A Country Study: Hungary

• Hungary
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Charles Sudetic)
  • Early History
  • Medieval Period
    • Christianization of the Magyars
    • Stephen I
    • Politics and Society under Stephen's Successors
    • Reconstruction
  • Renaissance and Reformation
    • Golden Era
    • Reign of Ulaszlo II and Louis II
    • Partition of Hungary
      • Royal Hungary
      • Ottoman Hungary
      • Transylvania
    • End of the Partition
  • Hungary Under the Habsburgs
    • Reign of Leopold II
    • Reign of Charles VI and Maria Theresa
    • Enlightened Absolutism
    • Economic and Social Developments
    • The Revolution of March 1848
    • Aftermath of the Revolution
  • Dual Monarchy
    • Constitutional and Legal Framework
    • Rise of the Liberal Party
    • Social Changes
    • Political and Economic Life, 1905-19
      • World War I
      • Hungarian Soviet Republic
      • Counterrevolution
  • Trianon Hungary
    • Postwar Political and Economic Conditions
    • Bethlen Government
    • Economic Development
    • The Great Depression
    • Radical Right in Power
    • World War II
  • Postwar Hungary
    • Coalition Government and Communist Takeover
    • Rakosi's Rule
    • Revolution of 1956
    • Kadar's Reforms
    • New Economic Mechanism

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Becky Gates)
  • Physical Environment
    • Topography
    • Climate
  • Population
    • Historical Trends
    • Structure
    • Settlement Patterns
  • The Hungarian People
    • Origins and Language
    • Minority Groups
  • Social Structure
    • Interwar Period
    • Postwar Societal Transformation
    • Social Relations in the 1980s
      • The Elite
      • The Disadvantaged
  • Social Institutions
    • The Family
    • Mass Organizations
      • Trade Unions
      • Women
      • Youth
      • Other Popular Groups
    • Religion and Religious Organizations
  • Education
  • Health and Welfare
    • Health
    • Welfare
    • Housing
  • Dissent and Freedom of Expression

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (Charles Sudetic)
  • Resource Base
    • Energy Resources
    • Mineral Resources
    • Land, Climate, and Forests
    • Environmental Problems
  • Labor Force
    • Work Force
    • Underemployment and Unemployment
    • Labor Turnover
    • Women in the Work Force and Foreign Workers
  • Economic System and Control Mechanisms
    • Role of Party and Government Bodies
    • Ownership
    • Planning
    • Economic Regulators
      • Prices
      • Wages, Salaries, and Incentives
      • Taxes
      • Enterprise Income Regulation
      • Exchange-Rate Controls
      • Direct Administrative Intervention
    • Finance
      • Financial Institutions
      • Credit Criteria
      • Financial Instruments
      • Bankruptcy
    • Industrial Organization
    • Agricultural Organization
      • Large-Scale Farming
      • Small-Scale Farming
      • Ancillary Activities
    • Private Activity
    • Conflict-Resolution Mechanisms
  • Economic Sectors
    • Industry
      • Energy
      • Mineral Mining and Metallurgy
      • Engineering and Chemicals
      • Light Industry and Food Processing
      • High Technology
    • Agriculture
    • Construction
    • Transportation and Telecommunications
    • Private Sector
    • The Third Economy
  • Foreign Trade
    • Organization of Foreign Trade
    • Cooperation Agreements and Joint Ventures
    • Trade Volume and Structure
    • Trade Partners
  • Domestic Consumption
    • Domestic Trade Sector
    • Standard of Living
  • Economic Policy and Performance, 1945-85
  • The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986-90)

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Stephen R. Burant)
  • Constitutional Development
    • Constitution of 1949
    • Amendments of 1972
    • Constitutional Law Council
  • State Apparatus
    • Council of Ministers
    • Presidential Council
    • National Assembly
    • Elections to the National Assembly
    • County and District Government
    • Judicial Organs
  • Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
    • Ideology
    • Democratic Centralism
    • Party Structure
      • Central Institutions
      • Party Congress
      • Central Committee
      • Central Control Committee
      • Politburo
      • Secretariat
      • Intermediate Institutions
      • Basic Organizations
    • Discipline
    • Membership
    • Social Composition of the Party
    • Patriotic People's Front
  • Mass Media
  • Foreign Policy
    • Principles of Foreign Policy
    • Relations with the Soviet Union
    • Relations with Other Communist Neighbors
      • Romania
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Yugoslavia
    • Relations with the West
      • Austria
      • West Germany
      • Britain
      • United States
    • Relations with Selected Non-Western Countries
      • Israel
      • China
      • South Korea
    • Hungary and the Soviet Model

• Chapter 5 - National Security (Kenneth E. Nyirády)
  • Historical and Political Setting
    • Historical Background and Traditions
      • The Medieval Period
      • The Modern Period
      • The Military in Trianon Hungary
      • Sovietization
      • State Security Forces and the Revolution
    • The Postrevolutionary Period
    • Government and Party Control
      • Expenditures
      • Military Industry
    • Soviet Influence
      • Loyalties and Control
      • Soviet Southern Group of Forces in Hungary
    • External Threats to National Security
      • Threat from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
      • Threat from Romania
      • Threat from the Soviet Union
  • The Hungarian Armed Forces
    • Ground Forces
    • Air Force
    • Manpower
    • Conscientious Objection
    • Education and Training
      • Conscript Programs
      • Specialized-Officer Programs
      • Premilitary Programs
      • Paramilitary Programs
    • Uniforms and Rank Insignia
  • Internal Security and Public Order
    • National Police
    • Security Police
    • Border Guard
    • Workers' Guard
  • Criminal Justice System
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Penal Code and Criminal Procedure
    • Military Justice
    • Penal System
    • Reaction to Political Dissent

• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary