Your search found 53 results.

Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Student Reaction; Incidence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; At Risk Persons; Health Behavior; High School Students; Student Behavior; United States History; Drug Abuse; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Sexuality

Abstract:
One of the three primary goals of the "National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States" is to reduce the number of persons who become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2009, persons aged 15-29 years comprised 21% of the U.S. population but accounted for 39% of all new HIV infections. To describe trends in the prevalence of HIV-related risk behaviors among high school students, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) analyzed data from the biennial national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) for the period 1991-2011. The national YRBS, a component of CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, used independent, three-stage cluster samples for the 1991-2011 biennial surveys to obtain cross-sectional data representative of public and private school students in grades 9-12 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Sample sizes in the surveys ranged from 10,904 to 16,410. School response rates ranged from 70% to 81%, student response rates ranged from 83% to 90%, and overall response rates ranged from 60% to 71%. The findings in this report suggest that previously reported progress in reducing some HIV-related risk behaviors among students stalled overall and among certain populations of students. Most concerning are the decrease in condom use among black students since 1999 and the lack of any significant decrease since 1991 in the percentage of Hispanic students who have had sexual intercourse, four or more sex partners, and current sexual activity. The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, these data apply only to youths who attend school and therefore are not representative of all persons in this age group. Nationwide, in 2009, of persons aged 16-17 years, approximately 4% were not enrolled in a high school program and had not completed high school. Second, the extent of underreporting or overreporting of self-reported behaviors cannot be determined, although the survey questions demonstrate good test-retest reliability. To achieve the "National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States" goal of reducing the number of persons who become infected with HIV, further improvements in the prevalence of behaviors that contribute to HIV infection among young persons are needed. Renewed educational efforts that reach all students before risk behaviors are initiated and that seek to delay the onset of sexual activity, increase condom use among students who are sexually active, and decrease injection drug use are warranted. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Prevention; African Americans; Males; Sexual Orientation; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Intervention; Urban Areas; Empowerment; Masculinity; Fathers; Health Education; Health Behavior

Abstract:
In the United States, racial disparities in HIV/AIDS are stark. Although African Americans comprise an estimated 14% of the U.S. population, they made up 52% of new HIV cases among adults and adolescents diagnosed in 2009. Heterosexual transmission is now the second leading cause of HIV in the United States. African Americans made up a full two-thirds of all heterosexually acquired HIV/AIDS cases between 2005 and 2008. Few demonstrated efficacious HIV prevention interventions designed specifically for adult, African-American heterosexual men exist. Here, we describe the process used to design a theory-based HIV prevention intervention to increase condom use, reduce concurrent partnering, and increase HIV testing among heterosexually active African-American men living in high HIV prevalence areas of New York City. The intervention integrated empowerment, social identity, and rational choices theories and focused on four major content areas: HIV/AIDS testing and education; condom skills training; key relational and behavioral turning points; and masculinity and fatherhood. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Sexuality; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Intervention; Semi Structured Interviews; African Americans; Contraception; Females; Risk; Health Behavior; Barriers; Coding; Behavior Change; Qualitative Research; Decision Making

Abstract:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interventions can significantly reduce risky sexual behaviors among vulnerable populations. However, not everyone exposed to an intervention will reduce their sexual risk behavior. This qualitative study sought to identify factors associated with young African American females' lack of increase in condom use post-participation in an HIV prevention intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 young African American women (18-23 years; approximately half were mothers) after participating in a demonstrated effective HIV prevention intervention; 24 did not increase condom use post-intervention. Interviews were thematically coded for barriers to condom-use post-intervention. Although nearly all young women reported partner-associated challenges to using condoms, there were relational differences observed among those who changed their condom use versus those who did not. Many "non-changers" were engaged in non-stable "on and off" relationships, with high rates of infidelity, often with the father of their child, in which they were fearful of requesting condom use. "Non-changers" also reported more substance use, feeling incapable of change and not thinking about condom use. Thus, future HIV prevention efforts may benefit from incorporating strategies on how young mothers can maintain a non-sexual relationship with their child's father, as well as elaborating on the intersection of substance use and risky sexual decision-making. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Sexuality; Social Theories; Learning Theories; Caregivers; Clinics; Drug Abuse; Daughters; Structural Equation Models; Substance Abuse; At Risk Persons; Health Behavior; Females; African Americans; Adolescents; Low Income Groups; Urban Areas; Mental Health; Correlation

Abstract:
African American (AA) adolescent girls are at heightened risk for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and thus knowledge of factors related to risky sexual behavior in this population is crucial. Using Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), this paper examines pathways from female caregivers' risky sexual behavior and substance use to adolescent girls' risky sexual behavior and substance use in a sample of 214 low-income, urban AA female caregivers and daughters recruited from outpatient mental health clinics in Chicago. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that sexual risk reported by female caregivers was associated with adolescent sexual risk, and illicit drug use reported by female caregivers was related to adolescent-reported substance use, which was in turn associated with adolescent-reported sexual risk behavior. These findings suggest that female caregivers' sexual behavior and substance use both relate to girls' sexual risk. Thus, results emphasize the role of female caregivers in transmitting risk. (Contains 3 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); African Americans; Intervention; Parenting Styles; Drug Use; Child Rearing; Young Adults; Adolescents; Sexuality; Behavior Standards; Health Behavior; Rural Areas; Prevention; Program Descriptions; Drinking; Risk

Abstract:
AIDS is the leading killer of African Americans between the ages of 25 and 44, many of whom became infected when they were teenagers or young adults. The disparity in HIV infection rate among African Americans youth residing in rural Southern regions of the United States suggests that there is an urgent need to identify ways to promote early preventive intervention to reduce HIV-related risk behavior. The Strong African American Families (SAAF) program, a preventive intervention for rural African American parents and their 11-year-olds, was specially designed to deter early sexual onset and the initiation and escalation of alcohol and drug use among rural African American preadolescents. A clustered-randomized prevention trial was conducted, contrasting families who took part in SAAF with control families. The trial, which included 332 families, indicated that intervention-induced changes occurred in intervention-targeted parenting, which in turn facilitated changes in youths' internal protective processes and positive sexual norms. Long-term follow up assessments when youth were 17 years old revealed that intervention-induced changes in parenting practices mediated the effect of intervention-group influences on changes in the onset and escalation of risky sexual behaviors over 65 months through its positive influence on adolescents' self-pride and their sexual norms. The findings underscore the powerful effects of parenting practices among rural African American families that over time serve a protective role in reducing youth's risk behavior, including HIV vulnerable behaviors. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Intervention; Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; At Risk Persons; Health Behavior; Compliance (Psychology); Perinatal Influences; Adolescents; Young Adults; Minority Groups; Attendance Patterns; Communicable Diseases

Abstract:
Secondary prevention programs are needed to help HIV-positive youth reduce risk behavior and improve adherence to HIV medications. This article provides an overview of Adolescent Impact, a secondary HIV prevention intervention, including its description, delivery, and receptivity among the two unique groups of participants. Adolescent Impact, a 12-session behavioral intervention incorporating individual and group components was designed to increase HIV knowledge, disease management and risk reduction skills, and motivate healthy lifestyles among HIV-infected adolescents. A standardized protocol was implemented at three sites in the northeastern United States. One hundred sixty-six HIV-positive youth, aged 13-21 (mean = 16.8 years), enrolled in the study were randomized to receive either the intervention (n = 83) or standard of care (n = 83). Participants were predominantly of minority race/ethnicity (94% African American or Hispanic); 53% were female and 59.6% were perinatally infected. Perinatally infected youth were significantly more likely to be young, had experienced HIV Class C-related symptoms and had CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts of fewer than 200 cells (all p values less than 0.01). The mean number of sessions attended was 9.4, with most (83.3%) participants attending at least half (greater than or equal to 6) of the intervention sessions (86% perinatally infected, 78.6% behaviorally infected, p = 0.5). Participants' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics mirrored those of the larger HIV adolescent cohort in the United States Relatively high attendance rates suggest that youth were receptive to the program and its content. Through use of multiple intervention modalities, Adolescent Impact was able to accommodate a diverse group of clinic-attending HIV-positive youth and address the need for a compact intervention for use in the clinical setting. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); African Americans; Disease Control; Intervention; Males; Homosexuality; Behavior Modification; Community Organizations; Interviews; Surveys; Web Sites; Best Practices; Urban Areas; Cooperation; Research; Health Behavior

Abstract:
We describe the process of adapting a community-level, evidence-based behavioral intervention (EBI), Community PROMISE, for HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men (AAMSM). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Map of the Adaptation Process (MAP) guided the adaptation process for this new target population by two community-based organizations (CBOs) working in partnership with two research organizations. We describe five steps of the MAP, assessment, selection, preparation, pilot, and implementation, and the use of qualitative interviews, field observations, and a cross-sectional survey. We recommend: (1) development of a centralized interactive website, listserv, or other resources where agencies adapting EBIs can share tools, materials, experiences, lessons learned, and best practices; (2) strengthening Funding Opportunity Announcements by funding incrementally in phases linked to the MAP; and (3) research should examine (a) whether EBIs adapted by CBOs remain efficacious and (b) the best "fit" between the cultural and climate characteristics of effective collaborations between community- and research-based organizations. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Campuses; Black Colleges; Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Higher Education; Adolescents; College Students; African American Students; Sexuality; Focus Groups; Interviews; Risk; Health Behavior

Abstract:
This study provides insight into some sociostructural factors that may impact the experiences of HBCU students and influence their HIV/AIDS-related perceptions or use of prevention strategies on campuses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that addresses the potential influence of campus-related structural risks on the HIV prevention strategies and perceptions of HBCU students. Based on these findings, HBCUs should consider additional exploration of student, as well as administrator, perspectives that can lead toward the development and implementation of a campus-specific sexual health and HIV prevention curriculum for the benefit of students, administration, and staff members. Further examination of HBCU institutional infrastructure with the goal of increasing students' comfort level regarding condom acquisition and HIV testing is also critically necessary to enhance campus HIV awareness and prevention efforts. The positive aspects of paternalism that remain present on many HBCU campuses today should be explored as a foundation on which to build culturally relevant programs that can positively influence students' sexual health decision making. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Urban Schools; Health Needs; Prevention; Urban American Indians; American Indians; Alaska Natives; Educational Attainment; Ethnicity; Minority Groups; Poverty; Unemployment; One Parent Family; Risk; Health Behavior; Drinking; Drug Use; Contraception; Sexuality; African Americans; Hispanic Americans; Correlation; Health Services; Program Implementation; Educational Environment; Multiracial Persons; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Abstract:
Background: Migration of the native populations from reservations to the urban areas has resulted in mixed ethnicities of American Indian/Alaskan Native (AIAN) children. Minority youth require special attention and services in urban schools as they disproportionately experience poverty, low educational attainment, unemployment, and single-parent status. Methods: We used 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data to examine alcohol/drug use patterns and their association with sexual risk taking among AIAN only (single-racial) and biracial youth in combination with White, African American, or Hispanic ethnicities (N = 1178). Results: Overall, one half of the students were sexually active, with significantly higher rates among males; AIAN-Black students initiated sex earlier than the other groups. Condom nonuse is higher among AIAN-Whites (greater than 50%) compared to one third of AIAN-Hispanics and one fourth of AIAN-Blacks. Nearly 10% of all students, except AIAN-Blacks, reported lifetime use of heroin/meth. Sexual behavior was significantly associated with episodic drinking. Students with Hispanic background have twice the odds of being sexually active compared to AIANs. Conclusions: Our findings underscore growing health care needs and targeted prevention initiatives for mixed racial underserved native youth. Urban school settings have potential to deliver services and offer alcohol/drug prevention programs to address the needs of mixed racial native urban youth. Using the School Based Health Clinic model has been successful; we need to reform prevention approaches to accommodate needs of multiracial urban native youth. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Structural Equation Models; Early Adolescents; Adolescents; Longitudinal Studies; Health Behavior; African Americans; Evidence; Learner Engagement; Correlation; Risk; Family Influence; Peer Influence; Predictor Variables; Academic Achievement

Abstract:
A longitudinal model that tested mediating pathways between protective family processes and HIV-related behavior was evaluated with 195 African American youth. Three waves of data were collected when the youth were 13, 15, and 19 years old. Evidence of mediation and temporal priority were assessed for 3 constructs: academic engagement, evaluations of prototypical risk-taking peers, and affiliations with risk-promoting peers. Structural equation modeling indicated that protective family processes assessed during early adolescence were associated with HIV-related behavior during emerging adulthood and that academic engagement, evaluations of prototypical risk-taking peers, and affiliations with risk-promoting peers accounted for this association. Evidence of a specific pathway emerged: protective family processes [right arrow] academic engagement [right arrow] negative evaluations of prototypical risk-taking peers [right arrow] affiliations with risk-promoting peers [right arrow] HIV-related behavior. Academic engagement also was a direct predictor of HIV-related risk behavior. (Contains 2 figures and 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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