Trade
Related Reports
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- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: November 2012
- Feed Outlook: November 2012
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- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: September 2012
- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: August 2012
- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: July 2012
- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: June 2012
- A Quarterly Econometric Model for Short-Term Forecasting of the U.S. Dairy Industry
- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: December 2011
- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: November 2011
- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: October 2011
- Estimating the Substitution of Distillers’ Grains for Corn and Soybean Meal in the U.S. Feed Complex
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- Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook: September 2011
- Selected Trade Agreements and Implications for U.S. Agriculture
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- Carbon Prices and the Adoption of Methane Digesters on Dairy and Hog Farms
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- Long-Term Growth in U.S. Cheese Consumption May Slow
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- Characteristics, Costs, and Issues for Organic Dairy Farming
- Marketing U.S. Organic Foods: Recent Trends From Farms to Consumers
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- The Interplay of Regulation and Marketing Incentives in Providing Food Safety
- Manure Use for Fertilizer and for Energy: Report to Congress
- Emerging Issues in the U.S. Organic Industry
- Feed Outlook: April 2009
- NAFTA at 15: Building on Free Trade
- Dietary Assessment of Major Trends in U.S. Food Consumption, 1970-2005
- The 2002 Farm Bill: Provisions and Economic Implications
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- U.S. Agricultural Trade Update—State Exports
- Retail and Consumer Aspects of the Organic Milk Market
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- NAFTA at 13: Implementation Nears Completion
- USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016
- Possible Implications for U.S. Agriculture From Adoption of Select Dietary Guidelines
- Dairy Policies in Japan
- The Changing Landscape of U.S. Milk Production
- Characteristics and Production Costs of U.S. Dairy Operations
- Milk Pricing in the United States
- Structure, Management, and Performance Characteristics of Specialized Dairy Farm Businesses in the United States
- Structure of Dairy Markets: Past, Present, Future
- Provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985
International dairy trade absorbs only about 5 percent of
globally produced cow milk. The trade is primarily in major
manufactured dairy products--butter, cheese, and dry milk
powders--with some trade in fluid milk products, ice cream, yogurt,
and dry whey products.
The United States has not consistently been a major exporter of
dairy products. Historically, sporadic unsubsidized exports of
butter and nonfat dry milk powder have taken place, but more
commonly, some subsidy has been required. In 2007-08, the United
States was able to take advantage of significant export
opportunities due to tighter global stocks, drought-induced
production declines in Oceania, rising demand in foreign countries,
and the weaker dollar in 2007. The United States is an important
importer of relatively large (although mostly fixed) amounts of
cheese.
Before the Uruguay Round
Agreement on Agriculture, the United States employed explicit
dairy product import quotas to shield the domestic dairy industry
and Federal price support programs from international dairy
markets. After the agreement, as a member of the World Trade
Organization (WTO), the United States, along with many other
dairy-trading countries, established tariff rate quotas (TRQs) for
dairy products. The TRQs allow imports at very low tariffs up to
fixed amounts. Any additional imports are subject to very high
tariffs. Many of the individual TRQs are administered through
licenses for imports of specific products from specific countries
or regions.
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