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes; or (2) larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy); or (3) larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.

stage II cancer of the uterus       (... KAN-ser ... YOO-ter-us)

Cancer that has spread to the cervix.

stage II cervical cancer       (... SER-vih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall (the tissues that line the part of the body between the hips) or to the lower third of the vagina. Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB, based on how far the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina but not to tissues around the uterus. Stage IIA is divided into stages IIA1 and IIA2, based on the size of the tumor. In stage IIA1, the tumor can be seen without a microscope and is 4 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIA2, the tumor can be seen without a microscope and is larger than 4 centimeters. In stage IIB, cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the tissues around the uterus.

stage II childhood Hodgkin lymphoma       (...HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages II and IIE. In stage II, cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups above or below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIE, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups above or below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area.

stage II childhood liver cancer       (... LIH-ver KAN-ser)

All of the cancer was removed by surgery, except for a small amount of cancer that can be seen only with a microscope, or tumor cells that may have spilled into the abdomen during surgery.

stage II childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) in one area outside the lymph nodes and in nearby lymph nodes; or (2) in two or more areas above or below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen), and may or may not have spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (3) to have started in the stomach or intestines and can be completely removed by surgery. Cancer may or may not have spread to certain nearby lymph nodes.

stage II chronic lymphocytic leukemia       (… KRAH-nik LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh)

There are too many lymphocytes in the blood, the liver or spleen is larger than normal, and the lymph nodes may be larger than normal.

stage II colorectal cancer       (...KOH-loh-REK-tul KAN-ser)

Stage II colorectal cancer is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC. In stage IIA, cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall to the serosa (outermost layer) of the colon and/or rectal wall. In stage IIB, cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon and/or rectal wall but has not spread to nearby organs. In stage IIC, cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon and/or rectal wall to nearby organs. Also called Dukes B colorectal cancer.

stage II cutaneous T-cell lymphoma       (... kyoo-TAY-nee-us T-sel lim-FOH-muh)

Stage II cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be either of the following: (1) stage IIA, in which the skin has red, dry, scaly patches but no tumors, and lymph nodes are enlarged but do not contain cancer cells; (2) stage IIB, in which tumors are found on the skin, and lymph nodes are enlarged but do not contain cancer cells.

stage II distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... DIS-tul EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, cancer has spread from the distal extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct empties into the small intestine) to the gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, or other nearby organs. In stage IIB, cancer has spread from the distal extrahepatic bile duct to nearby lymph nodes. Cancer may have spread through the wall of the distal extrahepatic bile duct or to the gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, or other nearby organs.

stage II endometrial cancer       (... EN-doh-MEE-tree-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread into connective tissue of the cervix, but has not spread outside the uterus.

stage II esophageal adenocarcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, cancer has spread into the middle (muscle) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells do not look at all like normal cells under a microscope and they grow quickly. In stage IIB, cancer (1) has spread into the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall; or (2) is in the inner (mucosal) layer and may have spread into the middle (muscle) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage II esophageal squamous cell carcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, cancer has spread (1) into the middle (muscle) layer or the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope. The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus; or (2) into the middle (muscle) layer or the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells do not look at all like normal cells under a microscope. The tumor is in the lower esophagus or it is not known where the tumor is. In stage IIB, cancer (1) has spread into the middle (muscle) layer or the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. The tumor cells do not look at all like normal cells under a microscope. The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus; or (2) is in the inner (mucosal) layer and may have spread into the middle (muscle) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage II gallbladder cancer       (... GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle.

stage II gastric cancer       (... GAS-trik KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, cancer (1) has spread to the subserosa (layer of tissue next to the serosa) of the stomach wall; or (2) has spread to the muscle layer of the stomach wall and is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (3) may have spread to the submucosa (layer of tissue next to the mucosa) of the stomach wall and is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor. In stage IIB, cancer (1) has spread to the serosa (outermost layer) of the stomach wall; or (2) has spread to the subserosa (layer of tissue next to the serosa) of the stomach wall and is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (3) has spread to the muscle layer of the stomach wall and is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (4) may have spread to the submucosa (layer of tissue next to the mucosa) of the stomach wall and is found in 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage II hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

The tumor is either (1) larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx (voice box); or (2) found in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues.

stage II kidney cancer       (... KID-nee KAN-ser)

The tumor is larger than 7 centimeters and is found in the kidney only. Also called stage II renal cell cancer.

stage II laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage II depends on where the cancer started. If it started in the supraglottis, then cancer is in more than one area of the supraglottis or surrounding tissue. If it started in the glottis, then cancer has spread to the supraglottis and/or the subglottis, and/or the vocal cords cannot move normally. If it started in the subglottis, then cancer has spread to one or both vocal cords, which may not move normally.

stage II lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters, and cancer has not spread to lymph nodes.

stage II malignant mesothelioma       (...muh-LIG-nunt MEH-zoh-THEE-lee-OH-muh)

Cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall, the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs, the lining that covers the diaphragm, and the lining that covers the lung. Also, cancer has spread into the diaphragm muscle and/or the lung.

stage II maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to bone around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose, but not to bone at the back of the maxillary sinus or the base of the skull.

stage II melanoma       (... MEH-luh-NOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB, and IIC. In stage IIA, (1) the tumor is more than 1 but not more than 2 millimeters thick, with ulceration (a break in the skin); or (2) more than 2 but not more than 4 millimeters thick, with no ulceration. In stage IIB, (1) the tumor is either more than 2 but not more than 4 millimeters thick, with ulceration; or (2) more than 4 millimeters thick, with no ulceration. In stage IIC, the tumor is more than 4 millimeters thick, with ulceration.

stage II Merkel cell carcinoma       (stayj ... MER-kul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage II Merkel cell carcinoma is divided into stages IIA, IIB, and IIC. In stage IIA, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters and no cancer is found when the lymph nodes are checked under a microscope. In stage IIB, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters and no swollen lymph nodes are found by a physical exam or imaging tests. In stage IIC, the tumor may be any size and has spread to nearby bone, muscle, connective tissue, or cartilage. It is has not spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body.

stage II multiple myeloma       (... MUL-tih-pul MY-eh-LOH-muh)

Cancer in which a moderate number of cancer cells have spread throughout the body.

stage II mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome       (...my-KOH-sis fun-GOY-deez ... say-zah-REE SIN-drome)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, any amount of the skin surface is covered with patches, papules, and/or plaques. Lymph nodes are enlarged but cancer has not spread to them. In stage IIB, one or more tumors that are 1 centimeter or larger are found on the skin. Lymph nodes may be enlarged but cancer has not spread to them. In stages IIA and IIB, there may be abnormal lymphocytes in the blood but they are not cancerous.

stage II nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in two areas (of either the nasal cavity or the ethmoid sinus) that are near each other or has spread to an area next to the sinuses. Cancer may also have spread into bone.

stage II nasopharyngeal cancer       (...NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer (1) is found in the nasopharynx only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tonsils) and/or to the nasal cavity. Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on one side of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx, and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; or (2) is found in the parapharyngeal space (area near the pharynx, between the base of the skull and the lower jaw). Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one side of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx, and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller.

stage II nonmelanoma skin cancer       (… non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser)

The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters at its widest point; or the tumor is any size and has two or more of the following high-risk features: (1) is thicker than 2 millimeters; (2) has spread into the lower layer of the dermis or into the layer of fat below the skin; (3) has grown and spread along nerve pathways; (4) began on an ear or on a lip that has hair on it; or (5) has cells that look very different from normal cells under a microscope.

stage II nonmelanoma skin cancer on the eyelid       (... non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser ... I-lid)

The tumor (1) is larger than 20 millimeters; or (2) has spread to nearby parts of the eye or eye socket; or (3) has spread to spaces around the nerves in the eyelid.

stage II oropharyngeal cancer       (... OR-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and is found in the oropharynx only.

stage II ovarian epithelial cancer       (... oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB, and IIC. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to the uterus and/or the fallopian tubes. In stage IIB, cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis. In stage IIC, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, or to other tissue within the pelvis. Also, one of the following is true: (1) cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).

stage II ovarian germ cell tumor       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un jerm sel TOO-mer)

Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB, and IIC. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes (the long slender tubes through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus). In stage IIB, cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis. In stage IIC, cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, or to other tissue within the pelvis. Also, one of the following is true: (1) cancer is found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).

stage II ovarian low malignant potential tumor       (… oh-VAYR-ee-un...muh-LIG-nunt poh-TEN-shul TOO-mer)

The tumor is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB, and IIC. In stage IIA, the tumor has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes (the long slender tubes through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus). In stage IIB, the tumor has spread to other tissue within the pelvis. In stage IIC, the tumor is found inside one or both ovaries and has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, or to other tissue within the pelvis. Also, one of the following is true: (1) tumor cells are found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) tumor cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).

stage II pancreatic cancer       (... PAN-kree-A-tik KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB, based on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to nearby tissue and organs but has not spread to nearby lymph nodes. In stage IIB, cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and may have spread to nearby tissue and organs.

stage II penile cancer       (... PEE-nile KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread (1) to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis; cancer has spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels, or the tumor cells may look very different from normal cells under a microscope; or (2) through connective tissue to erectile tissue (spongy tissue that fills with blood to make an erection); or (3) beyond erectile tissue to the urethra.

stage II perihilar extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... PAYR-ee-HY-ler EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread through the wall of the perihilar extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct leaves the liver) to nearby fatty tissue or to the liver.

stage II prostate cancer       (...PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, cancer is found (1) by needle biopsy or in a small amount of tissue during surgery for other reasons; the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is lower than 20 and the Gleason score is 7; or (2) by needle biopsy or in a small amount of tissue during surgery for other reasons; the PSA level is at least 10 but lower than 20 and the Gleason score is 6 or lower; or (3) in one-half or less of one lobe of the prostate; the PSA level is at least 10 but lower than 20 and the Gleason score is 6 or lower; or (4) in one-half or less of one lobe of the prostate; the PSA level is lower than 20 and the Gleason score is 7; or (5) in more than one-half of one lobe of the prostate; the PSA level is lower than 20 and the Gleason score is 7 or lower; or (6) in more than one-half of one lobe of the prostate, and the PSA level and Gleason score are not known. In stage IIB, cancer (1) is found in opposite sides of the prostate; the PSA can be any level and the Gleason score can range from 2 to 10; or (2) cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and is not visible by imaging, and the tumor has not spread outside the prostate; the PSA level is 20 or higher and the Gleason score can range from 2 to 10; or (3) cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and is not visible by imaging, and the tumor has not spread outside the prostate; the PSA can be any level and the Gleason score is 8 or higher.

stage II renal cell cancer       (... REE-nul sel KAN-ser)

The tumor is larger than 7 centimeters and is found in the kidney only. Also called stage II kidney cancer.

stage II salivary gland cancer       (...SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland KAN-ser)

Cancer that is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters in diameter and has not spread outside the salivary gland.

stage II soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the tumor is mid-grade (somewhat likely to grow and spread quickly) or high-grade (likely to grow and spread quickly) and 5 centimeters or smaller. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue). In stage IIB, the tumor is mid-grade (somewhat likely to grow and spread quickly) and larger than 5 centimeters. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).

stage II testicular cancer       (...tes-TIH-kyuh-ler KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC, and is determined after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (surgery to remove the testicle) is done. In stage IIA, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; and has spread to up to 5 lymph nodes in the abdomen (none larger than 2 centimeters); all tumor marker levels are normal or slightly above normal. In stage IIB, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; and has spread to up to 5 lymph nodes in the abdomen (at least one of the lymph nodes is larger than 2 centimeters, but none is larger than 5 centimeters), or has spread to more than 5 lymph nodes (the lymph nodes are not larger than 5 centimeters); all tumor marker levels are normal or slightly above normal. In stage IIC, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; and has spread to a lymph node in the abdomen that is larger than 5 centimeters; all tumor marker levels are normal or slightly above normal.

stage II thymoma       (... thy-MOH-muh)

Cancer has spread through the capsule (sac) that surrounds the thymus and into the fat around the thymus or into the lining of the chest cavity.

stage II transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter       (... tran-ZIH-shuh-nul sel KAN-ser ... REE-nul PEL-vus ... YER-eh-ter)

Cancer has spread through the layer of connective tissue to the muscle layer of the renal pelvis and/or ureter.

stage II uterine sarcoma       (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)

Stage II uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IIA and IIB based on how far the cancer has spread into the cervix. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to the glands where the cervix and uterus meet. In stage IIB, cancer has spread into the connective tissue of the cervix.

stage II vaginal cancer       (...VA-jih-nul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread through the wall of the vagina to the tissue around the vagina. Cancer has not spread to the wall of the pelvis.

stage II vulvar cancer       (... VUL-ver KAN-ser)

Cancer that is found only in the vulva or in the vulva and perineum (area between the rectum and the vagina), and the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters.

stage II Wilms tumor       (… wilmz TOO-mer)

Cancer spread out of the kidney to nearby soft tissue or to blood vessels of the kidney and was completely removed by surgery. No cancer cells were found at the edges of the area where the cancer was removed.

stage IIA breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, (1) no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Cancer (larger than 2 millimeters) is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy); or (2) the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.

stage IIA non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

Stage II non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Also, one or more of the following is true: (1) the tumor is not larger than 5 centimeters; (2) cancer has spread to the main bronchus and is at least 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus; (3) cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lung; and/or (4) part of the lung has collapsed or become inflamed. OR in stage IIA, cancer has not spread to lymph nodes and one or more of the following is true: (1) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but not larger than 7 centimeters; (2) cancer has spread to the main bronchus and is at least 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus; (3) cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lung; and/or (4) part of the lung has collapsed or become inflamed.

stage IIA soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the tumor is mid-grade (somewhat likely to grow and spread quickly) or high-grade (likely to grow and spread quickly) and 5 centimeters or smaller. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).

stage IIB breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIB, the tumor is (1) larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Small clusters of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes; or (2) larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy); or (3) larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.

stage IIB non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

Stage II non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIB, cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Also, one or more of the following is true: (1) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but not larger than 7 centimeters; (2) cancer has spread to the main bronchus and is at least 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus (3) cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lung; and/or (4) part of the lung has collapsed or become inflamed. OR in stage IIB, cancer has not spread to lymph nodes and one or more of the following is true: (1) the tumor is larger than 7 centimeters; (2) cancer has spread to the main bronchus (and is less than 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus), the chest wall, the diaphragm, or the nerve that controls the diaphragm; (3) cancer has spread to the membrane around the heart or lining the chest wall; (4) the whole lung has collapsed or become inflamed; and/or (5) there are one or more separate tumors in the same lobe of the lung.

stage IIB soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIB, the tumor is mid-grade (somewhat likely to grow and spread quickly) and larger than 5 centimeters. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).

stage III adrenocortical cancer       (... uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer of the adrenal gland that has spread into fat and lymph nodes near the adrenal gland.

stage III adult Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage III is divided into stages III, IIIE, IIIS, and IIIE+S. In stage III, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIIE, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area. In stage IIIS, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen. In stage IIIE+S, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm, in a nearby area or organ, and in the spleen. Stage III is also divided into stages III(1) and III(2). In stage III(1), cancer is found only in the upper abdomen above the renal vein. In stage III(2), cancer is found in lymph nodes in the pelvis and/or near the aorta.

stage III adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage III is divided into stages III, IIIE, IIIS, and IIIE+S. In stage III, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIIE, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area. In stage IIIS, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen. In stage IIIE+S, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm, outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area, and in the spleen.

stage III AIDS-related lymphoma       (... ree-LAY-ted lim-FOH-muh)

Stage III is divided into stages III, IIIE, IIIS, and IIIE+S. In stage III, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIIE, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area. In stage IIIS, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm, and in the spleen. In stage IIIE+S, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm, outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area, and in the spleen.

stage III anal cancer       (... AY-nul KAN-ser)

Stage III anal cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, the tumor may be any size and has spread to either (1) lymph nodes near the rectum; or (2) nearby organs, such as the vagina, urethra, and bladder. In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and has spread to (1) nearby organs and to lymph nodes near the rectum; or (2) lymph nodes on one side of the pelvis and/or groin, and may have spread to nearby organs; or (3) lymph nodes near the rectum and in the groin, and/or to lymph nodes on both sides of the pelvis and/or groin, and may have spread to nearby organs.

stage III bladder cancer       (... BLA-der KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread from the bladder to the fatty layer of tissue surrounding it and may have spread to the reproductive organs (prostate, seminal vesicles, uterus, or vagina).

stage III breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, (1) no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size. Cancer is found in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during imaging tests or a physical exam); or (2) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Small clusters of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes; or (3) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy). In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to the chest wall and/or to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer. Also, cancer may have spread to: (1) up to 9 axillary lymph nodes; or (2) the lymph nodes near the breastbone. Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may also be inflammatory breast cancer. In stage IIIC, no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size. Cancer may have spread to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer and/or has spread to the chest wall. Also, cancer has spread to: (1) 10 or more axillary lymph nodes; or (2) lymph nodes above or below the collarbone; or (3) axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the breastbone. Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may also be inflammatory breast cancer. For treatment, stage IIIC breast cancer is divided into operable and inoperable stage IIIC.

stage III cancer of the uterus       (... KAN-ser ... YOO-ter-us)

Cancer cells have spread outside the uterus to the vagina and/or lymph nodes in the pelvis but have not spread outside the pelvis.

stage III cervical cancer       (... SER-vih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina, and/or to the pelvic wall, and/or has caused kidney problems. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB, based on how far the cancer has spread. In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina but not to the pelvic wall. In stage IIIB, (1) cancer has spread to the pelvic wall; and/or (2) the tumor has become large enough to block the ureters (the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder). This blockage can cause the kidneys to enlarge or stop working.

stage III childhood Hodgkin lymphoma       (...HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Stage III is divided into stages III, IIIE, IIIS, and IIIE+S. In stage III, cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen). In stage IIIE, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area. In stage IIIS, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen. In stage IIIE+S, cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm, in a nearby area or organ, and in the spleen.

stage III childhood liver cancer       (... LIH-ver KAN-ser)

Either (1) the tumor cannot be removed by surgery; or (2) cancer that can be seen without a microscope remains after surgery; or (3) the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

stage III childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) in at least one area above the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps with breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen) and in at least one area below the diaphragm; or (2) to have started in the chest; or (3) to have started in the abdomen and spread throughout the abdomen, and cannot be completely removed by surgery; or (4) in the area around the spine.

stage III chronic lymphocytic leukemia       (… KRAH-nik LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh)

There are too many lymphocytes in the blood and there are too few red blood cells. The lymph nodes, liver, or spleen may be larger than normal.

stage III colorectal cancer       (...KOH-loh-REK-tul KAN-ser)

Stage III colorectal cancer is divided into stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IIIC. In stage IIIA, (1) cancer may have spread through the mucosa (innermost layer) of the colon and/or rectal wall to the submucosa (layer of tissue under the mucosa) and may have spread to the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall. Cancer has spread to at least one but not more than 3 nearby lymph nodes, or cancer cells have formed in tissues near the lymph nodes; or (2) cancer has spread through the mucosa of the colon and/or rectal wall to the submucosa. Cancer has spread to at least 4 but not more than 6 nearby lymph nodes. In stage IIIB, (1) cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall to the serosa (outermost layer) of the colon and/or rectal wall or has spread through the serosa but not to nearby organs. Cancer has spread to at least one but not more than 3 nearby lymph nodes, or cancer cells have formed in tissues near the lymph nodes; or (2) cancer has spread to the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall or to the serosa of the colon and/or rectal wall. Cancer has spread to at least 4 but not more than 6 nearby lymph nodes; or (3) cancer has spread through the mucosa of the colon and/or rectal wall to the submucosa and may have spread to the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall. Cancer has spread to 7 or more nearby lymph nodes. In stage IIIC, (1) cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon and/or rectal wall but has not spread to nearby organs. Cancer has spread to at least 4 but not more than 6 nearby lymph nodes; or (2) cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon and/or rectal wall to the serosa of the colon and/or rectal wall or has spread through the serosa but has not spread to nearby organs. Cancer has spread to 7 or more nearby lymph nodes; or (3) cancer has spread through the serosa of the colon and/or rectal wall and has spread to nearby organs. Cancer has spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes, or cancer cells have formed in tissues near the lymph nodes. Also called Dukes C colorectal cancer.

stage III cutaneous T-cell lymphoma       (... kyoo-TAY-nee-us T-sel lim-FOH-muh)

Nearly all of the skin is red, dry, and scaly; lymph nodes are either normal or enlarged but do not contain cancer cells.

stage III distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... DIS-tul EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to the large vessels that carry blood to the organs in the abdomen. Cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.

stage III endometrial cancer       (... EN-doh-MEE-tree-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix, but has not spread beyond the pelvis. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, based on how far the cancer has spread within the pelvis. In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to the outer layer of the uterus and/or to the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and ligaments of the uterus. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to the vagina or to the parametrium (connective tissue and fat around the uterus). In stage IIIC, cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis and/or around the aorta (largest artery in the body, which carries blood away from the heart).

stage III esophageal adenocarcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIIA, cancer (1) is in the inner (mucosal) layer and may have spread into the middle (muscle) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) has spread into the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (3) has spread into the diaphragm, sac around the heart, or tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity. The cancer can be removed by surgery. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread into the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread (1) into the diaphragm, sac around the heart, or tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity; the cancer can be removed by surgery. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) into other nearby organs such as the aorta, trachea, or spine, and the cancer cannot be removed by surgery; or (3) to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIIA, cancer (1) is in the inner (mucosal) layer and may have spread into the middle (muscle) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) has spread into the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (3) has spread into the diaphragm, sac around the heart, or tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity. The cancer can be removed by surgery. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread into the outer (connective tissue) layer of the esophageal wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread (1) into the diaphragm, sac around the heart, or tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity; the cancer can be removed by surgery. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) into other nearby organs such as the aorta, trachea, or spine, and the cancer cannot be removed by surgery; or (3) to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage III gallbladder cancer       (... GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser)

Stage III gallbladder cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, cancer has spread through the thin layers of tissue that cover the gallbladder and/or to the liver and/or to one nearby organ (such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, or bile ducts outside the liver). In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and (1) beyond the inner layer of the gallbladder to a layer of tissue with blood vessels or to the muscle layer; or (2) beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle; or (3) through the thin layers of tissue that cover the gallbladder and/or to the liver and/or to one nearby organ (such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, or bile ducts outside the liver).

stage III gastric cancer       (... GAS-trik KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to (1) the serosa (outermost) layer of the stomach wall and is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) the subserosa (layer of tissue next to the serosa) of the stomach wall and is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (3) the muscle layer of the stomach wall and is found in 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to (1) nearby organs such as the spleen, transverse colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, or small intestine, and may be found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) the serosa (outermost layer) of the stomach wall and is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or (3) the subserosa (layer of tissue next to the serosa) of the stomach wall and is found in 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread to (1) nearby organs such as the spleen, transverse colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, or small intestine, and may be found in 3 or more lymph nodes near the tumor; or (2) the serosa (outermost layer) of the stomach wall and is found in 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.

stage III hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

The tumor (1) is larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the larynx (voice box) or esophagus. Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and cancer is found (1) in one area of the hypopharynx and/or is 2 centimeters or smaller; or (2) in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues, or is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx.

stage III kidney cancer       (... KID-nee KAN-ser)

(1) The tumor is any size and cancer is found only in the kidney and in 1 or more nearby lymph nodes; or (2) cancer is found in the main blood vessels of the kidney or in the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney. Cancer may be found in 1 or more nearby lymph nodes. Also called stage III renal cell cancer.

stage III laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage III laryngeal cancer depends on whether cancer has spread from the supraglottis, glottis, or subglottis. In stage III cancer of the supraglottis, (1) cancer is in the larynx only and the vocal cords cannot move, and/or cancer is in tissues next to the larynx; cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer is in one area of the supraglottis and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor; the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and the vocal cords can move normally; or (3) cancer is in more than one area of the supraglottis or surrounding tissues and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor; the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. In stage III cancer of the glottis, (1) cancer is in the larynx only and the vocal cords cannot move, and/or cancer is in tissues next to the larynx; cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer is in one or both vocal cords and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor; the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and the vocal cords can move normally; or (3) cancer has spread to the supraglottis and/or the subglottis, and/or the vocal cords cannot move normally; cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. In stage III cancer of the subglottis, (1) cancer is in the larynx and the vocal cords cannot move; cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer is in the subglottis and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor; the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (3) cancer has spread to one or both vocal cords, which may not move normally; cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.

stage III lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

The tumor may be any size and has spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters.

stage III lymphedema       (… LIM-fuh-DEE-muh)

A condition in which tissue or a limb becomes very swollen and thick, and changes color. It is caused by a block in the flow of lymph and a buildup of fluid in tissues. Also called lymphostatic elephantiasis.

stage III malignant mesothelioma       (...muh-LIG-nunt MEH-zoh-THEE-lee-OH-muh)

Cancer (1) is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall. Cancer may have spread to the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs; the lining that covers the diaphragm; the lining that covers the lung; the diaphragm muscle; or the lung. Cancer has spread to lymph nodes where the lung joins the bronchus, along the trachea and esophagus, between the lung and diaphragm, or below the trachea; or (2) is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall; the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs; the lining that covers the diaphragm; and the lining that covers the lung. Cancer has spread into one or more of the following: tissue between the ribs and the lining of the chest wall; fat in the cavity between the lungs; soft tissues of the chest wall; and/or sac that covers the heart. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes where the lung joins the bronchus, along the trachea and esophagus, between the lung and diaphragm, or below the trachea.

stage III maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Cancer (1) has spread to any of the following: bone at the back of the maxillary sinus, tissues under the skin, the eye socket, the base of the skull, and/or the ethmoid sinuses; or (2) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has also spread to any of the following: the lining of the maxillary sinus, bones around the maxillary sinus (including the roof of the mouth and the nose), tissues under the skin, the eye socket, the base of the skull, and/or the ethmoid sinuses.

stage III melanoma       (... MEH-luh-NOH-muh)

The tumor may be any thickness, with or without ulceration (a break in the skin), and one or more of the following is true: (1) cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes; (2) lymph nodes may be joined together (matted); (3) cancer may be in a lymph vessel between the primary tumor and nearby lymph nodes; and/or (4) very small tumors may be found on or under the skin, not more than 2 centimeters away from where the cancer first started.

stage III Merkel cell carcinoma       (stayj ... MER-kul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Stage III Merkel cell cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, the tumor may be any size and may have spread to nearby bone, muscle, connective tissue, or cartilage. Cancer is found in the lymph nodes when they are checked under a microscope. In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and may have spread to nearby bone, muscle, connective tissue, or cartilage. Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes near the tumor and is found by physical exam or imaging test. The lymph nodes are removed and cancer is found in the lymph nodes when they are checked under a microscope. There may also be a second tumor, which is either between the primary tumor and nearby lymph nodes or farther away from the center of the body than the primary tumor is.

stage III multiple myeloma       (... MUL-tih-pul MY-eh-LOH-muh)

A relatively large number of cancer cells have spread throughout the body. There may be one or more of the following: 1) a decrease in the number of red blood cells, causing anemia; 2) the amount of calcium in the blood is very high, because the bones are being damaged; 3) more than three bone tumors (plasmacytomas) are found; or 4) high levels of M protein are found in the blood or urine.

stage III mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome       (...my-KOH-sis fun-GOY-deez ... say-zah-REE SIN-drome)

In stage III, nearly all of the skin is reddened and may have patches, papules, plaques, or tumors. Lymph nodes may be enlarged but cancer has not spread to them. There may be abnormal lymphocytes in the blood but they are not cancerous.

stage III nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Cancer (1) has spread to any of the following: the eye socket, maxillary sinus, roof of the mouth, and/or the bone between the eyes; or (2) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has also spread to any of the following: the nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus, eye socket, maxillary sinus, roof of the mouth, and/or the bone between the eyes.

stage III nasopharyngeal cancer       (...NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer (1) is found in the nasopharynx only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tonsils) and/or to the nasal cavity. Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; or (2) is found in the parapharyngeal space (area near the pharynx, between the base of the skull and the lower jaw). Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; or (3) has spread to nearby bones or sinuses. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx, and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller.

stage III nonmelanoma skin cancer       (… non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser)

The tumor has spread to the jaw, eye socket, or side of the skull. Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the body as the tumor. The lymph node is not larger than 3 centimeters; or, cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the body as the tumor. The lymph node is not larger than 3 centimeters and one of the following is true: (1) the tumor is not larger than 2 centimeters at its widest point and may have one high-risk feature (is thicker than 2 millimeters, has spread into the lower layer of the dermis or into the layer of fat below the skin, has grown and spread along nerve pathways, began on an ear or on a lip that has hair on it, or has cells that look very different from normal cells under a microscope); or (2) the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters at its widest point; or (3) the tumor is any size and has two or more high-risk features (is thicker than 2 millimeters, has spread into the lower layer of the dermis or into the layer of fat below the skin, has grown and spread along nerve pathways, began on an ear or on a lip that has hair on it, or has cells that look very different from normal cells under a microscope).

stage III nonmelanoma skin cancer on the eyelid       (... non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser ... I-lid)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, to remove all of the tumor, the whole eye and part of the optic nerve must be removed. The bone, muscles, fat, and connective tissue around the eye may also be removed. In stage IIIB, the tumor may be anywhere in or near the eye and has spread to nearby lymph nodes. In stage IIIC, the tumor has spread to structures around the eye or in the face, or to the brain, and cannot be removed in surgery.

stage III oropharyngeal cancer       (... OR-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is either (1) 4 centimeters or smaller; cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the epiglottis (the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing). Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.

stage III ovarian epithelial cancer       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and/or nearby lymph nodes. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is found in the pelvis only, but cancer cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen), the small intestines, or the tissue that connects the small intestines to the wall of the abdomen. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters and/or cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen. Cancer that has spread to the surface of the liver is also considered stage III ovarian cancer.

stage III ovarian germ cell tumor       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un jerm sel TOO-mer)

Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and/or nearby lymph nodes. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is found in the pelvis only, but cancer cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen), the small intestines, or the tissue that connects the small intestines to the wall of the abdomen. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters and/or has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen. Cancer that has spread to the surface of the liver is also considered stage III ovarian cancer.

stage III ovarian low malignant potential tumor       (… oh-VAYR-ee-un...muh-LIG-nunt poh-TEN-shul TOO-mer)

The tumor is found in one or both ovaries and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and/or nearby lymph nodes. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is found in the pelvis only, but tumor cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen), the small intestines, or the tissue that connects the small intestines to the wall of the abdomen. In stage IIIB, the tumor has spread to the peritoneum and the tumor in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIIC, the tumor has spread to the peritoneum and the tumor in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters and/or has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen. The spread of tumor cells to the surface of the liver is also considered stage III disease.

stage III pancreatic cancer       (... PAN-kree-A-tik KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to the major blood vessels near the pancreas, and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.

stage III penile cancer       (... PEE-nile KAN-ser)

Stage III penile cancer is divided into stage IIIa and stage IIIb. In stage IIIa, cancer has spread to one lymph node in the groin and (1) to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis; cancer may have spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels, or the tumor cells may look very different from normal cells under a microscope; or (2) through connective tissue to erectile tissue (spongy tissue that fills with blood to make an erection); or (3) beyond erectile tissue to the urethra. In stage IIIb, cancer has spread to more than one lymph node on one side of the groin or to lymph nodes on both sides of the groin, and (1) to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis; cancer may have spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels, or the tumor cells may look very different from normal cells under a microscope; or (2) through connective tissue to erectile tissue (spongy tissue that fills with blood to make an erection); or (3) beyond erectile tissue to the urethra.

stage III perihilar extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... PAYR-ee-HY-ler EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, the tumor has spread to one branch of the hepatic artery or of the portal vein (vessels that carry blood to and from the liver). In stage IIIB, the tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Cancer has also spread into the wall of the perihilar extrahepatic bile duct (where the bile duct leaves the liver) and may have spread through the wall to nearby fatty tissue, the liver, or to one branch of the hepatic artery or of the portal vein.

stage III prostate cancer       (...PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the outer layer of the prostate and may have spread to the seminal vesicles. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level can be any level and the Gleason score can range from 2 to 10.

stage III renal cell cancer       (... REE-nul sel KAN-ser)

(1) The tumor is any size and cancer is found only in the kidney and in 1 or more nearby lymph nodes; or (2) cancer is found in the main blood vessels of the kidney or in the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney. Cancer may be found in 1 or more nearby lymph nodes. Also called stage III kidney cancer.

stage III salivary gland cancer       (...SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland KAN-ser)

In stage III salivary gland cancer, (1) the tumor is not larger than 4 centimeters and has spread to a single lymph node on the same side of the body as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters and/or has spread to soft tissue around the affected gland; cancer may have spread to a single lymph node on the same side as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.

stage III soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

The tumor is either (1) high-grade (likely to grow and spread quickly), larger than 5 centimeters, and either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue); or (2) any grade, any size, and has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

stage III testicular cancer       (...tes-TIH-kyuh-ler KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IIIC, and is determined after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (surgery to remove the testicle) is done. In stage IIIA, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; may have spread to one or more lymph nodes in the abdomen; and has spread to distant lymph nodes or to the lungs; tumor marker levels may range from normal to slightly above normal. In stage IIIB, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes in the abdomen, to distant lymph nodes or to the lungs; the level of one or more tumor markers is moderately above normal. In stage IIIC, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes in the abdomen, to distant lymph nodes, or to the lungs; the level of one or more tumor markers is high; OR, cancer is anywhere within the testicle, spermatic cord, or scrotum; and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes in the abdomen; and has not spread to distant lymph nodes or the lung but has spread to other parts of the body; tumor marker levels may range from normal to high.

stage III thymoma       (... thy-MOH-muh)

Cancer has spread to nearby organs in the chest, including the lung, the sac around the heart, or large blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

stage III transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter       (... tran-ZIH-shuh-nul sel KAN-ser ... REE-nul PEL-vus ... YER-eh-ter)

Cancer has spread (1) from the renal pelvis to tissue or fat in the kidney; or (2) from the ureter to fat that surrounds the ureter.

stage III uterine sarcoma       (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)

Stage III uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB based on how far the cancer has spread within the pelvis (lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones). In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to the outermost layer of the uterus; and /or tissues just beyond the uterus; and/or the peritoneum. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis and/or near the uterus.

stage III vaginal cancer       (...VA-jih-nul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to the wall of the pelvis.

stage III vulvar cancer       (... VUL-ver KAN-ser)

The tumor may be any size and cancer is either (1) in the vulva only or in the vulva and perineum (area between the rectum and the vagina) and has spread to tissue under the skin and to nearby lymph nodes on one side of the groin; or (2) has spread to nearby tissues such as the lower part of the urethra and/or vagina or anus, and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes on one side of the groin.

stage III Wilms tumor       (… wilmz TOO-mer)

Cancer remains in the abdomen after surgery and at least one of the following is true: (1) cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis (the part of the body between the hips); (2) cancer has spread to or through the surface of the peritoneum (the layer of tissue that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most organs in the abdomen); (3) a biopsy of the tumor was done during surgery to remove it; (4) the tumor was removed in more than one piece.

stage IIIA adult primary liver cancer       (... uh-DULT PRY-mayr-ee LIH-ver KAN-ser)

Stage III adult primary liver cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA there is either (1) more than one tumor larger than 5 centimeters; or (2) one tumor that has spread to a major branch of blood vessels near the liver.

stage IIIA anal cancer       (... AY-nul KAN-ser)

Stage III anal cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, the tumor may be any size and has spread to either (1) lymph nodes near the rectum; or (2) nearby organs, such as the vagina, urethra, and bladder.

stage IIIA breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, (1) no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size. Cancer is found in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during imaging tests or a physical exam); or (2) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Small clusters of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes; or (3) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy).

stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Also, (1) the tumor may be any size; (2) part of the lung (where the trachea joins the bronchus) or the whole lung may have collapsed or become inflamed; (3) there may be one or more separate tumors in the same lobe of the lung; and/or (4) cancer may have spread to any of the following: main bronchus (but not the area where the trachea joins the bronchus), chest wall, diaphragm and the nerve that controls it, or membrane around the heart, lung, or lining the chest wall. OR in stage IIIA, cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Also, (1) the tumor may be any size; (2) the whole lung may have collapsed or become inflamed; (3) there may be one or more separate tumors in any of the lobes of the lung with cancer; and/or (4) cancer may have spread to any of the following: main bronchus (but not the area where the trachea joins the bronchus), chest wall, diaphragm and the nerve that controls it, membrane around the lung or lining the chest wall, heart or the membrane around it, trachea, carina (where the trachea joins the bronchi), esophagus, sternum (chest bone), backbone, major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart, or the nerve that controls the larynx (voice box). OR in stage IIIA, cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes and the tumor may be any size. Cancer has spread to any of the following: trachea, carina, esophagus, sternum, backbone, heart, major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart, or the nerve that controls the larynx.

stage IIIB adult primary liver cancer       (... uh-DULT PRY-mayr-ee LIH-ver KAN-ser)

Stage III adult primary liver cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIB, there are one or more tumors of any size that have either (1) spread to nearby organs other than the gallbladder; or (2) broken through the lining of the peritoneal cavity.

stage IIIB anal cancer       (... AY-nul KAN-ser)

Stage III anal cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and has spread to (1) nearby organs and to lymph nodes near the rectum; or (2) lymph nodes on one side of the pelvis and/or groin, and may have spread to nearby organs; or (3) lymph nodes near the rectum and in the groin, and/or to lymph nodes on both sides of the pelvis and/or groin, and may have spread to nearby organs.

stage IIIB breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to the chest wall and/or to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer. Also, cancer may have spread to (1) up to 9 axillary lymph nodes; or (2) the lymph nodes near the breastbone. Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may also be inflammatory breast cancer.

stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes above the collarbone or in the opposite side of the chest as the tumor. Also, (1) the tumor may be any size; (2) part of the lung (where the trachea joins the bronchus) or the whole lung may have collapsed or become inflamed; (3) there may be one or more separate tumors in any of the lobes of the lung with cancer; and/or (4) cancer may have spread to any of the following: main bronchus, diaphragm and the nerve that controls it, membrane around the lung, chest wall or the membrane that lines it, trachea, carina (where the trachea joins the bronchi), esophagus, sternum (chest bone), backbone, heart or the membrane around it, major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart, or the nerve that controls the larynx (voice box). OR in stage IIIB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Also, (1) the tumor may be any size; (2) there may be separate tumors in different lobes of the same lung; and/or (3) cancer has spread to any of the following: trachea, carina, esophagus, sternum, backbone, major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart, or the nerve that controls the larynx.

stage IIIC adult primary liver cancer       (... uh-DULT PRY-mayr-ee LIH-ver KAN-ser)

Stage III adult primary liver cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIC, the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

stage IIIC breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIC, no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size. Cancer may have spread to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer and/or has spread to the chest wall. Also, cancer has spread to: (1) 10 or more axillary lymph nodes; or (2) lymph nodes above or below the collarbone; or (3) axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the breastbone. Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may also be inflammatory breast cancer. For treatment, stage IIIC breast cancer is divided into operable and inoperable stage IIIC.

stage IV adrenocortical cancer       (... uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer of the adrenal gland that has spread to fat or organs and to lymph nodes near the adrenal gland or to other parts of the body, such as lungs, liver, bones, and abdomen.

stage IV adult Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) outside the lymph nodes throughout one or more organs and may be in the lymph nodes near those organs; or (2) outside the lymph nodes in one organ and has spread to lymph nodes far away from the organ; or (3) in the lung, liver, or bone marrow.

stage IV adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... uh-dult non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) throughout one or more organs that are not part of a lymphatic area (lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus or spleen) and may be in lymph nodes near those organs; or (2) in one organ that is not part of a lymphatic area and has spread to organs or lymph nodes far away from that organ; or (3) in the liver, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or lungs (other than cancer that has spread to the lungs from nearby areas).

stage IV adult primary liver cancer       (... uh-DULT PRY-mayr-ee LIH-ver KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the liver to other places in the body, such as the bones or lungs. The tumors may be of any size and may also have spread to nearby blood vessels and/or lymph nodes.

stage IV AIDS-related lymphoma       (... ree-LAY-ted lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) throughout one or more organs that are not part of a lymphatic area (lymph node group, tonsils and nearby tissue, thymus, or spleen) and may be in lymph nodes near those organs; or (2) in one organ that is not part of the lymphatic area and has spread to organs or lymph nodes far away from that organ; or (3) in the liver, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or lungs (other than cancer that has spread to the lungs from nearby areas).

stage IV anal cancer       (... AY-nul KAN-ser)

The tumor may be any size, and cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. It may also have spread to lymph nodes and nearby organs.

stage IV bladder cancer       (... BLA-der KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread from the bladder to the wall of the abdomen or pelvis. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.

stage IV breast cancer       (... brest KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to other organs of the body, most often the bones, lungs, liver, or brain.

stage IV cancer of the uterus       (... KAN-ser ... YOO-ter-us)

Cancer cells have spread to the lining of the bladder or rectum or to distant parts of the body.

stage IV cervical cancer       (... SER-vih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other parts of the body. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB, based on where the cancer is found. In stage IVA, cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, bones, or distant lymph nodes.

stage IV childhood Hodgkin lymphoma       (...HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found (1) outside the lymph nodes throughout one or more organs and may be in the lymph nodes near those organs; or (2) outside the lymph nodes in one organ and has spread to lymph nodes far away from the organ; or (3) in the lung, liver, or bone marrow.

stage IV childhood liver cancer       (... LIH-ver KAN-ser)

The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

stage IV childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma       (... non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh)

Cancer is found in the bone marrow, brain, or cerebrospinal fluid. Cancer may also be found in other parts of the body.

stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia       (… KRAH-nik LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh)

There are too many lymphocytes in the blood and too few platelets. The lymph nodes, liver, or spleen may be larger than normal and there may be too few red blood cells.

stage IV colorectal cancer       (...KOH-loh-REK-tul KAN-ser)

Stage IV colorectal cancer is divided into stage IVA and stage IVB. In stage IVA, cancer may have spread through the colon and/or rectal wall and may have spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes. Cancer has spread to one organ that is not near the colon and/or rectum, such as the liver, lung, or ovary, or to a distant lymph node. In stage IVB, cancer may have spread through the colon and/or rectal wall and may have spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes. Cancer has spread to more than one organ that is not near the colon and/or rectum or into the lining of the abdominal wall.

stage IV cutaneous T-cell lymphoma       (... kyoo-TAY-nee-us T-sel lim-FOH-muh)

Stage IV cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be either of the following: in stage IVA cancer, the skin is red, dry, and scaly, and the lymph nodes contain cancer cells; in stage IVB cancer, the skin is red, dry and scaly, cancer cells may be found in lymph nodes, and cancer has spread to other organs in the body.

stage IV distal extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... DIS-tul EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs.

stage IV endometrial cancer       (... EN-doh-MEE-tree-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the pelvis. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB, based on how far the cancer has spread. In stage IVA, cancer has spread to the bladder and/or bowel wall. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the pelvis, including the abdomen and/or lymph nodes in the groin.

stage IV esophageal adenocarcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

stage IV esophageal squamous cell carcinoma       (... ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

stage IV gallbladder cancer       (... GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser)

Stage IV gallbladder cancer is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, cancer has spread to a main blood vessel of the liver or to 2 or more nearby organs or areas other than the liver. Cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to either (1) lymph nodes along large arteries in the abdomen and/or near the lower part of the backbone; or (2) to organs or areas far away from the gallbladder.

stage IV gastric cancer       (... GAS-trik KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea, the bone under the tongue, the thyroid, or nearby soft tissue. Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor (the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters) or to lymph nodes anywhere in the neck (affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller), and one of the following is true: (1) cancer is found in one area of the hypopharynx and/or is 2 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer is found in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues, or is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx (voice box); or (3) cancer has spread to the larynx or esophagus and is more than 4 centimeters; or (4) cancer has spread to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea, the bone under the tongue, the thyroid, or nearby soft tissue. In stage IVB, the tumor (1) has spread to muscles around the upper part of the spinal column, the carotid artery, or the lining of the chest cavity and may have spread to lymph nodes, which can be any size; or (2) may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVC, the tumor may be any size and has spread beyond the hypopharynx to other parts of the body.

stage IV kidney cancer       (... KID-nee KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread (1) beyond the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney and may be found in the adrenal gland above the kidney with cancer, or in nearby lymph nodes; or (2) to other organs, such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain, and may have spread to lymph nodes. Also called stage IV renal cell cancer.

stage IV laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, stage IVB, and stage IVC. In stage IVA, (1) cancer has spread through the thyroid cartilage and/or has spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus; cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck with none larger than 6 centimeters; cancer may have spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus. The vocal cords may not move normally. In stage IVB, (1) cancer has spread to the space in front of the spinal column, surrounds the carotid artery, or has spread to parts of the chest; cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck and the lymph nodes may be any size; or (2) cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters and may have spread as far as the space in front of the spinal column, around the carotid artery, or to parts of the chest. The vocal cords may not move normally. In stage IVC, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bone.

stage IV lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, (1) the tumor has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin of chin or nose); cancer may have spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or (2) the tumor is any size or has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin of chin or nose). Cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters, or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVB, (1) the tumor may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters; or (2) the tumor has spread further into the muscles or bones in the oral cavity, or to the base of the skull and/or the carotid artery. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck. In stage IVC, the tumor has spread beyond the lip or oral cavity to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs. The tumor may be any size and may have spread to lymph nodes.

stage IV malignant mesothelioma       (...muh-LIG-nunt MEH-zoh-THEE-lee-OH-muh)

Cancer cannot be removed by surgery and is found in one or both sides of the body. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes anywhere in the chest or above the collarbone. Cancer has spread in one or more of the following ways: (1) through the diaphragm into the peritoneum (the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen); (2) to the tissue lining the chest on the opposite side of the body as the tumor; (3) to the chest wall and may be found in the rib; (4) into the organs in the center of the chest cavity; (5) into the spine; (6) into the sac around the heart or into the heart muscle; and/or (7) to distant parts of the body such as the brain, spine, thyroid, or prostate.

stage IV maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV maxillary sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the original tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters, and cancer has also spread to any of the following: the lining of the maxillary sinus, bones around the maxillary sinus (including the roof of the mouth and the nose), tissues under the skin, the eye socket, the base of the skull, and/or the ethmoid sinuses; or (2) has spread to any of the following: the front of the eye, skin of the cheek, base of the skull, behind the jaw, the bone between the eyes, and/or the sphenoid or frontal sinuses, and cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller, anywhere in the neck. In stage IVB, cancer (1) has spread to any of the following: the back of the eye, brain, middle parts of the skull, nerves in the head that go to the brain, upper part of the throat behind the nose, and/or the base of the skull, and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck; or (2) is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters. Cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus. In stage IVC, cancer may be anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the maxillary sinus, such as the lungs.

stage IV melanoma       (... MEH-luh-NOH-muh)

Cancer has spread to other places in the body, such as the lung, liver, brain, bone, soft tissue, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or to places in the skin far away from where the cancer first started.

stage IV Merkel cell carcinoma       (stayj … MER-kul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

The tumor may be any size and has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the liver, lung, bone, or brain.

stage IV mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome       (...my-KOH-sis fun-GOY-deez ... say-zah-REE SIN-drome)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, most of the skin is reddened and any amount of the skin surface is covered with patches, papules, plaques, or tumors, and either (1) cancer has spread to lymph nodes and there may be cancerous lymphocytes in the blood; or (2) there are cancerous lymphocytes in the blood and lymph nodes may be enlarged, but cancer has not spread to them. In stage IVB, most of the skin is reddened and any amount of the skin surface is covered with patches, papules, plaques, or tumors. Cancer has spread to other organs in the body. Lymph nodes may be enlarged and cancer may have spread to them. There may be cancerous lymphocytes in the blood.

stage IV nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the original tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters, and cancer has also spread to any of the following: the nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus, eye socket, maxillary sinus, roof of the mouth, and/or the bone between the eyes; or (2) has spread to any of the following: the front of the eye, skin of the nose or cheek, front parts of the skull, base of the skull, and/or the sphenoid or frontal sinuses, and cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller, anywhere in the neck. In stage IVB, cancer (1) has spread to any of the following: the back of the eye, brain, middle parts of the skull, nerves in the head that go to the brain, upper part of the throat behind the nose, and/or the base of the skull, and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck; or (2) is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters. Cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus. In stage IVC, cancer may be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, such as the lungs.

stage IV nasopharyngeal cancer       (...NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV nasopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer has spread beyond the nasopharynx and may have spread to the cranial nerves, the hypopharynx (bottom part of the throat), areas in and around the side of the skull or jawbone, and/or the bone around the eye. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx, and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes between the collarbone and the top of the shoulder and/or the affected lymph nodes are larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVC, cancer has spread beyond nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body.

stage IV non-small cell lung cancer       (... sel lung KAN-ser)

The tumor may be any size and cancer may have spread to lymph nodes. One or more of the following is true: (1) there are one or more tumors in both lungs; (2) cancer is found in fluid around the lungs or the heart; and/or (3) cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, or bone.

stage IV nonmelanoma skin cancer       (… non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser)

The tumor is any size and may have spread to the jaw, eye socket, or side of the skull. Cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the body as the tumor and the affected node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or cancer has spread to more than one lymph node on one or both sides of the body and the affected nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or, the tumor is any size and may have spread to the jaw, eye socket, skull, spine, or ribs. Cancer has spread to one lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters; or, the tumor is any size and has spread to the base of the skull, spine, or ribs. Cancer may have spread to the lymph nodes; or, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lung.

stage IV nonmelanoma skin cancer on the eyelid       (... non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser ... I-lid)

The tumor has spread to distant parts of the body.

stage IV oropharyngeal cancer       (... OR-oh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV oropharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to the larynx, front part of the roof of the mouth, lower jaw, or muscles that move the tongue or are used for chewing. Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor (the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters) or to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck (the lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller), and one of the following is true: (1) tumor in the oropharynx is any size and may have spread to the epiglottis (the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing); or (2) tumor has spread to the larynx, front part of the roof of the mouth, lower jaw, or muscles that move the tongue or are used for chewing. In stage IVB, the tumor (1) surrounds the carotid artery or has spread to the muscle that opens the jaw, the bone attached to the muscles that move the jaw, nasopharynx, or base of the skull. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes, which can be any size; or (2) may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVC, the tumor may be any size and has spread beyond the oropharynx to other parts of the body, such as the lung, bone, or liver.

stage IV ovarian epithelial cancer       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or tissue inside the liver. Cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs is also considered stage IV ovarian cancer.

stage IV ovarian germ cell tumor       (...oh-VAYR-ee-un jerm sel TOO-mer)

Cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or tissue inside the liver. Cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs is also considered stage IV ovarian cancer.

stage IV ovarian low malignant potential tumor       (… oh-VAYR-ee-un...muh-LIG-nunt poh-TEN-shul TOO-mer)

Tumor cells have spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or tissue inside the liver. Tumor cells in the fluid around the lungs is also considered stage IV disease. Ovarian low malignant potential tumors almost never reach stage IV.

stage IV pancreatic cancer       (... PAN-kree-A-tik KAN-ser)

Cancer may be of any size and has spread to distant organs, such as the liver, lung, and peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen), and may have also spread to organs and tissues near the pancreas or to lymph nodes.

stage IV penile cancer       (... PEE-nile KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread (1) to tissues near the penis, such as the prostate, and may have spread to lymph nodes in the groin or pelvis; or (2) to one or more lymph nodes in the pelvis, or from the lymph nodes to the tissues around the lymph nodes; or (3) to distant parts of the body.

stage IV perihilar extrahepatic bile duct cancer       (... PAYR-ee-HY-ler EK-struh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, the tumor may have spread to nearby lymph nodes and has spread to one or more of the following: (1) the main part of the portal vein (a vessel that carries blood away from the liver) or both branches of the portal vein; (2) the hepatic artery (a vessel that carries blood to the liver); (3) the right and left hepatic ducts; (4) the right hepatic duct and the left branch of the hepatic artery or of the portal vein; and/or (5) the left hepatic duct and the right branch of the hepatic artery or of the portal vein. In stage IVB, the tumor has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver.

stage IV prostate cancer       (...PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

Cancer (1) has spread beyond the seminal vesicles to nearby tissue or organs, such as the rectum, bladder, or pelvic wall; or (2) has spread to nearby lymph nodes and may have spread to the seminal vesicles or to nearby tissue or organs, such as the rectum, bladder, or pelvic wall; or (3) has spread to distant parts of the body, which may include lymph nodes or bones. Also, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be any level and the Gleason score can range from 2 to 10.

stage IV renal cell cancer       (... REE-nul sel KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread (1) beyond the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney and may be found in the adrenal gland above the kidney with cancer, or in nearby lymph nodes; or (2) to other organs, such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain, and may have spread to lymph nodes. Also called stage IV kidney cancer.

stage IV salivary gland cancer       ((...SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland KAN-ser)

Stage IV salivary gland cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, (1) the tumor may be any size and may have spread to soft tissue around the affected gland. Cancer has spread to a single lymph node on the same side as the tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or has spread to more than one lymph node on either or both sides of the body and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or (2) cancer has spread to the skin, jawbone, ear canal, and/or facial nerve, and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on either or both sides of the body; the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVB, (1) the tumor may be any size and may have spread to soft tissue around the affected gland. Cancer has spread to a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters; or (2) cancer has spread to the base of the skull and/or the carotid artery, and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes of any size on either or both sides of the body. In stage IVC, the tumor may be any size and may have spread to soft tissue around the affected gland, to the skin, jawbone, ear canal, facial nerve, base of the skull, or carotid artery, or to one or more lymph nodes on either or both sides of the body. Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

stage IV soft tissue sarcoma       (...TIH-shoo sar-KOH-muh)

The tumor is any grade, any size, and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes. Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs.

stage IV thymoma       (... thy-MOH-muh)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB, depending on where the cancer has spread. In stage IVA, cancer has spread widely around the lungs and heart. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to the blood or lymph system.

stage IV transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter       (... tran-ZIH-shuh-nul sel KAN-ser ... REE-nul PEL-vus ... YER-eh-ter)

Cancer has spread to at least one of the following: (1) a nearby organ; (2) the layer of fat surrounding the kidney; (3) one or more lymph nodes; and/or (4) distant parts of the body, such as the lung, liver, or bone.

stage IV uterine sarcoma       (…YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-muh)

Stage IV uterine sarcoma is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, cancer has spread to the bladder and/or bowel wall. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the pelvis, including lymph nodes in the abdomen and groin.

stage IV vaginal cancer       (...VA-jih-nul KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, cancer may have spread to one or more of the following areas: (1) the lining of the bladder; (2) the lining of the rectum; and/or (3) beyond the area of the pelvis that has the bladder, uterus, ovaries, and cervix. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to parts of the body that are not near the vagina, such as the lung or bone.

stage IV vulvar cancer       (... VUL-ver KAN-ser)

Stage IV vulvar cancer is divided into stages IVA and IVB. In stage IVA, the cancer (1) has spread to nearby lymph nodes on both sides of the groin, or (2) has spread beyond nearby tissues to the upper part of the urethra, bladder, or rectum, or (3) is attached to the pelvic bone and may have spread to lymph nodes. In stage IVB, the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

stage IV Wilms tumor       (… wilmz TOO-mer)

Cancer has spread through the blood to organs such as the lungs, liver, bone, or brain, or to lymph nodes outside of the abdomen and pelvis (the part of the body between the hips).

stage IVA hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea, the bone under the tongue, the thyroid, or nearby soft tissue. Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor (the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters) or to lymph nodes anywhere in the neck (affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller), and one of the following is true: (1) cancer is found in one area of the hypopharynx and/or is 2 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer is found in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues, or is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx (voice box); or (3) cancer has spread to the larynx or esophagus and is more than 4 centimeters; or (4) cancer has spread to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea, the bone under the tongue, the thyroid, or nearby soft tissue.

stage IVA laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, stage IVB, and stage IVC. In stage IVA, (1) cancer has spread through the thyroid cartilage and/or has spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus; cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck with none larger than 6 centimeters; cancer may have spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus. The vocal cords may not move normally.

stage IVA lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, (1) the tumor has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin of chin or nose); cancer may have spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the tumor; or (2) the tumor is any size or has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and/or bone (jaw, tongue, floor of mouth, maxillary sinus, or skin of chin or nose). Cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters, or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters.

stage IVA maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV maxillary sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the original tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters, and cancer has also spread to any of the following: the lining of the maxillary sinus, bones around the maxillary sinus (including the roof of the mouth and the nose), tissues under the skin, the eye socket, the base of the skull, and/or the ethmoid sinuses; or (2) has spread to any of the following: the front of the eye, skin of the cheek, base of the skull, behind the jaw, the bone between the eyes, and/or the sphenoid or frontal sinuses, and cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller, anywhere in the neck.

stage IVA nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer (1) has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the original tumor or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters, and cancer has also spread to any of the following: the nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus, eye socket, maxillary sinus, roof of the mouth, and/or the bone between the eyes; or (2) has spread to any of the following: the front of the eye, skin of the nose or cheek, front parts of the skull, base of the skull, and/or the sphenoid or frontal sinuses, and cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller, anywhere in the neck.

stage IVA pancreatic cancer       (... PAN-kree-A-tik KAN-ser)

Cancer has spread to organs that are near the pancreas (such as the stomach, spleen, or colon) but has not spread to distant organs (such as the liver or lungs).

stage IVB hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVB, the tumor (1) has spread to muscles around the upper part of the spinal column, the carotid artery, or the lining of the chest cavity and may have spread to lymph nodes, which can be any size; or (2) may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters.

stage IVB laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, stage IVB, and stage IVC. In stage IVB, (1) cancer has spread to the space in front of the spinal column, surrounds the carotid artery, or has spread to parts of the chest; cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck and the lymph nodes may be any size; or (2) cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters and may have spread as far as the space in front of the spinal column, around the carotid artery, or to parts of the chest. The vocal cords may not move normally.

stage IVB lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVB, (1) the tumor may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters; or (2) the tumor has spread further into the muscles or bones in the oral cavity, or to the base of the skull and/or the carotid artery. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck.

stage IVB maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV maxillary sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVB, cancer (1) has spread to any of the following: the back of the eye, brain, middle parts of the skull, nerves in the head that go to the brain, upper part of the throat behind the nose, and/or the base of the skull, and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck; or (2) is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters. Cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus.

stage IVB nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVB, cancer (1) has spread to any of the following: the back of the eye, brain, middle parts of the skull, nerves in the head that go to the brain, upper part of the throat behind the nose, and/or the base of the skull, and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck; or (2) is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters. Cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus.

stage IVB pancreatic cancer       (... PAN-kree-A-tik KAN-ser)

Cancer of the pancreas in which the cancer has spread to distant organs (such as the liver or lungs).

stage IVC hypopharyngeal cancer       (... HY-poh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVC, the tumor may be any size and has spread beyond the hypopharynx to other parts of the body.

stage IVC laryngeal cancer       (... luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, stage IVB, and stage IVC. In stage IVC, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bone.

stage IVC lip and oral cavity cancer       (... OR-ul KA-vih-tee KAN-ser)

Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVC, the tumor has spread beyond the lip or oral cavity to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs. The tumor may be any size and may have spread to lymph nodes.

stage IVC maxillary sinus cancer       (...MAK-sih-LAYR-ee SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV maxillary sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVC, cancer may be anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the maxillary sinus, such as the lungs.

stage IVC nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer       (...NAY-zul KA-vih-tee…ETH-moyd SY-nus KAN-ser)

Stage IV nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVC, cancer may be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, such as the lungs.

stage V Wilms tumor       (… wilmz TOO-mer)

Cancer cells are found in both kidneys when the disease is first diagnosed. Each kidney is staged separately as I, II, III, or IV.

staging       (STAY-jing)

Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.

staging system       (STAY-jing SIS-tem)

A system that is used to describe the extent of cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread from where it started to nearby areas, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body.

stamina       (STA-mih-nuh)

The energy and strength to endure physical activity, stress, or illness over time.

standard medical care       (... MEH-dih-kul kayr)

Treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Also called best practice, standard of care, and standard therapy.

standard of care       (STAN-durd ... kayr)

Treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Also called best practice, standard medical care, and standard therapy.

Standard Operating Procedure       (STAN-durd AH-puh-RAY-ting proh-SEE-jer)

Written instructions for doing a specific task in a certain way. In clinical trials, Standard Operating Procedures are set up to store records, collect data, screen and enroll subjects, and submit Institutional Review Board (IRB) applications and renewals. Also called SOP.

standard therapy       (... THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Also called best practice, standard medical care, and standard of care.

Stanford V       (STAN-furd …)

An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs mechlorethamine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, and prednisone and was developed at Stanford University. Also called Stanford V regimen.

Stanford V regimen       (STAN-furd … REH-jih-men)

An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs mechlorethamine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, and prednisone and was developed at Stanford University. Also called Stanford V.

starch       (starch)

A substance found in plants. It contains sugar molecules joined chemically. It is found in high levels in foods such as potatoes, rice, corn, and wheat. It may be used as a dusting powder, a skin softener, a filler in medicine tablets, and a clothes stiffener.

statin       (STA-tin)

Any of a group of drugs that lower the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood. Statins inhibit a key enzyme that helps make cholesterol. Statin drugs are being studied in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

statistically significant       (stuh-TIS-tih-kuh-lee sig-NIH-fih-kunt)

Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. Also called significant.

stature       (STA-cher)

The height of a person while standing.

staurosporine       (STAW-roh-SPOR-een)

A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer.

stavudine       (STA-vyoo-deen)

A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nucleoside analogs. It is used to treat infection caused by viruses.

Stavzor       (STAV-zore)

A drug used to treat epileptic seizures and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches. It is also being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. It blocks an enzyme that cells need to grow and may cause cancer cells to die. It also blocks the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of anticonvulsant, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, antimaniacal, migraine headache prophylactic, and antiangiogenesis agent. Also called Depakene and valproic acid.

stellate       (STEH-layt)

Star shaped.

stem cell       (stem sel)

A cell from which other types of cells develop. For example, blood cells develop from blood-forming stem cells.

stem cell engraftment       (stem sel en-GRAFT-ment)

A process in which transplanted stem cells travel through the blood to the bone marrow, where they begin to make new white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It usually happens within 2 to 4 weeks after a stem cell transplant. The transplanted stem cells may come from a donor or from the patient.

stem cell factor       (stem sel FAK-ter)

A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to change into different types of blood cells and increases the number and actions of these cells in the blood. Stem cell factor is a type of cytokine and a type of growth factor. Also called kit ligand and SCF.

stem cell factor receptor       (… sel FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter)

A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to biologic substance called stem cell factor (SCF). SCF causes certain types of blood cells to grow. The stem cell factor receptor is found at high levels or in a changed form on some types of cancer cells. This may cause these cells to grow rapidly when SCF is present. The stem cell factor receptor is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase. Also called c-kit receptor.

stem cell mobilization       (stem sel MOH-bih-lih-ZAY-shun)

A process in which certain drugs are used to cause the movement of stem cells from the bone marrow into the blood. The stem cells can be collected and stored. They may be used later to replace the bone marrow during a stem cell transplant.

stem cell rescue       (stem sel REH-skyoo)

A method of replacing blood-forming stem cells that were destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation therapy. The stem cells help the bone marrow recover and make healthy blood cells. A stem cell rescue may allow more chemotherapy or radiation therapy to be given so that more cancer cells are killed. It is usually done using the patient’s own stem cells that were saved before treatment. Also called rescue transplant.

stem cell transplant       (stem sel TRANZ-plant)

A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells in the bone marrow that have been destroyed by drugs, radiation, or disease. Stem cells are injected into the patient and make healthy blood cells. A stem cell transplant may be autologous (using a patient’s own stem cells that were saved before treatment), allogeneic (using stem cells donated by someone who is not an identical twin), or syngeneic (using stem cells donated by an identical twin).

Stemgen       (STEM-jen)

A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to change into different types of blood cells and increases the number and actions of these cells in the blood. It is being studied in the treatment of myelodysplasia. Stemgen is a type of recombinant stem cell growth factor. Also called ancestim, r-metHuSCF, and recombinant human methionyl stem cell factor.

stent       (stent)

A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to keep the structure open.

stereotactic biopsy       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik BY-op-see)

A biopsy procedure that uses a computer and a 3-dimensional scanning device to find a tumor site and guide the removal of tissue for examination under a microscope.

stereotactic body radiation therapy       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik BAH-dee RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position a patient and precisely deliver radiation to tumors in the body (except the brain). The total dose of radiation is divided into smaller doses given over several days. This type of radiation therapy helps spare normal tissue.

stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik ... RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver radiation to a tumor. The total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days. Stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer, such as lung cancer. Also called stereotactic radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy.

stereotactic injection       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik in-JEK-shun)

A procedure in which a computer and a 3-dimensional scanning device are used to inject anticancer drugs directly into a tumor.

stereotactic radiation therapy       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver radiation to a tumor. The total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days. Stereotactic radiation therapy is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer, such as lung cancer. Also called stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy.

stereotactic radiosurgery       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik RAY-dee-oh-SER-juh-ree)

A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely give a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated by regular surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Also called radiation surgery, radiosurgery, and stereotaxic radiosurgery.

stereotaxic radiation therapy       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-sik RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely deliver radiation to a tumor. The total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days. Stereotaxic radiation therapy is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer, such as lung cancer. Also called stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation therapy.

stereotaxic radiosurgery       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-sik RAY-dee-oh-SER-juh-ree)

A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely give a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated by regular surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Also called radiation surgery, radiosurgery, and stereotactic radiosurgery.

stereotaxis       (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-sis)

Use of a computer and scanning devices to create 3-dimensional pictures. This method can be used to direct a biopsy, external radiation, or the insertion of radiation implants.

sterile       (STAYR-il)

Unable to produce children. Also means free from germs.

sterile talc powder       (STAYR-il POW-der)

A mineral, usually used in a powdered form. In cancer treatment, sterile talc powder is used to prevent pleural effusions (an abnormal collection of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall). Sterile talc powder is inserted into the space, causing it to close up, so fluid cannot collect there. Also called talc.

sternum       (STER-num)

The long flat bone that forms the center front of the chest wall. The sternum is attached to the collarbone and the first seven ribs. Also called breastbone.

steroid       (STAYR-oyd)

Any of a group of lipids (fats) that have a certain chemical structure. Steroids occur naturally in plants and animals or they may be made in the laboratory. Examples of steroids include sex hormones, cholesterol, bile acids, and some drugs.

steroid cream       (STAYR-oyd...)

A skin cream containing a type of drug that relieves swelling, itching, and inflammation.

steroid drug       (STAYR-oyd ...)

A type of drug used to relieve swelling and inflammation. Some steroid drugs may also have antitumor effects.

steroid metabolism gene       (STAYR-oyd meh-TA-buh-lih-zum jeen)

A type of gene that helps the body build up or break down steroids. Steroids may be made by the body (such as hormones and cholesterol) or made in a laboratory (such as drugs). A steroid metabolism gene called CYP17 is being studied in breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers.

steroid therapy       (STAYR-oyd THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation.

STI571      

A drug used to treat different types of leukemia and other cancers of the blood, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. STI571 blocks the protein made by the bcr/abl oncogene. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Gleevec and imatinib mesylate.

stimulant       (STIM-yoo-lunt)

In medicine, a family of drugs used to treat depression, attention-deficit disorder (a common disorder in which children are inattentive, impulsive, and/or over-active), and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder that causes uncontrollable sleepiness). Stimulants increase brain activity, alertness, attention, and energy. They also raise blood pressure and increase heart rate and breathing rate.

Stivarga       (stih-VAR-guh)

A drug used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has not gotten better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Stivarga blocks the action of certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Stivarga is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called regorafenib.

stoma       (STOH-muh)

A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.

stomach       (STUH-muk)

An organ that is part of the digestive system. The stomach helps digest food by mixing it with digestive juices and churning it into a thin liquid.

stomach acid stimulation test       (STUH-muk A-sid STIM-yoo-LAY-shun …)

A test used to measure the amount of gastric acid made by the stomach. The patient receives an injection of the hormone gastrin or insulin. A tube is put through the nose or throat into the stomach and samples are taken from the stomach and sent to a laboratory for testing. Also called gastric acid secretion test and stomach acid test.

stomach acid test       (STUH-muk A-sid …)

A test used to measure the amount of gastric acid made by the stomach. The patient receives an injection of the hormone gastrin or insulin. A tube is put through the nose or throat into the stomach and samples are taken from the stomach and sent to a laboratory for testing. Also called gastric acid secretion test and stomach acid stimulation test.

stomach cancer       (STUH-muk KAN-ser)

Cancer that forms in tissues lining the stomach. Also called gastric cancer.

stomatitis       (STOH-muh-TY-tis)

Inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth.

stool       (stool)

The material in a bowel movement. Stool is made up of undigested food, bacteria, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines. Also called feces.

stool test       (stool test)

A test to check for hidden blood in the bowel movement.

straight colorectal anastomosis       (strayt KOH-loh-REK-tul uh-NAS-toh-MOH-sis)

A surgical procedure in which the colon is attached directly to the remainder of the rectum after most of it has been removed during surgery for rectal cancer. This procedure is different from the J-pouch colorectal anastomosis because a pouch to store stool is not made from the colon before it is attached to the rectum.

streptavidin       (strep-TA-vih-din)

A small bacterial protein that binds with high affinity to the vitamin biotin. This streptavidin-biotin combination can be used to link molecules such as radioisotopes and monoclonal antibodies together. These bound products have the property of being attracted to, and attaching to, cancer cells, rather than normal cells. The radiolabeled products are more easily removed from the body, thus decreasing their toxicity.

streptozocin       (STREP-toh-ZOH-sin)

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

stress       (stres)

The response of the body to physical, mental, or emotional pressure. This may make a person feel frustrated, angry, or anxious, and may cause unhealthy chemical changes in the body. Untreated, long-term stress may lead to many types of mental and physical health problems.

stress protein       (... PROH-teen)

One of a group of proteins that help protect cells from stresses such as heat, cold, and low amounts of oxygen or glucose (sugar). Stress proteins help other proteins function in normal cells and may be present at high levels in cancer cells. Blocking the activity of a stress protein called HSP90 is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Other stress proteins including HSP70 and gp96 are being studied in vaccines to treat cancer. Also called heat-shock protein and HSP.

stroke       (stroke)

In medicine, a loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which damages brain tissue. Strokes are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, weakness on one side of the body, and problems with talking, writing, or understanding language. The risk of stroke is increased by high blood pressure, older age, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, atherosclerosis (a build-up of fatty material and plaque inside the coronary arteries), and a family history of stroke.

Stromagen       (stroh-MUH-jen)

A product that is made of special stem cells taken from a patient’s bone marrow and grown in the laboratory. After a patient’s bone marrow is destroyed by treatment with whole body irradiation or chemotherapy, these cells are injected back into the patient to help rebuild bone marrow. Stromagen has been studied in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease during stem cell transplant in patients receiving treatment for cancer. Stromagen is used in cellular therapy. Also called autologous expanded mesenchymal stem cells OTI-010.

stromal cell       (STROH-mul sel)

A type of cell that makes up certain types of connective tissue (supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs).

stromal tumor       (STROH-mal TOO-mer)

A tumor that arises in the supporting connective tissue of an organ.

strontium       (STRON-shee-um)

A metal often used in a radioactive form for imaging tests and in the treatment of cancer.

strontium chloride Sr 89       (STRON-shee-um KLOR-ide …)

A salt form of the radioactive metal strontium-89 that is absorbed by a part of growing bone. It is being studied in the treatment of bone pain caused by cancer that has spread to the bone.

strontium ranelate       (STRON-shee-um RAN-eh-layt)

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Strontium ranelate helps new bone tissue to grow and decreases bone loss. This lowers the risk of bone fractures.

strontium-89       (STRON-shee-um…)

A radioactive form of the metal strontium that is taken up by a part of growing bone. It is being studied in the treatment of bone pain caused by some types of cancer.

study agent       (STUH-dee AY-jent)

A medicine, vitamin, mineral, food supplement, or a combination of them that is being tested in a clinical trial.

Sturge-Weber syndrome       (sterj-VAY-ber SIN-drome)

A rare, congenital disorder that affects the brain, skin, and eyes. Abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the trigeminal nerve in the face and the meninges (covering) of the brain. This abnormal growth causes red or purple skin discoloration (sometimes called a port wine stain), usually on one side of the face, and can also cause seizures, learning disabilities, and glaucoma. Also called SWS.

SU006668      

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. SU006668 blocks proteins involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called orantinib and SU6668.

SU011248      

A drug used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in some patients and to treat advanced kidney cancer. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. SU011248 stops cancer cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of angiogenesis inhibitor. Also called SU11248, sunitinib, sunitinib malate, and Sutent.

SU101      

An anticancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called leflunomide.

SU11248      

A drug used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in some patients and to treat advanced kidney cancer. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. SU11248 stops cancer cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of angiogenesis inhibitor. Also called SU011248, sunitinib, sunitinib malate, and Sutent.

SU5416      

A substance that has been studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Also called semaxanib.

SU6668      

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. SU6668 blocks proteins involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called orantinib and SU006668.

subarachnoid block       (sub-uh-RAK-noyd blok)

A temporary loss of feeling in the abdomen and/or the lower part of the body. Special drugs called anesthetics are injected into the fluid in the lower part of the spinal column to cause the loss of feeling. The patient stays awake during the procedure. It is a type of regional anesthesia. Also called SAB, spinal anesthesia, and spinal block.

subcutaneous       (SUB-kyoo-TAY-nee-us)

Beneath the skin.

subcutaneous port       (SUB-kyoo-TAY-nee-us ...)

A tube surgically placed into a blood vessel and attached to a disk placed under the skin. It is used for the administration of intravenous fluids and drugs; it can also be used to obtain blood samples.

subependymal       (SUB-eh-PEN-dih-mul)

Describes the layer of cells just under the ependyma (the thin membrane that lines the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord).

subependymal giant cell astrocytoma       (SUB-eh-PEN-dih-mul JY-unt sel AS-troh-sy-TOH-muh)

A benign (not cancer), slow-growing tumor that usually forms in the walls of fluid-filled spaces in the brain. The tumors are made up of large, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas are common in patients with tuberous sclerosis (an inherited disorder in which benign tumors form in the brain and other parts of the body). Also called SEGA.

suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid       (SOO-beh-royl-AN-ih-lide hy-drok-SA-mik A-sid)

A drug that is used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that does not get better, gets worse, or comes back during or after treatment with other drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid is a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor. Also called SAHA, vorinostat, and Zolinza.

subglottis       (SUB-glah-tis)

The lowest part of the larynx; the area from just below the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea.

subjective improvement       (sub-JEK-tiv im-PROOV-ment)

An improvement that is reported by the patient, but cannot be measured by the healthcare provider (for example, "I feel better").

submucosa       (sub-myoo-KOH-suh)

The layer of tissue under the mucosa (inner lining of some organs and body cavities that makes mucus).

subserosa       (sub-seh-ROH-suh)

The layer of tissue under the serosa (outer lining of some organs and body cavities).

subset analysis       (... uh-NA-lih-sis)

In a clinical study, the evaluation of results for some but not all of the patients who participated. The selected patients have one or more characteristics in common, such as the same stage of disease or the same hormone receptor status.

substance abuse       (SUB-stunts uh-BYOOS)

The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs or alcohol for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts. Substance abuse may lead to social, physical, emotional, and job-related problems.

subtenon       (SUB-teh-non)

Used to describe injections through the membrane covering the muscles and nerves at the back of the eyeball.

subtotal hysterectomy       (sub-TOH-tul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove the uterus, but not the cervix. Also called partial hysterectomy.

sucralfate       (soo-KRAL-fayt)

A drug used to treat ulcers. It adheres to proteins at the ulcer site and forms a protective coating over the ulcer. Sucralfate is also used to treat mucositis.

suction aspiration       (SUK-shun AS-pih-RAY-shun)

A surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated (opened) and vacuum is used to remove tissue from the uterus. Also called suction evacuation and vacuum aspiration.

suction evacuation       (SUK-shun ee-VA-kyoo-A-shun)

A surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated (opened) and vacuum is used to remove tissue from the uterus. Also called suction aspiration and vacuum aspiration.

sudden infant death syndrome       (suh-DEN in-FUNT deth SIN-drome)

The sudden and unexpected death of a healthy child who is younger than one year old, usually during sleep. The cause of sudden infant death syndrome is not known. Also called crib death and SIDS.

suicide       (SOO-ih-SIDE)

The act of taking one's own life on purpose.

sulfa drug       (SUL-fuh ...)

A type of antibiotic used to treat infection. Also called sulfonamide.

sulfonamide       (sul-FAH-nuh-mide)

A type of antibiotic used to treat infection. Also called sulfa drug.

sulfuric acid       (sul-FYUR-ik A-sid)

A strong acid that, when concentrated, is extremely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives.

sulindac       (SUL-in-dak)

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is being studied as a treatment for cancer.

sun protection factor       (... proh-TEK-shun FAK-ter)

A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the sun protection factor, the more sunburn protection it gives. Sunscreens with a value of 2 through 11 give minimal protection against sunburns. Sunscreens with a value of 12 through 29 give moderate protection. Sun protection factors of 30 or higher give high protection against sunburn. Also called SPF.

Sun's Soup       (sunz soop)

A mixture of vegetables and other edible plants that has been studied in the treatment of cancer. The vegetables include soybean, shiitake mushroom, mung bean, red date, scallion, garlic, leek, lentil, Hawthorn fruit, onion, ginseng, Angelica root, licorice, dandelion root, senega root, ginger, olive, sesame seed, and parsley. Sun’s Soup is available in the United States as a dietary supplement.

sunitinib       (soo-NIH-tih-nib)

A drug used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in some patients and to treat advanced kidney cancer. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Sunitinib stops cancer cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of angiogenesis inhibitor. Also called SU011248, SU11248, sunitinib malate, and Sutent.

sunitinib malate       (soo-NIH-tih-nib MA-layt)

A drug used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in some patients and to treat advanced kidney cancer. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Sunitinib malate stops cancer cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of angiogenesis inhibitor. Also called SU011248, SU11248, sunitinib, and Sutent.

sunscreen       (SUN-skreen)

A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter both ultraviolet A and B radiation to provide protection against both types of radiation. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that may lead to skin cancer.

superficial       (SOO-per-FIH-shul)

Affecting cells on the surface. Not invasive.

superfractionated radiation therapy       (SOO-per FRAK-shuh-NAY-ted RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

Radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into small doses and treatments are given more than once a day. Also called hyperfractionated radiation therapy and hyperfractionation.

superior vena cava       (soo-PEER-ee-er VEE-nuh KAY-vuh)

The large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart.

superior vena cava syndrome       (soo-PEER-ee-er VEE-nuh KAY-vuh SIN-drome)

A condition in which a tumor presses against the superior vena cava (the large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart). This pressure blocks blood flow to the heart and may cause coughing, difficulty in breathing, and swelling of the face, neck, and upper arms.

supplemental nutrition       (SUH-pleh-MEN-tul noo-TRIH-shun)

A substance or product that is added to a person’s diet to make sure they get all the nutrients they need. It may include vitamins, minerals, protein, or fat, and may be given by mouth, by tube feeding, or into a vein.

supplemental oxygen therapy       (SUH-pleh-MEN-tul OK-sih-jen THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment in which a storage tank of oxygen or a machine called a compressor is used to give oxygen to people with breathing problems. It may be given through a nose tube, a mask, or a tent. The extra oxygen is breathed in along with normal air. Also called oxygen therapy.

supplementation       (SUH-pleh-men-TAY-shun)

Adding nutrients to the diet.

support group       (suh-PORT groop)

A group of people with similar disease or concerns who help each other cope by sharing experiences and information.

supportive care       (suh-POR-tiv kayr)

Care given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of supportive care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, palliative care, and symptom management.

suppository       (suh-PAH-zih-TOR-ee)

A form of medicine contained in a small piece of solid material, such as cocoa butter or glycerin, that melts at body temperature. A suppository is inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra and the medicine is absorbed into the bloodstream.

suppressor T cell       (suh-PREH-ser T sel)

A type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes, to keep the immune system from becoming over-active. Suppressor T cells are being studied in the treatment of cancer. A suppressor T cell is a type of white blood cell and a type of lymphocyte. Also called regulatory T cell, T reg, and T-regulatory cell.

supraclavicular lymph node       (SOO-pruh-kla-VIH-kyuh-ler...)

A lymph node located above the clavicle (collarbone).

supraglottic laryngectomy       (SOO-pruh-GLAH-tik LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee)

An operation to remove the supraglottis, which is part of the larynx (voice box) above the vocal cords.

supraglottis       (SOO-pruh-GLAH-tis)

The upper part of the larynx (voice box), including the epiglottis; the area above the vocal cords.

suprarenal gland       (SOO-pruh-REE-nul...)

A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. There are two suprarenal glands, one on top of each kidney. Also called adrenal gland.

supratentorial       (soo-pruh-ten-TOR-ee-ul)

Having to do with the upper part of the brain.

suramin       (SOO-ruh-min)

A drug that is used to treat infections caused by parasites. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called antiprotozoals and anthelmintics.

surface electrode       (SER-fus ee-LEK-trode)

A small device that is attached to the skin to measure or cause electrical activity in the tissue under it. Surface electrodes may be used to look for problems with muscles and nerves.

surgeon       (SER-jun)

A doctor who removes or repairs a part of the body by operating on the patient.

surgery       (SER-juh-ree)

A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.

surgical biopsy       (SER-jih-kul BY-op-see)

The removal of tissue by a surgeon for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope.

surgical castration       (SER-jih-kul kas-TRAY-shun)

Surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy) or ovaries (oophorectomy) to stop the production of sex hormones. Decreasing the levels of hormones may stop the growth of certain cancers.

surgical menopause       (SER-jih-kul MEH-nuh-pawz)

Describes a stop in a woman’s menstrual periods that is caused by surgery to remove her ovaries. Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble concentrating, and infertility.

surgical oncologist       (SER-jih-kul on-KAH-loh-jist)

A doctor who performs biopsies and other surgical procedures in cancer patients.

surrogate endpoint       (SER-uh-gut END-poynt)

In clinical trials, an indicator or sign used in place of another to tell if a treatment works. Surrogate endpoints include a shrinking tumor or lower biomarker levels. They may be used instead of stronger indicators, such as longer survival or improved quality of life, because the results of the trial can be measured sooner. The use of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials may allow earlier approval of new drugs to treat serious or life-threatening diseases, such as cancer. Surrogate endpoints are not always true indicators or signs of how well a treatment works.

surveillance       (ser-VAY-lents)

In medicine, the ongoing collection of information about a disease, such as cancer, in a certain group of people. The information collected may include where the disease occurs in a population and whether it affects people of a certain gender, age, or ethnic group.

survival rate       (ser-VY-vul ...)

The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are still alive for a certain period of time after they were diagnosed with or started treatment for a disease, such as cancer. The survival rate is often stated as a five-year survival rate, which is the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive five years after their diagnosis or the start of treatment. Also called overall survival rate.

survivor       (ser-VY-ver)

One who remains alive and continues to function during and after overcoming a serious hardship or life-threatening disease. In cancer, a person is considered to be a survivor from the time of diagnosis until the end of life.

survivorship       (ser-VY-ver-ship)

In cancer, survivorship focuses on the health and life of a person with cancer post treatment until the end of life. It covers the physical, psychosocial, and economic issues of cancer, beyond the diagnosis and treatment phases. Survivorship includes issues related to the ability to get health care and follow-up treatment, late effects of treatment, second cancers, and quality of life. Family members, friends, and caregivers are also considered part of the survivorship experience.

Sustiva       (suh-STEE-vuh)

A drug used with other drugs to treat infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It blocks HIV from making copies of itself. It is a type of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and a type of antiviral agent. Also called efavirenz.

Sutent       (SOO-tent)

A drug used to treat certain types of pancreatic cancer. It is also used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in some patients and to treat advanced kidney cancer. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Sutent stops cancer cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of angiogenesis inhibitor. Also called SU011248, SU11248, sunitinib, and sunitinib malate.

SV40      

Simian virus 40. A virus that infects some types of monkeys. It may also infect humans, and was found in some polio vaccines tested in the early 1960s. Although the virus has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals, there is no evidence that it causes cancer in people. Also called simian virus 40.

SVV-001      

A virus being studied in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer. Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. The virus infects and breaks down these tumor cells but not normal cells. It is a type of oncolytic virus. Also called NTX-010 and Seneca Valley virus-001.

sweet elm       (sweet elm)

The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called gray elm, Indian elm, red elm, slippery elm, Ulmus fulva, and Ulmus rubra.

SWS      

A rare, congenital disorder that affects the brain, skin, and eyes. Abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the trigeminal nerve in the face and the meninges (covering) of the brain. This abnormal growth causes red or purple skin discoloration (sometimes called a port wine stain), usually on one side of the face, and can also cause seizures, learning disabilities, and glaucoma. Also called Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Syk kinase inhibitor R-935788       (sik KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter …)

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer and certain other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. It may block tumor cell signaling and growth. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called fostamatinib disodium and R788 sodium.

sympathetic nervous system       (SIM-puh-THEH-tik NER-vus SIS-tem)

The part of the nervous system that increases heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and pupil size. It also causes blood vessels to narrow and decreases digestive juices.

symptom       (SIMP-tum)

An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.

symptom management       (SIMP-tum MA-nij-ment)

Care given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of symptom management is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, palliative care, and supportive care.

symptomatic       (SIMP-toh-MA-tik)

Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease.

synapse       (SIH-naps)

The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell. Nerve impulses are usually carried to the neighboring cell by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are released by the nerve cell and are taken up by another cell on the other side of the synapse. The neighboring cell may be another nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a gland cell.

syncytium       (sin-SIH-shee-um)

A large cell-like structure formed by the joining together of two or more cells. The plural is syncytia.

syndrome       (SIN-drome)

A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease.

synergistic       (SIH-ner-JIS-tik)

In medicine, describes the interaction of two or more drugs when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each drug is given alone.

syngeneic       (SIN-jeh-NAY-ik)

Having to do with individuals or tissues that have identical genes. For example, identical twins and cells and tissues from them are syngeneic.

syngeneic bone marrow transplantation       (SIN-jeh-NAY-ik bone MAYR-oh tranz-plan-TAY-shun)

A procedure in which a person receives bone marrow donated by his or her healthy identical twin.

syngeneic stem cell transplantation       (SIN-jeh-NAY-ik stem sel tranz-plan-TAY-shun)

A procedure in which a patient receives blood-forming stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) donated by his or her healthy identical twin.

synovial membrane       (sih-NOH-vee-ul MEM-brayn)

A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae (fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bones). The synovial membrane makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.

synovial sarcoma       (sih-NOH-vee-ul sar-KOH-muh)

A malignant tumor that develops in the synovial membrane of the joints.

Synovir       (SIH-noh-veer)

A drug used with another drug to treat multiple myeloma in patients who have just been diagnosed. It is also used to treat a painful skin disease related to leprosy. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Synovir may help the immune system kill cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called thalidomide and Thalomid.

synovitis       (SIH-noh-VY-tis)

Inflammation (swelling, pain, and warmth) of a synovial membrane, which is a layer of connective tissue that lines a joint, such as the hip, knee, ankle, or shoulder. Synovitis is caused by some types of arthritis and other diseases.

synthetic       (sin-THEH-tik)

Having to do with substances that are man-made instead of taken from nature.

synthetic human secretin       (sin-THEH-tik HYOO-mun seh-KREE-tin)

A drug used to help diagnose gastrinomas (tumors that cause too much gastric acid to be made) and other problems with the pancreas. It is also used to increase secretions from the pancreas and to help identify a duct called the ampulla of Vater. Synthetic human secretin is a form of secretin that is made in the laboratory. Secretin causes the pancreas, liver, and stomach to release substances that help digest food. Also called ChiRhoStim and secretin human.

synthetic protegrin analog       (sin-THEH-tik proh-TEH-grin A-nuh-log)

A form of a protegrin that is made in the laboratory. Protegrins kill certain bacteria, fungi, and viruses by making holes in their outer membranes and causing them to burst. Synthetic protegrin analogs, such as iseganan, are being studied in the treatment of oral mucositis (painful mouth sores) caused by radiation therapy. It is a type of synthetic antimicrobial peptide.

synthetic retinoid       (sin-THEH-tik REH-tih-noyd)

A substance related to vitamin A that is produced in a laboratory.

syringe       (suh-RINJ)

A small hollow tube used for injecting or withdrawing liquids. It may be attached to a needle in order to withdraw fluid from the body or inject drugs into the body.

systemic       (sis-TEH-mik)

Affecting the entire body.

systemic chemotherapy       (sis-TEH-mik KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment with anticancer drugs that travel through the blood to cells all over the body.

systemic disease       (sis-TEH-mik dih-ZEEZ)

Disease that affects the whole body.

systemic inflammatory response syndrome       (sis-TEH-mik in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee reh-SPONTS SIN-drome)

A serious condition in which there is inflammation throughout the whole body. It may be caused by a severe bacterial infection (sepsis), trauma, or pancreatitis. It is marked by fast heart rate, low blood pressure, low or high body temperature, and low or high white blood cell count. The condition may lead to multiple organ failure and shock. Also called SIRS.

systemic lupus erythematosus       (sis-TEH-mik LOO-pus AYR-ih-THEE-muh-TOH-sus)

A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs, including the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It can cause many different symptoms; however, not everyone with systemic lupus erythematosus has all of the symptoms. Also called lupus and SLE.

systemic mastocytosis       (sis-TEH-mik MAS-toh-sy-TOH-sis)

A rare disease in which too many mast cells (a type of immune system cell) are found in the skin, bones, joints, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells give off chemicals such as histamine that can cause flushing (a hot, red face), itching, abdominal cramps, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, and shock.

systemic radiation therapy       (sis-TEH-mik RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

A type of radiation therapy in which a radioactive substance, such radioactive idoine or a radioactively labeled monoclonal antibody, is swallowed or injected into the body and travels through the blood, locating and killing tumor cells.

systemic scleroderma       (sis-TEH-mik SKLAYR-oh-DER-muh)

A disease that is marked by hardening and thickening of skin, connective tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs, and blood vessels. Also called systemic sclerosis.

systemic sclerosis       (sis-TEH-mik skleh-ROH-sis)

A disease that is marked by hardening and thickening of skin, connective tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs, and blood vessels. Also called systemic scleroderma.

systemic therapy       (sis-TEH-mik THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment using substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body.

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