A Country Study: Libya

• Libya
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• Preface
• Country Profile - Visit updated Profile (PDF)
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (LaVerle Berry)
  • Early History
    • Tripolitania and the Phoenicians
    • Cyrenaica and the Greeks
    • Fezzan and the Garamentes
    • Libya and the Romans
  • Islam and the Arabs
    • Fatimids
    • Hilalians
    • Hafsids
    • Medieval Cyrenaica and Fezzan
  • Ottoman Regency
    • Pashas and Deys
    • Karamanlis
    • The Ottoman Revival
    • The Sanusi Order
  • Italian Colonialism
    • Italian Rule and Arab Resistance
    • The Second Italo-Sanusi War
    • The Fourth Shore
  • World War II and Independence
    • The Desert War
    • Allied Administration
    • The United Nations and Libya
  • Independent Libya
    • The September 1969 Coup
    • Qadhafi and the Revolutionary Command Council
    • The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
    • Petroleum Politics
    • Libya and Arab Unity
    • Libyan Ventures in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Relations with the United States and Western Europe

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (LaVerle Berry)
  • Geography
    • Regions
    • Climate and Hydrology
  • Population
  • Ethnic Groups and Languages
    • Peoples of Libya
      • Arabs
      • Berbers
      • Tuareg
      • Black Africans
      • Other Peoples
    • Languages of Libya
  • Structure of Society
    • Evolutionary Changes in a Traditional Society
    • The Revolution and Social Change
  • The Family, the Individual, and the Sexes
    • Family and Household
    • The Traditional View of Men and Women
    • The New Society of the Revolutionary Era
  • Religious Life
    • Tenets of Islam
    • Saints and Brotherhoods
    • The Sanusis
    • Islam in Revolutionary Libya
  • Health and Welfare
    • Social Welfare
    • Medical Care
    • Housing
  • Education
    • Primary and Secondary Education
    • Higher Education

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (R.Thomas Lenaghan)
  • Growth and Structure of the Economy
  • Role of the Government
  • Industry
    • Hydrocarbons and Mining
    • Manufacturing and Construction
    • Energy
  • Agriculture
    • Land Use and Irrigation
    • Crops and Livestock
    • Fishing and Forestry
  • Income and Wealth
  • Public Finance and Banking
    • Budget, Expenditures, and Revenues
    • Balance of Payments
    • Foreign Aid and Investment
    • Banking, Credit, and Currency
  • Foreign Trade
  • Domestic Trade and Tourism
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
    • Transportation
      • Telecommunications

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Shawky S. Zeidan)
  • Internal Politics
    • National Executive and Legislative Evolution
      • The Revolutionary Command Council (RCC)
    • The General People's Congress
    • Subnational Government and Administration
      • The Arab Socialist Union
      • The Cultural Revolution and People's Committees
      • The Basic People's Congress
      • The Revolutionary Committees
    • Summary and Trends in 1987
  • Law and the Judiciary
    • Court Structure
    • Other Juridical Organs
      • The People's Court
      • The Revolutionary Courts
    • Unions and Syndicates
  • Opposition to Qadhafi
    • Student Opposition
    • Military Opposition
    • Religious Opposition
    • Exiled Opposition
  • Political Ideology
    • Third Universal Theory
    • The Cultural Revolution
    • The Green Book
      • The Green Book, Part I
      • The Green Book, Part II
      • The Green Book, Part III
  • Foreign Relations
    • Arab Relations
    • Mediterranean Relations
    • Maghrib Relations
    • Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa
      • Sudan
      • Chad
    • Relations with Western Europe and the United States
      • France
      • Italy
      • Britain
      • United States
    • Relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
    • Multilateral Relations
      • The United Nations
      • The Organization of African Unity
      • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
      • Other Multilateral Organizations
    • Nuclear Development

• Chapter 5 - National Security (Jean R. Tartter)
  • Origins of the Modern Armed Forces
  • The Military Leadership
  • International Military Concerns and Objectives
    • Libyan Security Concerns
    • Performance in Combat
      • Invasion of Chad
      • Encounters with the United States
  • The Armed Forces
    • Organization of the Armed Forces
      • The Army
      • The Navy
      • The Air Force
    • Conscription and the People's Militia
    • Women in the Armed Forces
    • Other Paramilitary Forces
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia of the Armed Forces
    • Defense Costs
  • Foreign Military Assistance
    • The Quest for New Sources of Arms: 1970-
    • Military Cooperation with the Soviet Union
    • Western Restrictions on Arms Transactions
    • The Search for Nuclear Technology
  • Arms Production and Military Cooperation
  • International Terrorism and Support for Insurgent Groups
  • Public Order and Internal Security
    • The Police System
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Criminal Justice System
    • State of Internal Security

• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary