Can you take a photograph of a ghost? Will a spirit pose for your camera? Looking at “spirit photographs” from the mid-1800s to early-1900s, you might be tempted to answer, “Yes”!
Claims of capturing a spirit with the camera lens were made as early as the 1850s, when photography was relatively new to the world. At that time, the process of photography was mysterious enough to most people that the idea of a photograph capturing the latent image of a spirit seemed quite possible.
By the time spirit photographs were being publicized in the 1860s, professional photographers had developed several techniques to portray ghost-like apparitions through composite images, double exposures, and the like.
The Haunted Lane. Photo by Melander & Bro., 1889. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a49425
In fact, Sir David Brewster, in his 1856 book on the stereoscope, gave step-by-step instructions for creating a spirit photo, beginning with:
“For the purpose of amusement, the photographer might carry us even into the regions of the supernatural. His art, as I have elsewhere shewn, enables him to give a spiritual appearance to one or more of his figures, and to exhibit them as ‘thin air’ amid the solid realities of the stereoscopic picture.”
He went on to explain how this was easily done. Simply pose your main subjects. Then, when the exposure time is nearly up, have the ‘spirit’ figure enter the scene, holding still for only seconds before moving out of the picture. The ‘spirit’ then appeared as a semi-transparent figure, as seen in The Haunted Lane.
"Spirit" photograph. Photo by S. W. Fallis, 1901. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3g01845
One of the more famous–and infamous–spirit photographers was William H. Mumler of Boston. He turned his ability to make photographs with visible spirits into a lucrative business venture, starting in the 1860s. Doubts grew about his work, but even when a spiritualist named Doctor Gardner recognized some of the so-called spirits as living Bostonians, people continued to pay as much as $10 a sitting. Mumler was charged with fraud in 1869, though not convicted, due to lack of evidence. However, his career as a photographer of the spirit world was essentially over.
Celebrities took sides in the debate in the 1920s. Famed author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was an outspoken Spiritualist who believed that the supernatural could appear in photographs, while illusionist Harry Houdini denounced mediums as fakes and spirit photography as a hoax. Doyle and Houdini publicly feuded in the newspapers.
Houdini and the ghost of Abraham Lincoln. Lantern slide, betw. 1920 and 1930. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a27314
To demonstrate how easy it was to fake a photograph, Houdini had this image made in the 1920s, showing himself talking with Abraham Lincoln. He even based entire shows around debunking the claims of mediums and the entire idea of Spiritualism.
That said, since today is Halloween, a day for the spooky and the unexplained, you might want to keep your digital camera handy, just in case!
Learn More:
Try a search in the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog for spirit photographs or Halloween
Find out more about Halloween in the collections of the Library of Congress: Today in History: Oct. 31
Discover more about Harry Houdini through the American Variety Stage online presentation
Do Spirits Return? Poster, circa 1909. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/var.1627
Sources & Bibliography:
Brewster, David. The Stereoscope: Its History, Theory, and Construction: With Its Application to the Fine and Useful Arts and to Education. London: J. Murray, 1856. (page 205) Available as full text through the Hathi Trust: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006515468
Hannavy, John. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. New York: Routledge, 2008. (pages 552, 960-962,1332-1333)
Krauss, Rolf H. Beyond Light and Shadow: The Role of Photography in Certain Paranormal Phenomena: an Historical Survey. Munich: Nazraeli Press, 1995.
Permutt, Cyril. Photographing the Spirit World: Images from Beyond the Spectrum. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England: Aquarian Press, 1988.
Woodbury, Walter E. Photographic Amusements: Including a Description of a Number of Novel Effects Obtainable with the Camera. New York: Scovill & Adams Company, 1896. 1905 edition available as full text through the Hathi Trust: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007683768