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NCBI takes great care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is correct. Central to this effort is careful checking on the taxonomy of each record and assignment of the correct genetic code (shown as a /transl_table qualifier on the CDS in the flat files) for each organism and record. This page summarizes and references this work.

The synopsis presented below is based primarily on the reviews by Osawa et al. (1992) and Jukes and Osawa (1993). Listed in square brackets [] (under Systematic Range) are tentative assignments of a particular code based on sequence homology and/or phylogenetic relationships.

The print-form ASN.1 version of this document, which includes all the genetic codes outlined below, is also available here. Detailed information on codon usage can be found at the Codon Usage Database.

GenBank format by historical convention displays mRNA sequences using the DNA alphabet. Thus, for the convenience of people reading GenBank records, the genetic code tables shown here use T instead of U.

• The Standard Code
• The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code
• The Yeast Mitochondrial Code
• The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code
• The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code
• The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code
• The Echinoderm and Flatworm Mitochondrial Code
• The Euplotid Nuclear Code
• The Bacterial, Archaeal and Plant Plastid Code
• The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code
• The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code
• The Alternative Flatworm Mitochondrial Code
• Blepharisma Nuclear Code
• Chlorophycean Mitochondrial Code
• Trematode Mitochondrial Code
• Scenedesmus Obliquus Mitochondrial Code
• Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial Code
• Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code

    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Initiation Codon:

Alternative Initiation Codons
In rare cases, translation in eukaryotes can be initiated from codons other than AUG. A well documented case (including direct protein sequencing) is the GUG start of a ribosomal P protein of the fungus Candida albicans (Abramczyk et al.) and the GUG initiation in mammalian NAT1 (Takahashi et al. 2005). Other examples can be found in the following references: Peabody 1989; Prats et al. 1989; Hann et al. 1992; Sugihara et al. 1990. The standard code currently allows initiation from UUG and CUG in addition to AUG.

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSS**VVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = --------------------------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 2          Standard

 AGA    Ter  *          Arg  R
 AGG    Ter  *          Arg  R
 AUA    Met  M          Ile  I
 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

Alternative Initiation Codon:

Systematic Range:

Comment:

• AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution (Osawa, Ohama, Jukes & Watanabe 1989). However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. A -1 mitoribosome frameshift occurs at the AGA and AGG codons predicted to terminate the CO1 and ND6 ORFs, and consequently both ORFs terminate in the standard UAG codon (Temperley et al. 2010).

  Mitochondrial genes in some vertebrate (including humans) have incomplete stop codons ending in U or UA, which become complete termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent polyadenylation (Hou et al. 2006; Oh et al. 2007; Ki et al. 2010; Temperley R J et al 2010).

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWTTTTPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = ----------------------------------MM----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 3          Standard

 AUA    Met  M          Ile  I
 CUU    Thr  T          Leu  L
 CUC    Thr  T          Leu  L
 CUA    Thr  T          Leu  L
 CUG    Thr  T          Leu  L
 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

 CGA    absent          Arg  R
 CGC    absent          Arg  R

Systematic Range:

Comments:

• The remaining CGN codons are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and absent in Candida glabrata (= Torulopsis glabrata).

• The AUA codon is common in the gene var1 coding for the single mitochonLIial ribosomal protein, but rare in genes encoding the enzymes.

• The coding assignments of the AUA (Met or Ile) and CUU (possibly Leu, not Thr) are uncertain in Hansenula saturnus.

• The coding assignment of Thr to CUN is uncertain in Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994).

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = --MM---------------M------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 4         Standard

 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

Alternative Initiation Codons:

Systematic Range:

Fungi: Emericella nidulans, Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, Acremonium (Fox, 1987), Candida parapsilosis (Guelin et al., 1991), Trichophyton rubrum (de Bievre and Dujon, 1992), Dekkera/Brettanomyces, Eeniella (Hoeben et al., 1993), and probably Ascobolus immersus, Aspergillus amstelodami, Claviceps purpurea, and Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

Other Eukaryotes: Gigartinales among the red algae (Boyen et al. 1994), and the protozoa Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania tarentolae, Paramecium tetraurelia, Tetrahymena pyriformis and probably Plasmodium gallinaceum (Aldritt et al., 1989).

Metazoa: Coelenterata (Ctenophora and Cnidaria)

Comments:

• This code is also used for the kinetoplast DNA (maxicircles, minicircles). Kinetoplasts are modified mitochondria (or their parts).

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = ---M----------------------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Comment:

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 5          Standard

 AGA    Ser  S          Arg  R
 AGG    Ser  S          Arg  R
 AUA    Met  M          Ile  I
 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

Alternative Initiation Codons:

Systematic Range:

Comments:

• Several arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the invertebrate mitochondrial genetic code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code) (Abascal et al., 2006).

• GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila (Clary and Wolstenholme, 1985; Gadaleta et al., 1988). AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus (Hoffmann et al., 1992).

• "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA in both D. melanogaster (de Bruijn, 1983) and D. yakuba (Clary and Wolstenholme 1983), since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the "reading" of of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism ... is that the mRNA is "edited" to bring the AUA initiation into frame." (Fox, 1987)

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYYQQCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 6       Standard

 UAA      Gln  Q        Ter  *
 UAG      Gln  Q        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Dasycladaceae: Acetabularia (Schneider et al., 1989) and Batophora (Schneider and de Groot, 1991).

Diplomonadida:
Scope: Hexamita inflata, Diplomonadida ATCC50330, and ATCC50380.
Ref.: Keeling, P.J. and Doolittle, W.F. 1996.. A non-canonical genetic code in an early diverging eukaryotic lineage. The EMBO Journal 15, 2285-2290.

Comment:

• The ciliate macronuclear code has not been determined completely. The codon UAA is known to code for Gln only in the Oxytrichidae.

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Tables 7 and 8 have been deleted

    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 9        Standard

 AAA      Asn  N        Lys K
 AGA      Ser  S        Arg R
 AGG      Ser  S        Arg R
 UGA      Trp  W        Ter *

Systematic Range:

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCCWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

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Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 10     Standard

 UGA      Cys  C        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = ---M---------------M------------MMMM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Systematic Range and Comments:

Table 11 is used for Bacteria, Archaea, prokaryotic viruses and chloroplast proteins. As in the standard code, initiation is most efficient at AUG. In addition, GUG and UUG starts are documented in Archaea and Bacteria (Kozak 1983, Fotheringham et al. 1986, Golderer et al. 1995, Nolling et al. 1995, Sazuka & Ohara 1996, Genser et al. 1998, Wang et al. 2003). In E. coli, UUG is estimated to serve as initiator for about 3% of the bacterium's proteins (Blattner et al. 1997). CUG is known to function as an initiator for one plasmid-encoded protein (RepA) in Escherichia coli (Spiers and Bergquist, 1992). In addition to the NUG initiations, in rare cases Bacteria can initiate translation from an AUU codon as e.g. in the case of poly(A) polymerase PcnB and the InfC gene that codes for translation initiation factor IF3 (Polard et al. 1991, Liveris et al. 1993, Sazuka & Ohara 1996, Binns & Masters 2002). The internal assignments are the same as in the standard code though UGA codes at low efficiency for Trp in Bacillus subtilis and, presumably, in Escherichia coli (Hatfiled and Diamond, 1993).

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLSPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -------------------M---------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

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Differences from the Standard Code:

           Code 12      Standard

 CUG       Ser          Leu
       

Alternative Initiation Codons:

Systematic Range:

Comment:

• However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear) code (Ohama et al., 1993).

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = ---M------------------------------MM---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 13     Standard

 AGA      Gly  G        Arg  R
 AGG      Gly  G        Arg  R
 AUA      Met  M        Ile  I
 UGA      Trp  W        Ter  *

Systematic range and Comments:

There is evidence from a phylogenetically diverse sample of tunicates (Urochordata) that AGA and AGG code for glycine. In other organisms, AGA/AGG code for either arginine or serine and in vertebrate mitochondria they code a STOP. Evidence for glycine translation of AGA/AGG has been found in Pyura stolonifera (Durrheim et al. 1993), Halocynthia roretzi (Kondow et al. 1999, Yokobori et al., 1993, Yokobori et al. 1999) and Ciona savignyi (Yokobori et al. 2003). In addition, the Halocynthia roretzi mitochondrial genome encodes an additional tRNA gene with the anticodon U*CU that is thought to enable the use of AGA or AGG codons for glycine and the gene has been shown to be transcribed in vivo (Kondow et al. 1999, Yokobori et al. 1999).

Alternative initiation codons: ATA, GTG and TTG (Yokobori et al. 1999). ATT is the start codon for the CytB gene in Halocynthia roretzi (Gissi and Pesole, 2003)

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 14      Standard

 AAA      Asn  N       Lys  K
 AGA      Ser  S       Arg  R
 AGG      Ser  S       Arg  R
 UAA      Tyr  Y       Ter  *
 UGA      Trp  W       Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Comments:

• Code 14 differs from code 9 only by translating UAA to Tyr rather than STOP. A recent study [PMID:11027335] has found no evidence that the codon UAA codes for Tyr in the flatworms but other opinions exist. There are very few GenBank records that are translated with code 14 but a test translation shows that retranslating these records with code 9 can cause premature terminations. More recently, UAA has been found to code for tyrosine in the nematodes Radopholus similis and Radopholus arabocoffeae (Jacob et al. 2009).

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY*QCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 10       GStandard

UAG       Gln  Q        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY*LCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 16       Standard

TAG       Leu  L        STOP

Systematic Range:

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 21       Standard

TGA       Trp  W        STOP
ATA       Met  M        Ile
AGA       Ser  S        Arg
AGG       Ser  S        Arg
AAA       Asn  N        Lys 

Systematic Range:

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    AAs  = FFLLSS*SYY*LCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 22       Standard

TCA       STOP *        Ser
TAG       Leu  L        STOP

Systematic Range:

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    AAs  = FF*LSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = --------------------------------M--M---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

This code has been created for the mitochondrial genome of the labyrinthulid Thraustochytrium aureum sequenced by the The Organelle Genome Megasequencing Program (OGMP).

It is the similar to the bacterial code (trans_table 11) but it contains an additional stop codon (TTA) and also has a different set of start codons.

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    AAs  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSSKVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M---------------M------------
  Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
  Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 24        Standard

AGA       Ser S          Arg  R
AGG       Lys K          Arg  R
UGA       Trp W          STOP *

Code 24 has been created for the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the three major lineages of deuterostomes. AUA translates to isoleucine in Rhabdopleura as it does in the Echinodermata and Enteropneusta while AUA encodes methionine in the Chordata. The assignment of AGG to Lys is not found elsewhere in deuterostome mitochondria but it occurs in some taxa of Arthropoda (Perseke et al. 2011). Code 24 shares with many other mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to Trp, and AGG and AGA to an amino acid other than Arg. The initiation codons in Rhabdopleura compacta are ATG and GTG (Perseke et al. 2011).

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