References and Resources

Related Links Inside CDC

• Arctic Investigation Program (AIP)
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Alaska
• Public Health Image Library (PHIL™)
• MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)
• Flu
• Germstopper
• Medication Safety
• Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)
• Fight BAC!® Partnership for Food Safety Education (CDC Partnership)
• Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings
• Ounce of Prevention Campaign
• Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings
• NARMS (National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System)
  • Antimicrobial resistance and foodborne illness
  • Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture - Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work on the Farm
• ABCs (Active Bacterial Core surveillance)
• Division of Bacterial Diseases (DBD)
• National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
• Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)

Related Links Outside CDC

Note: These sites are not CDC sites. CDC is not responsible for the content of Web pages found at these links. Links to nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not indicate an endorsement of these organizations by CDC or the federal government.

Federal and State Government

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
  • The Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs)
    A research program administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), in consultation with the Food and Drug Administration, agencies within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The mission of the CERTs is to conduct research and provide education that will advance the optimal use of drugs, medical devices, and biological products.
  • Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, No. 43
    Making Health Care Safer, A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices
    • Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance
      Clostridium difficile and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
• US Agency for International Development
  • Infectious Disease Initiative
    Strategies and Interventions to Understand, Contain, and Respond To the Development and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
  • Antimicrobial Resistance-The USDA Perspective
    Remarks prepared for delivery by Dr. Catherine Woteki, Under Secretary for Food Safety, before the conference on Antimicrobial Resistance sponsored by the Royal Society of Medicine Foundation, the Royal Society of Medicine, and the Tufts University School of Medicine, May 4, 2000, Washington, D.C.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER): Antimicrobial Resistance
    • Proposed FDA rule on additional labeling for antibacterial drug products regarding resistance
    • Drug Shortages (including How to Report a Drug Shortage). See also American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Drug Product Shortages Management Resource Center
  • The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections
    FDA Consumer magazine, September 1995
  • Inside FDA: When a Drug Is in Short Supply (from the FDA Consumer Magazine)
  • Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM): Antimicrobial Resistance
    • FDA announces Public Meeting on Antimicrobial ResistanceOctober 2, 2002 - "Discussion of the 'Draft Guidance for Industry: Evaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs with Regards to Their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria of Human Health Concern'"
    • Draft Guidance for Industry: Evaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs With Regard to Their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria of Human Health Concern
      Word Version (664 KB, 36 pages)
      PDF Version (131 KB, 36 pages)
  • Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
    • Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA, formerly Office of Drug Pricing)
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH)
    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
      • Antimicrobial Resistance
      • Global Health Research
    • National Cancer Institute (NCI)
      • HIV Drug Resistance Program (HIV DRP)
      • Fogarty International Center

Congressional Testimony

• Antimicrobial Resistance and the Threat to Public Health
  Statement of Thomas Frieden, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Health, April 28, 2010.
• The Role of NIH Research in Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance
  Statement of Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Health, April 28, 2010.
• Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act
  Statement of Joshua M. Sharfstein, M.D., Principal Deputy Commissioner and Acting Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration, before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Rules, July 13, 2009.
• FDA’s Role in Antimicrobial Resistance
  Statement of Bernadette Durnham, D.V.M., Ph.D., Director, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy and Poultry, September 25, 2008.
• CDC’s Role in Monitoring and Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance
  Statement of Fred C. Tenover, Ph.D., Director, Office of Antimicrobial Resistance, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, June 24, 2008.
• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the Community: Consequences for Public Health
  Statement of Julie L. Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. House of Representatives Oversight and Government Reform Committee, November 7, 2007.
• Antimicrobial Resistance
  Hearing before the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, September 20, 2000.
• Antimicrobial Resistance as a Public Health Issue
  Statement of Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, September 20, 2000.
• Antimicrobial Resistance
  Statement of James M. Hughes, M.D., Director, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety, February 25, 1999.
• Antimicrobial Resistance: The NIH Response to a Growing Problem
  Statement of Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety, February 25, 1999.

Professional Associations

• American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
• American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM)
• American Medical Association (AMA)
• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)
• American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
  • Antibiotic Resistance: An Ecological Perspective on an Old Problem (2009)
• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
  • Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials
• Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL)
• Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)
• Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
• Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS)
• Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)

Nongovernmental Organizations

• Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA)
  Conducts educational, research and international networking activities to promote more appropriate use of antibiotics.
• CDC Foundation
  Nonprofit enterprise that fights threats to health by creating programs with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
• Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (CIRAR)
  Aims to plan, implement, and evaluate outcomes of a core program and curriculum to prepare biomedical researchers to conduct interdisciplinary research.
• National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID)
  Supports research that will lead to a better understanding of the causes, cures, and prevention of infectious diseases.

Recommended Readings

There are numerous articles about antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic use, and other related issues. However, the Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work campaign has developed an abbreviated list of recommended readings to introduce people to the topic of appropriate antibiotic use.

• Antibiotic Resistance Efforts
• Antibiotic Use and Resistance
• Prescribing Data
• Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Studies
• Community Level Interventions
• Principles/Guidelines
• Adverse Drug Events