NIDA wishes to thank the following individuals for their guidance and comments during the development and review of this publication:

Karen L. Bierman, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State University

Hyman Hops, Ph.D.
Oregon Research Institute

C. Hendricks Brown, Ph.D.
University of South Florida

Eugene R. Oetting, Ph.D.
Colorado State University

Richard R. Clayton, Ph.D.
University of Kentucky

Zili Sloboda, Sc.D.
University of Akron

Thomas J. Dishion, Ph.D.
University of Oregon

Richard Spoth, Ph.D.
Iowa State University

E. Michael Foster, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State

John B. Reid, Ph.D.
University Oregon Social Learning Center

Meyer D. Glantz, Ph.D.
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Thomas A. Wills, Ph.D.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State University

NIDA also would like to thank the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA) for helping organize a focus group of community leaders in reviewing this publication.

This publication was written by Elizabeth B. Robertson, Ph.D., Susan L. David, M.P.H. (retired), and Suman A. Rao, Ph.D., National Institute on Drug Abuse.

All materials in this volume are in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from NIDA or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated.

The U.S. government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in the publication are used only because they are considered essential in the context of the studies described here.