A Country Study: Portugal

• Portugal
• Foreward
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Walter C. Opello, Jr.)
  • Origins of Portugal
    • Early Inhabitants
    • Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians
    • Romanization
    • Germanic Invasions
    • Muslim Domination
    • Christian Reconquest
  • Formation of the Monarchy
    • Afonso Henriques Becomes King
    • Territorial Enlargement
    • Settlement and Cultivation
    • Political and Social Organization
    • Control of the Royal Patrimony
    • Development of the Realm
  • The House of Avis
    • Wars with Castile
    • Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
    • Social Revolution
    • Intradynastic Struggle
    • Assertion of Royal Supremacy
  • Maritime Expansion
    • Early Voyages
    • Sea Route to India
    • Empire in Asia
    • Colonization of Brazil
    • Counter-Reformation and Overseas Evangelization
  • Imperial Decline
    • Dynastic Crisis
    • Iberian Union
    • Restoration
    • Development of Brazil
    • Absolutism
    • Peninsular Wars
  • Constitutionalism
    • Revolution of 1820
    • War of the Two Brothers
    • Moderate vs. Radical Liberals
    • Rotativismo
    • Portuguese Africa
  • Republicanism
    • The First Republic
    • Military Dictatorship
    • The New State
    • The Social State

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Howard J. Wiarda)
  • The Physical Environment
  • DEMOGRAPHY
    • Population Size and Structure
    • Emigration
  • Family and Kinship Relations
    • Family
    • Women
    • The Extended Family and Kinship Relations
  • Social Structure and Social Classes
    • The Elite
    • The Middle Class
    • The Lower Class
    • A New Portugal?
  • Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups
  • Religion and the Role of the Roman Catholic Church
    • History
    • The Salazar Regime
    • Changes After the Revolution of 1974
    • Religious Practices
    • Non-Catholic Religious Groups
  • Education
  • Social Welfare
    • Social Welfare Programs
    • Health Care
    • Housing

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (Eric N. Baklanoff)
  • Economic Growth and Structural Change
    • The Economy of the Salazar Regime
    • Changing Structure of the Economy
    • Economic Growth, 1960-73 and 1981-90
  • Revolutionary Change
    • Nationalization
    • The Brain Drain
  • Role of the Consolidated Public Sector
    • The Nonfinancial Public Enterprises
    • The General Government
    • Macroeconomic Disequilibria and Public Debt
  • Human Resources and Income Distribution
    • Employment and Sectoral Composition of the Labor Force
    • Wages and the Distribution of Income
  • Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
    • Agricultural Zones
    • Crops and Livestock
    • Forestry and Fishing
    • Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
    • Agricultural Policy and the European Community
  • The Industrial Sector
    • Industrial Regions
    • Industrial Organization
    • Energy and Mineral Resources
  • Services
    • Commerce and Tourism
    • Transportation and Communications
    • Banking and Finance
  • Foreign Economic Relations
    • Composition and Direction of Trade
    • The Balance of International Payments
    • Tourism and Unilateral Transfers
    • Foreign Direct Investment
    • External Public Debt

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Howard J. Wiarda)
  • The Revolution of 1974 and the Transition to Democracy
    • The Salazar-Caetano Era
    • Spínola and Revolution
    • The Transition to Civilian Rule
    • Consolidation of Democracy
  • The Governmental System
    • Constitutional Development
    • The Presidency
    • The Council of State
    • The Prime Minister
    • The Council of Ministers
    • The Assembly of the Republic
    • The Judiciary
    • Civil Service
    • Local Government
    • Autonomous Regions and Macau
    • The Electoral System
  • Political Dynamics
    • Political Parties
      • Far Left
      • Portuguese Communist Party
      • Socialist Party
      • Social Democrat Party
      • Party of the Social Democratic Center
      • Far Right
      • Popular Monarchist Party
      • Other Parties
    • Interest Groups
      • Armed Forces
      • Roman Catholic Church
      • Economic Elites
      • Organized Labor
      • Middle Class
      • Students and Intellectuals
      • Peasants
    • Political Events Since 1987
  • The Media
  • Foreign Relations
    • Africa
    • Western Europe
    • United States
    • Other Countries and Areas

• Chapter 5 - National Security (Jean R. Tartter)
  • Historical Background
    • The Military in the Salazar Era
    • The Role of the Armed Forces in Africa
      • Angola
      • Portuguese Guinea
      • Mozambique
  • Role of the Military in Portuguese Political Life
    • The Military Takeover of 1974
    • The Armed Forces in Political Life after 1975
  • Strategic Concepts Underlying the Portuguese Defense Posture
  • The Armed Forces
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Conditions of Service
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Defense Expenditures
  • Portugal and Nato
  • Bilateral Military Relations with Other Countries
  • Domestic Defense Production
  • Public Order and Internal Security
    • The Police System
    • National Republican Guard
    • Public Security Police
    • Other Police Forces
    • Intelligence Services
    • Terrorist Groups
  • Judicial System
    • Criminal Law Procedure
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Penal System

• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary