U.S. Department of Justice

Mentally Ill Persons in Corrections

Mentally ill persons increasingly receive care provided by corrections agencies. In 1959, nearly 559,000 mentally ill patients were housed in state mental hospitals (Lamb, 1998). A shift to "deinstitutionalize" mentally ill persons had, by the late 1990s, dropped the number of persons housed in public psychiatric hospitals to approximately 70,000 (CorrectCare, 1999). As a result, mentally ill persons are more likely to live in local communities. Some come into contact with the criminal justice system.

In a 2006 Special Report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) estimated that 705,600 mentally ill adults were incarcerated in State prisons, 78,800 in Federal prisons and 479,900 in local jails. In addition, research suggests that "people with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations at estimated rates ranging from two to four time the general population" (Prins and Draper, 2009). Growing numbers of mentally ill offenders have strained correctional systems.

Coming in Spring 2012: White Paper on Behavioral Health Needs

Adults with Behavioral Health Needs under Correctional Supervision: A Shared Framework for Reducing Recidivism and Promoting Recovery is a White Paper being prepared by the Council of State Governments Justice Center with support from, and in partnership with, the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA).

The framework is designed for state and local correctional administrators (institutional, probation, and parole) and community-based mental health and substance abuse agency leaders to plan and develop service responses that make efficient use of resources. Although by itself, it is not suitable for practitioners to use for clinical decision-making, or for decision making regarding youth in the juvenile justice system, it is meant to facilitate clear and consistent communication among system administrators. It can help professionals in each system target the right individuals, ensure responsible and effective practices, and better match responses to needs.

The framework can help professionals in the criminal justice and behavioral health systems in the following ways: Ensure that scarce resources are spent effectively; advance collaboration and communication; and encourage responsible and effective practices.

The white paper will be available for dissemination in Spring 2012.

New Project: Evaluating Early Access to Medicaid as a Reentry Strategy

Background
Prison and jail inmates with physical health, mental health, and substance use problems experience more reintegration difficulties upon release, and typically have poorer outcomes with respect to employment, re-offending, and re-incarceration. Maintaining treatment for these health problems may help to improve post-release outcomes. Many inmates presently receive health care while incarcerated, but a lack of health insurance and other barriers contribute to declines in health treatment and functioning once released. Access to care through insurance coverage helps not only the individual, but may also lower societal health care and criminal justice system expenditures by reducing costly emergency room visits, enabling individuals to work, and decreasing repeat criminal activity.

Project Purpose
This study, supported by the National Institute of Corrections and conducted by the Urban Institute, will assess whether currently available Medicaid coverage—for example, in states that cover childless adults under age 65—helps newly released inmates access health care and, thereby, contributes to improved employment and recidivism outcomes. Data collection activities are planned for 2012–2013, and study findings on Medicaid impacts will be available in 2014.

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Recommended Reading

Date Title Type
2009
Document preview
The Mentally Ill in Jail: Whose Problem Is It Anyway? [Satellite/Internet Broadcast]
National Institute of Corrections. Academy Division (Aurora, CO).
This 3-hour program, originally broadcast July 15, 2009, provides an overview of opportunities that can help your organization prepare to work with persons suffering from mental illness in jails. Mental health issues in the criminal justice system are a community wide problem, and corrections stakeholders, including government officials and corrections personnel, all have a role in identifying creative programs and solutions that tackle the problem at its core. This broadcast investigates the sc... Read More
VIDEO
3 computer disks; DVD-ROM (159 min.) + 1 computer disk; CD-ROM
2009
Document preview
Improving Outcomes for People with Mental Illnesses Under Community Corrections Supervision: A Guide to Research-Informed Policy and Practice
By Prins, Seth Jacob; Draper, Laura. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Chicago, IL); National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC). Council of State Governments. Justice Center (New York, NY).
“This guide is organized around policymakers’ common questions about people with mental illnesses under community corrections supervision and the type and effectiveness of strategies designed to respond to this population” (p.3). Sections include: executive summary; introduction; the extent and nature of the problem; strategies to improve outcomes for people with mental illnesses under community corrections supervision; future research questions and implications for policy and practice; and conc... Read More
PDF
44 p.
2004
Document preview
Effective Prison Mental Health Services: Guidelines to Expand and Improve Treatment
By Hills, Holly; Siegfried, Christine; Ickowitz, Alan. National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC). National Mental Health Association (Alexandria, VA); National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
"[H]istorical , legal, and ethical issues relevant to dealing with mental illness in the field of corrections" are discussed (p. iii). Chapters include: introduction; screening and assessment; mental health and substance abuse treatment; use of seclusion, segregation, and restraints; suicide prevention; treating women offenders; psychopharmacological intervention for psychiatric disorders; transitional services; treatment of special populations (e.g., persons with mental retardation or developme... Read More
PDF
91 p.
2002
Document preview
Jail Inmates with Mental Illness: A Community Problem
  • [Videoconference Held April 17, 2002]
  • National Institute of Corrections Academy (Longmont, CO).
    This videoconference addresses issues faced by jails that must deal with increasing numbers of inmates with serious mental illnesses. Topics discussed include:
    • Essential jail-based service components for mentally ill inmates;
    • Creative approaches to meet the service needs of the mentally ill;
    • Identification of potential resources that can be used in the management of this special population;
    • Mental health courts;
    • And how to maintain continuity of care.
    ... Read More

    1 DVD (180 min.)
    2002
    Document preview
    Meeting the Challenge in Correctional Mental Health Care: The Prison Experience
  • [Videoconference Held June 19, 2002]
  • National Institute of Corrections Academy (Longmont, CO).
    This videoconference provides Information regarding cooperation between correctional agencies and mental health authorities to ensure continuity of care and adequate treatment for offenders with mental illness or mental health problems. Participants will learn about:
    • The scope of the problem concerning mental illness in prison;
    • Innovative program strategies and best practices;
    • The value of early planning for community re-entry;
    • And approaches for determining program effi... Read More

    1 DVD (180 min.)
    2010
    Document preview
    National Study of Jail Suicide: 20 Years Later
    By Hayes, Lindsay M.. National Institute of Corrections. Jails Division (Washington, DC). National Center on Institutions and Alternatives (NCIA) (Mansfield, MA); National Institute of Corrections. Jails Division (Washington, DC).
    This report “does more than simply present a calculation of suicide rates. It presents the most comprehensive updated information on the extent and distribution of inmate suicides throughout the country, including data on the changing face of suicide victims. Most important, the study challenges both jail and health-care officials and their respective staffs to remain diligent in identifying and managing suicidal inmates” (p.vii). Five chapters follow an executive summary: introduction; national... Read More
    PDF
    68 p.
    2002
    Document preview
    Understanding Managed Behavioral Health Care in Community Corrections
  • [Videoconference Held July 17, 2002]
  • National Institute of Corrections Academy (Longmont, CO).
    This program addresses behavior health care services for offenders under community supervision. Topics include: mental illness and its impact on individuals in community corrections; special issues with behavioral managed care in criminal justice; the history and components of managed behavioral healthcare and what has not worked; what constitutes good managed behavioral healthcare; legal issues and liabilities related to behavioral health care and community corrections; collaborative strate... Read More

    1 DVD (180 min.)
    1996
    Document preview
    Community Corrections in America: New Directions and Sounder Investments for Persons with Mental Illness and Codisorders
    By Lurigio, Arthur J., ed.. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Rockville, MD); National Institute of Corrections . National Coalition for Mental and Substance Abuse Health Care in the Justice System (Seattle, WA).
    Fifteen contributors provide ten chapters in this document, titled as follows: 1. The Challenge of Responding to Persons with Mental Illness on Community Corrections Supervision; 2. Persons with Mental Illness on Probation and Parole: The Importance of Information; 3. Offenders with Mental Illness on Probation Supervision; 4. Women in Probation and Parole; 5. Working with Seriously Mentally Ill Substance Abusers; 6. People of Color; 7. Juveniles: The First Frontier; ... Read More
    PDF
    184 p.

    Related Resources

    Date Title Type
    2001
    Document preview
    Provision of Mental Health Care in Prisons
    National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC). LIS, Inc. (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections Information Center (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections. Prisons Division (Washington, DC).
    Results of a survey on correctional agency management of and provision of treatment to inmates with mental health care needs are presented. This report examines: the numbers of inmates needing mental health care; approaches to identifying and providing services to mentally ill populations; reported increases in mental illness among prison populations; management and treatment of mentally ill inmates; assistance for inmates with other mental health needs; counseling and treatment for specific inm... Read More
    PDF
    9 p.
    2004
    Document preview
    Effective Prison Mental Health Services: Guidelines to Expand and Improve Treatment
    By Hills, Holly; Siegfried, Christine; Ickowitz, Alan. National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC). National Mental Health Association (Alexandria, VA); National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
    "[H]istorical , legal, and ethical issues relevant to dealing with mental illness in the field of corrections" are discussed (p. iii). Chapters include: introduction; screening and assessment; mental health and substance abuse treatment; use of seclusion, segregation, and restraints; suicide prevention; treating women offenders; psychopharmacological intervention for psychiatric disorders; transitional services; treatment of special populations (e.g., persons with mental retardation or developme... Read More
    PDF
    91 p.
    1994
    Document preview
    Proceedings of a National Forum on Creating Jail Mental Health Services for Tomorrow's Health Care Systems
    National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC); U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Center for Mental Health Services (Washington, DC).
    This report on the proceedings of the first national forum on mental health services in jails contains copies of the remarks made by the speakers and summaries of each session of the meeting. The forum resulted from a strong concern about the numbers of mentally ill persons in correctional facilities. Areas of focus included mental health services in San Francisco Sheriff's Department facilities, and special mental health and substance abuse issues for women.... Read More
    PDF
    75 p.
    1994
    Document preview
    Concept Paper for a National Forum on Creating Jail Mental Health Systems, San Francisco, CA, November 9-10, 1994
    National Institute of Corrections. Jails Division (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Justice (Washington, DC). Policy Research Associates (Delmar, NY); U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Center for Mental Health Services (Washington, DC).
    This concept paper examines mentally ill offenders and their special needs that must be addressed when they come in contact with the criminal justice system. The various points of contact are with police, jails/lockups, prisons, probation and parole, and diversion programs. Some principles for successful mental health services and prospects for federal initiatives are discussed. Finally, there is a section describing the Center for Mental Health Services program which illustrates the hom... Read More
    PDF
    96 p.
    1995
    Document preview
    Survey of Mental Health Services in Large Jails and Jail Systems
    LIS, Inc. (Longmont, CO); National Institute of Corrections Information Center (Longmont, CO).
    This report presents the results of a national survey of jail-based mental health staffing and services. The report summarizes the major findings of the survey and provides data for each responding jurisdiction. Data collected include: population size; number of admissions; length of stay; bedspace for inmates with mental health care needs; bedspace in mental health unit; length of stay in mental health unit; staffing for mental health care; fees; and mental health service providers. ... Read More
    PDF
    12 p.
    1990
    Document preview
    Jail Diversion for the Mentally Ill: Breaking Through the Barriers
    By Steadman, Henry J.. National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC). National Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System (Seattle, WA).
    A conference was held on April 2, 1990 that brought together mental health, correctional, and law enforcement professionals to address issues surrounding the mentally ill person who comes in contact with the local jail. Research and program reviews from which the conference deliberations developed are provided. Four categories identified and examined are: screening and evaluation; crisis intervention; treatment; and transfer/discharge planning. ... Read More
    PDF
    133 p.
    1990
    Document preview
    Special Needs Inmates: A Survey of State Correctional Systems
    By Hall, Marie. National Institute of Corrections National Academy of Corrections (Boulder, CO). Illinois Dept. of Corrections (Springfield, IL).
    The Illinois Department of Corrections conducted a survey of all 50 states to determine the prevalence of inmates who have special medical or mental health needs. Within the 31 states responding, .08 percent to 8.2 percent of prison inmates fell into various special housing categories. These categories included chronic illness, terminally ill, advancing age, ambulation difficulties, and mental health problems.... Read More
    PDF
    34 p.
    1987
    Document preview
    Basic Guide to Mental Health Services in Jails: The Workbook
    By Lloyd, Lillis M.. Correctional Management Consultants (Phoenix, AZ); National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
    Areas addressed include history of mental health in jails, major types of mental disorders, personality disorders, suicide awareness/prevention, and liability and negligence. Length of training is sixteen hours. Audience includes correctional professionals such as officers, mental health staff, social workers, counselors, nurses, and intake and classification workers. The training package consists of a one-volume manual.... Read More
    PDF
    120 p.
    2005
    Document preview
    Improving the Response to Offenders with Mental Illness Through Mental Health and Criminal Justice Collaboration
    National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC).
    Proceedings from hearings regarding mentally ill offenders are provided. Contents of this publication include: executive summary; outline of proceedings; opening remarks and introduction; hearing panel -- setting the context -- the increasing number of people with mental illness under corrections supervision -- origins of the problem and key strategies for addressing it; hearing panel -- case studies of state and local mental health and corrections collaboration; summary of day's proceedings; D... Read More
    PDF
    183 p.
    2008
    Document preview
    Blueprint for Change: Funding Mental Health Services for Youth in Contact with the Juvenile Justice System
    By Lepler, Susan; Skowyra, Kathleen R.; Cocozza, Joseph J.. National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice (NCMHJJ) (Delmar, NY).
    Suggestions are given for ways to fund mental health services for juvenile offenders. Four sections follow an introduction -- background; program funding descriptions for seven programs profiled in the "Blueprint for Change"; analysis and lessons learned -- cross-site funding and proposed directions for the field; and summary.... Read More
    PDF
    35 p.
    2008
    Document preview
    The Proceedings of the 2007 North American Correctional & Criminal Justice Psychology Conference; NACCJPC
    By Bourgon, Guy, ed.; Hanson, R. Karl, ed.; Pozzulo, Joanna D., ed.; Bourgon, Kelly E. Morton, ed.; Tanasichuk, Carrie L., ed.. Public Safety Canada (Ottawa, Ontario); Canada Psychological Association (CPA). Criminal Justice Psychology Section (Ottawa, Ontario).
    Selected presentations from this conference make up this volume. Thirty-nine articles are organized into the following areas: challenges of correctional and criminal psychology; risk assessment; interventions; police and court psychology; professional and ethical issues; and special topics.... Read More
    PDF
    178 p.
    2008
    Document preview
    Mental Health Screening with Youth in the Justice System
    Minnesota Dept. of Corrections (St. Paul, MN).
    Eligibility, data collection, definitions, and post-screening coordination are described for M.S. 260B.007, subd. 6, the enabling legislation addressing the mental health screening of youth ages 10-18 under custody of the Minnesota Department of Corrections.... Read More
    PDF
    2 p.

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