Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID), and Other Reports
Listed below are reports covering various recreational water-related topics, including disease outbreaks, swimming safety, and pool operation.
Diarrhea
- CDC. Promotion of Healthy Swimming After a Statewide Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Associated with Recreational Water Venues — Utah, 2008–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(19):348-52.
- CDC. Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Associated with a Splash Park — Idaho, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009:58(22):615-8.
- CDC. Communitywide Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak — Utah, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(36):989-93.
- CDC. Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water Use — Five States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(29):729-32.
- CDC. An Outbreak of Norovirus Gastroenteritis at a Swimming Club — Vermont, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(34):793-5.
- CDC. Shigellosis Outbreak Associated With an Unchlorinated Fill-and-Drain-Wading Pool — Iowa, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(37):797-800.
- CDC. Protracted Outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis Associated With Swimming Pool Use — Ohio and Nebraska, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(20):406-10.
- CDC. Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Associated With an Interactive Water Fountain at a Beachside Park — Florida, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(25):565-8.
- CDC. Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Associated with a Water Sprinkler Fountain – Minnesota, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(40):856-60.
- CDC. Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis at a Day Camp – Florida, July-August 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45(21):442-4.
- CDC. Lake-Associated Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 – Illinois, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45(21):437-9.
- CDC. Cryptosporidium Infections Associated with Swimming Pools – Dane County, Wisconsin, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43(31):561-3.
- CDC. Swimming-Associated Cryptosporidiosis – Los Angeles County. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(20):343-5.
- CDC. Gastrointestinal Illness Among Scuba Divers – New York City. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1983;32(44):576-7.
Skin, Ear, and Eye Illness
- CDC. Estimated burden of acute otitis externa—United States, 2003–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:605-9.
- Chen L, et al. Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Investigation of employee symptoms at an indoor waterpark — Ohio, 2007. [PDF - 64 pages] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2008; June: HETA 2007-0163-3062.
- Sopoh GE, et al. Buruli Ulcer Surveillance, Benin, 2003–2005 [PDF - 3 pages]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(9):1374-6.
- Edson RS, Terrell CL, Brutinel WM, Wegenack NL. Mycobacterium intermedium Granulomatous Dermatitis from Hot Tub Exposure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(5):821-3.
- Vugia DJ. Jang Y, Zizek C, Ely J, Winthrop KL, Desmond E. Mycobacteria in Nail Salon Whirlpool Footbaths, California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(4):616-8.
- CDC. Pseudomonas Dermatitis/Folliculitis Associated With Pools and Hot Tubs–Colorado and Maine, 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(48): 1087-91.
- CDC. Outbreak of Pharyngoconjunctival Fever at a Summer Camp – North Carolina, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(19):342-4.
- CDC. Cercarial Dermatitis Outbreak at a State Park – Delaware, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(14):225-8.
- CDC. An Outbreak of Pseudomonas Folliculitis Associated with a Waterslide – Utah. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1983;32(32):425-7.
- CDC. Staphylococcal Infections Among River Guides–Tennessee, South Carolina, and North Carolina. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31(45):605-7.
- CDC. Otitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serotype 0:10 Associated with a Mobile Redwood Hot Tub System – North Carolina. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31(40):541.
- CDC. Cercarial Dermatitis among Bathers in California: Katayama Syndrome among Travelers to Ethiopia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31(32):435-8.
Respiratory Illness
- Weisel CP, et al. Childhood Asthma and Environmental Exposures at Swimming Pools: State of the Science and Research Recommendations. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009;(4):500-7.
- CDC. Illness Associated with Red Tide — Nassau County, Florida, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(26): 717-20.
- Chen L, et al. Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Investigation of employee symptoms at an indoor waterpark — Ohio, 2007. [PDF - 64 pages] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2008; June: HETA 2007-0163-3062.
- CDC. Surveillance for Travel-Associated Legionnaire's Disease — United States, 2005–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(48):1261-3.
- CDC. Cruise-Ship–Associated Legionnaires Disease, November 2003–May 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(45):1153-5.
- Falkinham, J. Mycobacterial Aerosols and Respiratory Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(7):763-7.
- Mangione, EJ, Huitt G, Lenaway D, Beebe J, Bailey A, Figoski M, Rau MP, Albrecht KD, Yakrus MA. Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Following Hot Tub Exposure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):1039-42.
- Fredricks D, Jolley JA, Lepp PW, Kosek JC, Relman DA. Rhinosporidium seeberi: A Human Pathogen from a Novel Group of Aquatic Protistan Parasites. Emerging Infect Dis. 2000;6(3):273-82.
- CDC. Legionnaires Disease Associated with a Whirlpool Spa Display – Virginia, September - October, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(04):83-6.
- CDC. Update: Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease Associated With a Cruise Ship, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43(31):574.
- CDC. Outbreak of Pneumonia Associated with a Cruise Ship, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43(28):521.
- CDC. Outbreak of Pharyngoconjunctival Fever at a Summer Camp – North Carolina, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(19):342-4.
Neurologic Illness
- CDC. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis – Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(21):573-7.
- CDC. Aseptic Meningitis Outbreak Associated With Echovirus 9 Among Recreational Vehicle Campers – Connecticut, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(31):710-13.
- CDC. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis – Georgia, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(40):962-4.
- CDC. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis – North Carolina, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(25):437-40.
Wound Infections
- CDC. Vibrio Illnesses After Hurricane Katrina — Multiple States, August–September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(37):928-31.
- CDC. Aeromonas Wound Infections Associated with Outdoor Activities – California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(20):334-5, 341.
Other Illnesses
- CDC. Notes from the Field: Investigation of Leptospirosis Underreporting — Puerto Rico, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(22):421.
- Reisen W, Takahashi RM, Carroll BD, Quiring R. Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(11):1747-9.
- CDC. Brief Report: Leptospirosis After Flooding of a University Campus — Hawaii, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(05):125-7.
- Graham, DR. Hot-Tub–Associated Mycobacterial Infections in Immunosuppressed Persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(7):750.
- CDC. Update: Leptospirosis and Unexplained Acute Febrile Illness Among Athletes Participating in Triathlons – Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(32):673-6.
- CDC. Outbreak of Acute Febrile Illness Among Athletes Participating in Triathlons – Wisconsin and Illinois, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(28):585-8.
Swimming Pool Operation and Disinfection
- CDC. Violations Identified from Routine Swimming Pool Inspections — Selected States and Counties, United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(19):582-7.
- CDC. Pool Chemical–Associated Health Events in Public and Residential Settings — United States, 1983–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(18):489-93.
- Weisel CP, et al. Childhood Asthma and Environmental Exposures at Swimming Pools: State of the Science and Research Recommendations. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009; Apr 117(4):500-7.
- Reisen W, Takahashi RM, Carroll BD, Quiring R. Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California [PDF - 3 pages]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(11):1747-9.
- Shields JM, Gleim ER, Beach MJ. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Swimming Pools, Atlanta, Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008June;14(6).
- Chen L, et al. Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Investigation of employee symptoms at an indoor waterpark — Ohio, 2007. [PDF - 64 pages] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2008; June: HETA 2007-0163-3062.
- CDC. Surveillance Data from Public Spa Inspections — United States, May–September 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(25):553-5.
- CDC. Surveillance Data from Swimming Pool Inspections — Selected States and Counties, United States, May–September 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(22):513-6.
- Carpenter C, Fayer R, Trout J, Beach MJ. Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for Cryptosporidium parvum. [PDF - 6 pages] Emerg. Infect Dis. 1999;5(4):579-84.
Swimming Pool Chemicals
- CDC. Acute Illness and Injury from Swimming Pool Disinfectants and Other Chemicals — United States, 2002—2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011:60(39):1343-1347.
- CDC. Pool Chemical–Associated Health Events in Public and Residential Settings — United States, 1983–2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(18):489-93.
- Weisel CP, et al. Childhood Asthma and Environmental Exposures at Swimming Pools: State of the Science and Research Recommendations. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009; Apr 117(4):500-7.
- CDC. Respiratory and Ocular Symptoms Among Employees of a Hotel Indoor Waterpark Resort — Ohio, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(4):81-85.
- Chen L, et al. Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Investigation of employee symptoms at an indoor waterpark — Ohio, 2007. [PDF - 64 pages] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2008; June: HETA 2007-0163-3062.
- CDC. Ocular and Respiratory Illness Associated with an Indoor Swimming Pool — Nebraska, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(36):929-932.
- CDC. Erosion of Dental Enamel among Competitive Swimmers – Virginia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1983;32(28):361-362.
Injuries and Outdoor Health
- CDC. Drowning — United States, 2005–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(19):344-7.
- CDC. Sunburn and Sun Protective Behaviors Among Adults Aged 18–29 Years — United States, 2000–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(18):317–22.
- CDC. Acute Illness and Injury from Swimming Pool Disinfectants and Other Chemicals — United States, 2002—2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011:60(39):1343-7.
- CDC. Pool Chemical–Associated Health Events in Public and Residential Settings — United States, 1983–2007.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(18):489-93.
- CDC. Sunburn Prevalence Among Adults — United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(21):524-8.
- CDC. Nonfatal and Fatal Drownings in Recreational Water Settings — United States, 2001–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(21):447-52.
- CDC. Drownings in a Private Lake – North Carolina, 1981-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(19):329-31.
- CDC. Child Drownings and Near Drownings Associated with Swimming Pools – Maricopa County, Arizona 1988 and 1989. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(26):441-2.
- CDC. Injuries at a Water Slide – Washington. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1984;33(27):379-82,387.
- CDC. Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Aquatic Deaths and Injuries – United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31(31):417-9.
International Recreational Water
- Morgan OW, et al.Schistosomiasis among Recreational Users of Upper Nile River, Uganda, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 May;16(5): 866-868.
- Cogo PE, Scagli M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, Zhou L, Xiao L, Visvesvara GS. Fatal Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004:10(10):1835-7.
- Sejvar J, et al. Leptospirosis in “Eco-Challenge” Athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(6):702-7.
- CDC. Update: Outbreak of Acute Febrile Illness Among Athletes Participating in Eco-Challenge-Sabah 2000 – Borneo, Malaysia, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(02):21-4.
- CDC. Public Health Dispatch: Outbreak of Acute Febrile Illness Among Participants in EcoChallenge Sabah 2000 – Borneo, Malaysia, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(36):816-7.
- CDC. Outbreak of Leptospirosis Among White-Water Rafters – Costa Rica, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(25):577-9.
- CDC. Schistosomiasis in U.S. Peace Corps Volunteers – Malawi, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42(29):565-70.
- CDC. Acute Schistosomiasis in U.S. Travelers Returning from Africa. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(9):141-2,147-8.
- CDC. Acute Schistosomiasis with Transverse Myelitis in American Students Returning from Kenya. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1984;33(31):445-7.
- CDC. Schistosomiasis among River Rafters – Ethiopia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1983;32(44):585-6.
- CDC. Cercarial Dermatitis among Bathers in California: Katayama Syndrome among Travelers to Ethiopia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31(32):435-8.
RWIs and Behavioral Science
- CDC. Promotion of Healthy Swimming After a Statewide Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Associated with Recreational Water Venues — Utah, 2008–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(19):348-52.
- McClain J, Bernhardt JM, Beach MJ. Assessing Parents' Perception of Children's Risk for Recreational Water Illnesses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(5):670-6.
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