National Consumers' League. Report of Conference on Minimum Wage Decision of the Supreme Court, April 20,1923. Cover with cartoon by Rollin Kirby, which the NCL reproduced courtesy of the New York World. League of Women Voters Records (container I:25). Manuscript Division. LC-MS-29660-2. full caption | bibliographic record

Besides engaging in the temperance and suffrage movements, women responded to the upheaval and opportunities of turn-of-the-century industrial America, by banding together to form numerous national and local organizations dedicated to enhancing social justice and advancing the general welfare. The Manuscript Division holds the records of a number of these national groups as well as the personal papers of some of the key participants.

Women played a leading role in the work of the National Consumers' League (NCL) [catalog record] , founded in 1899 to coordinate the work of local consumers leagues, which had formed earlier that decade for the purpose of improving the lot of women and child workers through public action. The NCL monitored the conditions under which goods were manufactured and distributed, and it encouraged consumers to use their purchasing power to force employers to provide healthy working conditions and reduce the use of child labor. The league also took an interest in issues of public health, consumer product labeling, and equal pay. Although the organization's records (81,500 items; 1882-1986; bulk 1920-50) primarily concern national office activities, some material is available on state and local leagues. Extensive files relate to the landmark case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923), in which the Supreme Court invalidated a District of Columbia minimum wage law; the Equal Rights Amendment, which the league opposed; radiation and radium poisoning among women workers in watch factories; and in the 1950s and 1960s, Mexican American farm laborers and migratory workers. For the period before 1932, the records reflect the major role played by the league's first general secretary, Florence Kelley, but numerous other women reformers and women's organizations are also represented, including Grace Abbott, Molly Dewson, Julia C. Lathrop, and Frances Perkins. Related material may be found in the papers (16 items; 1865-1941) of league investigator Pauline Dorothea Goldmark (1873-1962) [catalog record] .

Drawing of the National Women's Trade Union League seal, ca. 1908-9. Julia Bracken Wendt. National Women's Trade Union League Records (oversize cabinet 2, drawer 1). Manuscript Division. LC-MS-34363-1. full caption | bibliographic record

Several of the groups reflected in the NCL files are also represented by their own set of archives. The records (7,400 items; 1903-50) of the National Women's Trade Union League of America (NWTUL) [catalog record] document that group's struggle to improve working conditions for women in industry and to ensure their right to organize and bargain collectively. From its founding in Boston in 1903 to its dissolution in 1950, the league supported labor strikes, especially in the garment industry, and lobbied for legislation relating to the eight-hour day, minimum wages, federal aid to education, civil rights, and social security. Correspondents include Mary E. Dreier, Pauline M. Newman, Margaret Dreier Robins, and Rose Schneiderman.

The National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW) was organized in 1893 at the conclusion of the World's Parliament of Religions held in conjunction with the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Its two primary goals were social reform and the promotion of Judaism among women. Special concerns emerged with each decade of the council's existence, and these topics are documented in the files of both the national office (48,000 items; 1893-1989; bulk 1940-81) [catalog record] and the Washington, D.C., office, established in 1944 for the purposes of lobbying Congress (169,200 items; 1924-81; bulk 1944-77) [catalog record] . Issues include child care, education, foreign economic assistance, food and nutrition, immigration, international relations, Jewish culture, nuclear warfare, and women's rights. In the 1950s, the council coordinated a Freedom Campaign against McCarthyism. Civil rights and sex discrimination took precedence in the 1960s, and abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment gained prominence in the 1970s.

Documentation on the early history of the NCJW may be found in a small collection of papers (2,000 items; 1817-1986; bulk 1892-1942) relating to its first president, Hannah G. Solomon (1858-1942) [catalog record]. Most of the papers relate to Solomon's position as chair of the Jewish Women's Congress at the World's Parliament of Religions and her role in founding the NCJW with social worker Sadie American. Of particular note is the correspondence between American and Solomon discussing the women's efforts to establish local sections and reflecting the tension within the council as it struggled to decide whether to focus on social welfare work or religious education. In 1904, Solomon represented the NCJW at the Berlin conference of the International Council of Women (ICW) [catalog record], which had been formed in 1888 as a part of the Peace and Disarmament Committee of the Women's International Organisations. A small body of ICW records (4,200 items; 1931-57) pertain to that committee and to several international conferences.

In 1920, the National Consumers' League, National Women's Trade Union League, and National Council of Jewish Women joined seven other organizations in forming the Women's Joint Congressional Committee (see Women's Rights) to lobby more effectively for their shared interests at the federal level.

In addition to organizational records, the division holds the personal papers of numerous individuals active in social reform.

Social worker and lawyer Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (1866-1948), author of Women in the Twentieth Century: A Study of Their Political, Social, and Economic Activities (1933), became the first dean of the University of Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy (later the School of Social Service Administration) in 1907. An adviser to both Grace Abbott and Jane Addams, Breckinridge was affiliated with the Immigrants Protective League and was an expert on issues of public welfare, delinquent children, and juvenile court legislation. Her papers and those of her sister-in-law, Madeline McDowell Breckinridge (1872-1920), a women's rights activist and reformer, are part of the Breckinridge Family Papers (205,000 items; 1752-1965) [catalog record].

Another large collection of family papers, relating to the Grosvenor Family (67,300 items; 1827-1981; bulk 1872-1964) [catalog record] of Massachusetts and Washington, D.C., documents the community work of Elsie May Grosvenor (1878-1964), including her support for the Clarke School for the Deaf, her advocacy of women's suffrage, and her campaign for pure milk.

The Hale Family Papers (7,500 items; 1698-1916; bulk 1810-1909) [catalog record] contain more than three thousand love letters exchanged between Edward Everett Hale, a married Unitarian clergyman, and his much younger assistant, Harriet E. Freeman, a financially independent single woman who was active in efforts to preserve forest lands and to protect the rights of Native Americans.

Social reformer Charlotte Everett Wise Hopkins (1851-1935) [catalog record] served as chairman of the District of Columbia section of the woman's department of the National Civic Federation. Her small collection (150 items; 1916-18) concerns a host of municipal reform efforts in the areas of housing, pure milk, garbage collection, playgrounds, juvenile delinquency, and war relief.

Reformer and nurse Ellen Newbold La Motte (1873-1961) [catalog record] collected reports and other materials relating to international drug trafficking and her interest in curbing drug abuse, particularly opium addiction (360 items; 1919-33).

Other women reformers whose papers are described elsewhere include Belle Case La Follette and Fola La Follette (Congressional Collections); Alice Stone Blackwell, Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Kelton Wiley, and Mary Church Terrell (Women's Suffrage); Nannie Helen Burroughs, Charl Ormond Williams, and members of the Moton Family (Education); and Margaret Sanger and other public health activists (Health and Medicine).

The work of women reformers may also be researched through the papers of male colleagues. One such example is social reformer John Adams Kingsbury (57,400 items; 1841-1966; bulk 1906-39) [catalog record], director of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor and commissioner of Public Charities of New York City. Kingsbury corresponded with Jane Addams, Mary E. Dreier, Alice Hamilton, Helen Keller, Frances Perkins, Margaret Sanger, Lillian Wald, and others about various public health issues, unemployment, welfare, and world peace. His papers also include letters his maternal grandparents exchanged during the 1840s and 1850s and school papers and correspondence of his mother from the 1860s to 1880s.