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Purpose

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1,178,350 Americans are living with HIV; of those, approximately 240,000 are unaware of their HIV-positive status.¹ Increasing the number of persons who are aware of their status is a critical strategy for preventing HIV infections. As of 2008, over half a million African Americans are estimated to be infected with HIV, with 21.4% undiagnosed.¹ To increase awareness of HIV status, CDC established the Expanded Testing Initiative (ETI), under which three programs have been launched. In 2007, CDC implemented PS 07-768 Expanded and Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing for Populations Disproportionately Affected by HIV, Primarily African American. It was followed by PS10-10138: Expanded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing for Disproportionately Affected Populations (2010-2011), which in turn was incorporated into PS12-1201: Comprehensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Programs for Health Departments (2012-2017). Overall, ETI is  aimed at (1) significantly increasing the number of persons tested in jurisdictions with a high rate of HIV among disproportionately affected populations and (2) supporting implementation of the Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings.²

PS07-768 Goals

Between October 2007 and September 2010, PS07-768 funded 25 jurisdictions, each of whom had at least 140 AIDS cases diagnosed in 2005 among African Americans; two jurisdictions were funded in years two and three of the project. The goals of PS07-768 were to ensure that persons in high-burden areas received HIV testing and that newly diagnosed persons were linked to HIV medical care and prevention services by:

• Conducting 1.5 million tests annually, and
• Identifying 20,000 newly reported cases of HIV infection annually, with at least 80% of those tests taking place in clinical settings

Expanded Testing Program Funded Jurisdictions

Major PS 07-768 Accomplishments

Accomplishments of PS 07-768 were monitored with data reported to CDC by grantees in aggregate through Annual Progress Reports (APR) and at the individual test-level through the National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring and Evaluation (NHM&E) reporting system. NHM&E data are a subset of all tests attributed to PS07-768 reported in APRs. NHM&E data reported here describe test-level data attributed to PS07-768 submitted by 23 of the 25 grantees for all three years combined; two grantees did not report test-level data for any year of the project.

Overall HIV testing, referrals and linkages to care

• Aggregate data from APRs indicate that, over the three-year period, 2,786,739 tests were conducted, of which 29,503 (1.1%) were confirmed HIV-positive and 18,432 (0.7%) were newly identified confirmed HIV-positive
• A total of 1,737, 954 of these HIV testing events3 were reported through NHM&E; 13,144 (0.8%) of which were confirmed HIV-positive and 9,709 (0.6%) were newly identified confirmed HIV-positive
• Of newly identified confirmed HIV-positives for whom NHM&E linkage and referral data were available, 74.3% were linked  to HIV medical care; 71.8% and 58.6% were also referred to partner services and other prevention services, respectively

Number of Confirmed HIV-Positives by Year

Percentage of Confirmed HIV-Positives Linked to HIV Medical Care or Referred to HIV Service

Testing among Blacks/African Americans and in healthcare settings:

• Blacks/African Americans (AA) account for 57.4% of the total HIV testing events and 66.0% of newly identified confirmed HIV-positives
• Testing in healthcare settings account for 67.0% of the total  HIV testing events and 70.2% of newly identified confirmed HIV-positives

Percentage of Total Testing Events and Confirmed Newly Identified HIV-Positives by Race/Ethnicity

Percentage of Total Testing Events and Confirmed Newly Identified HIV-Positives by Setting Type

Opportunities Moving Forward

PS10-10138: Expanded HIV Testing for Disproportionately Affected Populations was intended to sustain progress made under announcement PS07-768 and expand routine HIV testing services to new clinical venues and reach a broader array of at-risk populations, including African American and Hispanic men and women as well as men who have sex with men and injection drug users regardless of race or ethnicity. In addition to the 25 previously funded jurisdictions, PS 10-10138 funding was awarded to five more jurisdictions—Alabama, Arizona, Illinois, Puerto Rico, and San Francisco. CDC’s new funding opportunity announcement—PS12-1201: Comprehensive HIV Prevention Programs for Health Departments—is intended to sustain progress made under announcements PS07-768 and PS10-10138 and extends eligibility to six additional jurisdictions.

References and Notes

1. CDC. HIV surveillance—United States, 1981-2008. MMWR 2011; 60(21):689-93.
2. CDC. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-14):1-17.
3. A testing event is the sequence of one or more tests conducted on a person to determine his or her HIV status. During one testing event, a person may be tested once (e.g., one rapid test or one conventional test) or multiple times (e.g., one rapid test followed by one conventional test to confirm the preliminary HIV-positive test result).