This appendix is essentially a glossary providing definitions for many of the measures used in the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Where relevant, cross-references are included for related terms. Other information regarding interpretation of the data also is included and covers such topics as decision rules with regard to rounding.
- Abuse
- A respondent was defined with abuse of a substance if he or she met one or more of the four criteria for abuse included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994) and did not meet the definition for dependence for that substance. Additional criteria for alcohol and marijuana abuse are that if respondents reported a specific number of days that they used these drugs in the past 12 months, they must have used these drugs on 6 or more days in that period. These questions have been included in the survey since 2000.
SEE: "Need for Illicit Drug or Alcohol Treatment" and "Prevalence."
-
- Adult Education
-
SEE: "Education."
- Age
-
Age of the respondent was defined as "age at time of interview." The interview program calculated the respondent's age from the date of birth and interview date.
- Alcohol
-
Measures of use of alcohol in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last drank an alcoholic beverage?"
Feeder question: "The next questions are about alcoholic beverages, such as, [beer, wine, liquor, brandy, and mixed drinks]... Have you ever, even once, had a drink of an alcoholic beverage?"1
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
-
- American Indian or Alaska Native
-
American Indian or Alaska Native only, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (including North American, Central American, or South American Indian); does not include respondents reporting two or more races. (Respondents reporting that they were American Indians or Alaska Natives and of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin were classified as Hispanic.)
SEE: "Hispanic" and "Race/Ethnicity."
-
- Any Illicit Drug
-
This includes marijuana or hashish, cocaine (including crack), inhalants, hallucinogens (including phencyclidine [PCP], lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], and Ecstasy [MDMA]), heroin, or any prescription-type psychotherapeutic used nonmedically.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana
-
This includes cocaine (including crack), inhalants, hallucinogens (including phencyclidine [PCP], lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], and Ecstasy [MDMA]), heroin, or any prescription-type psychotherapeutic used nonmedically. This measure includes marijuana users who used any of the above drugs in addition to using marijuana, as well as users of those drugs who have not used marijuana.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Any Use of Tobacco
-
This indicates use of any tobacco product: cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, cigars, and pipe tobacco. Any tobacco use in the past year includes past month pipe tobacco use. Any tobacco use in the past year does not include use of pipe tobacco more than 30 days ago but within 12 months of the interview because the survey did not capture this information. Use of specialty cigarettes (i.e., bidis, clove cigarettes) is not included in any of the tobacco use measures.
- Asian
-
Asian only, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin; does not include respondents reporting two or more races. (Respondents reporting that they were Asian and of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin were classified as Hispanic.) Specific Asian groups that were asked about were Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and "Other Asian."
SEE: "Hispanic" and "Race/Ethnicity."
-
- Binge Use of Alcohol
-
Binge use of alcohol was defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days.
Feeder question: "How long has it been since you last drank an alcoholic beverage?"
SEE: "Alcohol" and "Heavy Use of Alcohol."
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- Black
-
Black/African American only, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin; does not include respondents reporting two or more races. (Respondents reporting that they were black or African American and of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin were classified as Hispanic.)
SEE: "Hispanic" and "Race/Ethnicity."
-
- Cigarettes
-
Measures of use of cigarettes (not including specialty cigarettes such as bidis or clove cigarettes) in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the questions about cigarette use in the past 30 days and the recency of use (if not in the past 30 days): "Now think about the past 30 days - that is, from [DATEFILL] up to and including today. During the past 30 days, have you smoked part or all of a cigarette?" and "How long has it been since you last smoked part or all of a cigarette?"
Feeder question: "These questions are about tobacco products. This includes cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, cigars, and pipe tobacco. The first questions are about cigarettes only. Have you ever smoked part or all of a cigarette?"
SEE: "Cigars," "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," "Recency of Use," and "Smokeless Tobacco Use."
-
- Cigars
-
Measures of use of cigars (including cigarillos and little cigars) in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the questions about cigar use in the past 30 days and the recency of use (if not in the past 30 days): "Now think about the past 30 days - that is, from [DATEFILL] up to and including today. During the past 30 days, have you smoked part or all of any type of cigar?" and "How long has it been since you last smoked part or all of any type of cigar?"
Feeder question: "These next questions are about smoking cigars. By cigars we mean any kind, including big cigars, cigarillos, and even little cigars that look like cigarettes. Have you ever smoked part or all of any type of cigar?"
SEE: "Cigarettes," "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," "Recency of Use," and "Smokeless Tobacco Use."
-
- Cocaine
-
Measures of use of cocaine in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any form of cocaine?"
Feeder question: "These questions are about cocaine, including all the different forms of cocaine such as powder, crack, free base, and coca paste. Have you ever, even once, used any form of cocaine?"
SEE: "Crack," "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
-
- College Enrollment Status
-
Respondents aged 18 to 22 were classified as full-time undergraduate students or as some other status (including part-time students, students in other grades, or nonstudents). Respondents were classified as full-time students if they reported that they were attending (or will be attending) their first through fourth year of college or university and that they were (or will be) a full-time student. Respondents whose current enrollment status was unknown were excluded from the analysis.
- County Type
-
Counties were grouped based on the "Rural-Urban Continuum Codes" developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1998). Each county is in either a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or outside of an MSA (also see Butler & Beale, 1994). Counties in New England were defined using New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMA). Large metropolitan areas have a population of 1 million or more. Small metropolitan areas have a population fewer than 1 million. Nonmetropolitan areas are outside of MSAs and include urbanized counties with a population of 20,000 or more in urbanized areas, less urbanized counties with a population of at least 2,500 but fewer than 20,000 in urbanized areas, and completely rural counties with a population of fewer than 2,500 in urbanized areas.
- Crack
-
Measures of use of crack cocaine in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used crack?"
Feeder questions: "These questions are about cocaine, including all the different forms of cocaine such as powder, crack, free base, and coca paste. Have you ever, even once, used any form of cocaine?"
"The next questions are about crack in rock or chunk form, and not the other forms of cocaine. Have you ever, even once, used crack?"
SEE: "Cocaine," "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Current Use
-
Any reported use of a specific drug in the past 30 days.
SEE: "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Delinquent Behavior
-
Adolescents aged 12 to 17 were asked a series of six questions: "During the past 12 months, how many times have you . . . stolen or tried to steal anything worth more than $50?" "sold illegal drugs?" "attacked someone with the intent to seriously hurt them?" "gotten into a serious fight at school or work?" "took part in a fight where a group of your friends fought against another group?" and "carried a handgun?"
SEE: "Gang Fighting," "Prevalence," and "Stealing."
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- Dependence
-
A respondent was defined with dependence on a substance if he or she met three out of seven dependence criteria (for substances that included questions to measure a withdrawal criterion) or three out of six criteria (for substances that did not include withdrawal questions) for that substance, based on criteria included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (APA, 1994). Additional criteria for alcohol and marijuana dependence since 2000 are that if respondents reported a specific number of days that they used these drugs in the past 12 months, they must have used these drugs on 6 or more days in that period.
SEE: "Need for Illicit Drug or Alcohol Treatment" and "Prevalence."
-
- Driving Under the Influence
-
Respondents were asked whether in the past 12 months they had driven a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and illegal drugs used together, alcohol only, or illegal drugs only.
SEE: "Prevalence."
- Ecstasy
-
Measures of use of Ecstasy or MDMA (methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine) in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used Ecstasy, also known as MDMA?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Hallucinogens," "Lifetime Use," "LSD," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "PCP," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Education
-
This is the measure of educational attainment among respondents who are aged 18 or older. It is based on respondents' reports of their highest grade or year of school that they completed. Response alternatives were presented in terms of single years of education, ranging from 0 if respondents never attended school to 17 if respondents completed 5 or more years at the college or university level. Respondents were classified into four categories based on their answers: less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate. Persons who completed postgraduate work were classified as college graduates.
- Employment
-
Respondents were asked to report whether they worked in the week prior to the interview, and if not, whether they had a job despite not working in the past week. Respondents who worked in the past week or who reported having a job despite not working were asked whether they usually work 35 or more hours per week. Respondents who did not work in the past week but had a job were asked to look at a card that described why they did not work in the past week despite having a job. Respondents who did not have a job in the past week were asked to look at a different card that described why they did not have a job in the past week.
- Full-time
-
"Full-time" in the tables includes respondents who usually work 35 or more hours per week and who worked in the past week or had a job despite not working in the past week.
- Part-time
-
"Part-time" in the tables includes respondents who usually do not work 35 or more hours per week and who worked in the past week or had a job despite not working in the past week.
- Unemployed
-
"Unemployed" in the tables refers to respondents who did not have a job, were on layoff, and were looking for work. For consistency with the Current Population Survey definition of unemployment, respondents who reported that they did not have a job but were looking for work needed to report making specific efforts to find work in the past 30 days.
- Other
-
"Other" includes all other responses, including being a student, someone who is keeping house or caring for children full time, retired, disabled, or other miscellaneous work statuses. Respondents who reported that they did not have a job, were on layoff, and were not looking for work were classified as not being in the labor force. Similarly, respondents who reported not having a job and looking for work also were classified as not being in the labor force if they did not report making specific efforts to find work in the past 30 days.
- Ethnicity
-
SEE: "Race/Ethnicity."
- Ever Use
-
SEE: "Lifetime Use."
- Exposure to Drug Education and Prevention
-
Adolescents were asked: "Please indicate if you have had any of these alcohol or drug education classes or experiences in school during the past 12 months . . .
Have you had a special class about drugs or alcohol?
Have you had films, lectures, discussions, or printed information about drugs or alcohol in one of your regular classes, such as health, physical education, etc.?
Have you had films, lectures, discussions, or printed information about drugs or alcohol outside of one of your regular classes, such as in special assemblies?"
(Youths who reported that they were home schooled in the past 12 months also were asked these questions. Youths who reported that they were home schooled were previously instructed to think about their home schooling as "school.")
Youths also were asked: "During the past 12 months, have you seen or heard any alcohol or drug prevention messages from sources outside school, such as in posters, pamphlets, and radio or TV ads?"
-
- Family Income
-
Family income was ascertained by asking respondents: "Of these income groups, which category best represents (your/SAMPLE MEMBER's) total combined family income during [the previous calendar year]?... (Income data are important in analyzing the health information we collect. For example, the information helps us to learn whether persons in one income group use certain types of medical care services or have conditions more or less often than those in another group.)"
NOTE: For youths and those unable to respond to income questions, proxy responses were accepted.
-
- Gang Fighting
-
Youths aged 12 to 17 were asked how many times during the past 12 months they had taken part in a fight where a group of their friends fought against another group. Response alternatives were (1) 0 times, (2) 1 or 2 times, (3) 3 to 5 times, (4) 6 to 9 times, or (5) 10 or more times.
SEE: "Delinquent Behavior" and "Stealing."
-
- Geographic Division
-
Data are presented for nine geographic divisions within the four geographic regions. Within the Northeast Region are the New England Division (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut) and the Middle Atlantic Division (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania). Within the Midwest Region are the East North Central Division (Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio) and the West North Central Division (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri). Within the South Region are the South Atlantic Division (West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), the East South Central Division (Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama), and the West South Central Division (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana). Within the West Region are the Mountain Division (Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana) and the Pacific Division (California, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, Alaska).
SEE: "Region."
-
- Hallucinogens
-
Measures of use of hallucinogens in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any hallucinogen?"
Feeder questions: "The next questions are about substances called hallucinogens. These drugs often cause people to see or experience things that are not real... Have you ever, even once, used LSD, also called acid? Have you ever, even once, used PCP, also called angel dust or phencyclidine? Have you ever, even once, used peyote? Have you ever, even once, used mescaline? Have you ever, even once, used psilocybin, found in mushrooms? Have you ever, even once, used Ecstasy, also known as MDMA? Have you ever, even once used any other hallucinogen besides the ones that have been listed?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Ecstasy," "Lifetime Use," "LSD," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "PCP," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Health Insurance Status
-
A series of questions were asked to identify whether respondents were currently covered by Medicare, Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), military health care (such as TRICARE or CHAMPUS), private health insurance, or any kind of health insurance (if respondents reported not being covered by any of the above). If respondents did not currently have health insurance coverage, questions were asked to determine the length of time they were without coverage and the reasons for not being covered.
NOTE: For youths and those respondents who were unable to respond to the insurance questions, proxy responses were accepted.
-
- Heavy Use of Alcohol
-
Heavy use of alcohol was defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on 5 or more days in the past 30 days. Heavy alcohol users also were defined as binge users of alcohol.
Feeder question: "How long has it been since you last drank an alcoholic beverage?"
SEE: "Alcohol" and "Binge Use of Alcohol."
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- Heroin
-
Measures of use of heroin in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used heroin?"
Feeder question: "These next questions are about heroin. Have you ever, even once, used heroin?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
-
- Hispanic
-
"Hispanic" was defined as anyone of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Respondents were classified as Hispanic in the race/ethnicity measure regardless of race.
SEE: "American Indian or Alaska Native," "Asian," "Black," "Race/Ethnicity," "Two or More Races," and "White."
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- Illicit Drugs
-
Illicit drugs include marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens (including LSD, PCP, or Ecstasy), heroin, or nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, which include stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, and pain relievers. Illicit drug use has referred to use of any of these drugs.
SEE: "Current Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Income
-
SEE: "Family Income."
- Incidence
-
Substance use incidence refers to use of a substance for the first time (new use). Incidence estimates are based on questions about age of first use of substances, year and month of first use for recent initiates, the respondent's date of birth, and the interview date. Incidents of first use are classified by year of occurrence and age at the date of first use.
- Inhalants
-
Measures of use of inhalants in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any inhalant for kicks or to get high?"
Feeder questions: "These next questions are about liquids, sprays, and gases that people sniff or inhale to get high or to make them feel good... Have you ever, even once, inhaled [INHALANT NAME] for kicks or to get high?" Respondents were asked about the following inhalants: (a) amyl nitrite, "poppers," locker room odorizers, or "rush"; (b) correction fluid, degreaser, or cleaning fluid; (c) gasoline or lighter fluid; (d) glue, shoe polish, or toluene; (e) halothane, ether, or other anesthetics; (f) lacquer thinner or other paint solvents; (g) lighter gases, such as butane or propane; (h) nitrous oxide or whippets; (i) spray paints; (j) some other aerosol spray; and (k) any other inhalants besides the ones that have been listed.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Lifetime Use
-
This indicates use of a specific drug at least once in the respondent's lifetime. This measure includes respondents who also reported last using the drug in the past 30 days or past 12 months.
SEE: "Current Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
-
- Low Precision
-
Prevalence estimates based on only a few respondents or with relatively large standard errors were not shown in the tables, but have been replaced with an asterisk (*) and noted as "low precision." These estimates have been omitted because one cannot place a high degree of confidence in their accuracy. Please see Table B.1 in Appendix B for a complete list of the rules used to determine low precision.
- LSD
-
Measures of use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used LSD?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Ecstasy," "Hallucinogens," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "PCP," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Marijuana
-
Measures of use of marijuana in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used marijuana or hashish?"
Feeder question: "The next questions are about marijuana and hashish. Marijuana is also called pot or grass. Marijuana is usually smoked-either in cigarettes called joints, or in a pipe. It is sometimes cooked in food. Hashish is a form of marijuana that is also called hash. It is usually smoked in a pipe. Another form of hashish is hash oil. Have you ever, even once, used marijuana or hash?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
-
- Mental Health Treatment
-
For adults, mental health treatment is defined as treatment or counseling for any problem with emotions, nerves, or mental health in the 12 months prior to the interview in any inpatient or outpatient setting, or the use of prescription medication for treatment of a mental or emotional condition. For youths aged 12 to 17, mental health treatment is defined as receiving treatment or counseling for emotional or behavioral problems from specific mental health or other health professionals in school, home, outpatient, or inpatient settings within the 12 months prior to the interview. Treatment for only a substance abuse problem is not included for adults or youths.
SEE: "Prevalence."
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- Methamphetamine
-
Measures of use of methamphetamine (also known as crank, crystal, ice, or speed), Desoxyn, or Methedrine in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used methamphetamine, Desoxyn, or Methedrine?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," "Recency of Use," and "Stimulants."
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- Need for Alcohol Treatment
-
Respondents were classified as needing treatment for an alcohol problem if they met at least one of three criteria during the past year: (1) dependent on alcohol; (2) abuse of alcohol; or (3) received treatment for an alcohol problem at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities [inpatient or outpatient], hospitals [inpatient only], and mental health centers).
SEE: "Abuse," "Dependence," "Prevalence," "Specialty Treatment Facility," and "Substance Abuse Treatment."
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- Need for Illicit Drug or Alcohol Treatment
-
Respondents were classified as needing treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol problem if they met at least one of three criteria during the past year: (1) dependent on any illicit drug or alcohol; (2) abuse of any illicit drug or alcohol; or (3) received treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol problem at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities [inpatient or outpatient], hospitals [inpatient only], and mental health centers).
SEE: "Abuse," "Dependence," "Prevalence," "Specialty Treatment Facility," and "Substance Abuse Treatment."
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- Need for Illicit Drug Treatment
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Respondents were classified as needing treatment for an illicit drug problem if they met at least one of three criteria during the past year: (1) dependent on any illicit drug; (2) abuse of any illicit drug; or (3) received treatment for an illicit drug problem at a specialty facility (i.e., drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities [inpatient or outpatient], hospitals [inpatient only], and mental health centers).
SEE: "Abuse," "Dependence," "Prevalence," "Specialty Treatment Facility," and "Substance Abuse Treatment."
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- Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic
-
This section of the interview instrument deals with nonmedical use of four classes of psychotherapeutics: pain relievers, sedatives, stimulants, and tranquilizers.
Measures of use of nonmedical psychotherapeutic agents in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any prescription [pain reliever, sedative, stimulant, or tranquilizer] that was not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?"
Feeder question: "Now we have some questions about drugs that people are supposed to take only if they have a prescription from a doctor. We are only interested in your use of a drug if the drug was not prescribed for you, or if you took the drug only for the experience or feeling it caused."
NOTE: The pill card contains pictures and names of specific drugs within each psychotherapeutic category. For example, pictures and the names of Valium, Librium, and other tranquilizers are shown when the section on tranquilizers is introduced.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Pain Relievers," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Pill Cards," "Prevalence," "Psychotherapeutic Drugs," "Recency of Use," "Sedatives," "Stimulants," and "Tranquilizers."
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- Northeast Region
-
The States included are those in the New England Division—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont—and the Middle Atlantic Division—New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania.
SEE: "Region" and "Geographic Division."
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- Pain Relievers
-
Measures of use of pain relievers in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any prescription pain reliever that was not prescribed for you, or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?"
Feeder question: "The questions in this section are about the use of pain relievers. We are not interested in your use of over-the-counter pain relievers such as aspirin, Tylenol, or Advil that can be bought in drug stores or grocery stores without a doctor's prescription. Card A shows pictures of some different types of pain relievers and lists the names of some others. These pictures show only pills, but we are interested in your use of any form of prescription pain relievers that were not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling they caused."
The following prescription pain relievers were listed on Pill Card A (Pain Relievers): (1) Darvocet®, Darvon®, or Tylenol® with Codeine; (2) Percocet®, Percodan®, or Tylox®; (3) Vicodin®, Lortab®, or Lorcet®/Lorcet Plus®; (4) Codeine; (5) Demerol®; (6) Dilaudid®; (7) Fioricet®; (8) Fiorinal®; (9) Hydrocodone; (10) Methadone; (11) Morphine; (12) Oxycontin®; (13) Phenaphen® with Codeine; (14) Propoxyphene; (15) SK-65®; (16) Stadol® (no picture); (17) Talacen®; (18) Talwin®; (19) Talwin NX®; (20) Tramadol (no picture); and (21) Ultram®.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Pill Cards," "Prevalence," "Psychotherapeutic Drugs," "Recency of Use," "Sedatives," "Stimulants," and "Tranquilizers."
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- Past Month Use
-
This measure indicates use of a specific drug in the 30 days prior to the interview. Respondents who indicated past month use of a specific drug also were classified as lifetime and past year users.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Past Year Use
-
This measure indicates use of a specific drug in the 12 months prior to the interview. This definition includes those respondents who last used the drug in the 30 days prior to the interview. Respondents who indicated past year use of a specific drug also were classified as lifetime users.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- PCP
-
Measures of use of phencyclidine (PCP) in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used PCP?"
SEE: "Current Use," "Ecstasy," "Hallucinogens," "Lifetime Use," "LSD," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- Perceived Risk/Harmfulness
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Respondents were asked to assess the extent to which people risk harming themselves physically and in other ways when they use various illicit drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes, with various levels of frequency. Response alternatives were (1) no risk, (2) slight risk, (3) moderate risk, and (4) great risk.
- Percentages
-
In this report, all the 2002 tables contain percentages based on weighted data.
SEE: "Rounding."
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- Pill Cards
-
The pill cards contain pictures and names of specific drugs within each psychotherapeutic category. For example, pictures and the names of Valium, Librium, and other tranquilizers are shown when the questionnaire section on tranquilizers is introduced. Pill cards have been modified over the years to reflect changes in available psychotherapeutic drugs.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Nonmedical Use Any Psychotherapeutic," "Pain Relievers," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," "Psychotherapeutic Drugs," "Recency of Use," "Sedatives," "Stimulants," and "Tranquilizers."
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- Prevalence
-
General term used to describe the estimates for lifetime, past year, and past month substance use, dependence or abuse, or other behaviors of interest within a given period (e.g., the past 12 months). The latter include delinquent behavior, driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, mental health treatment, need for alcohol or illicit drug treatment, serious mental illness, substance abuse treatment, and unmet need for mental health treatment or counseling.
SEE: "Abuse," "Delinquent Behavior," "Current Use," "Dependence," "Driving Under the Influence," "Mental Health Treatment," "Need for Illicit Drug or Alcohol Treatment," "Recency of Use," "Serious Mental Illness," "Substance Abuse Treatment," and "Unmet Need."
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- Psychotherapeutic Drugs
-
Psychotherapeutic drugs are generally prescription medications that also can be used illicitly to "get high" or for other effects. These include pain relievers, sedatives, stimulants, and tranquilizers.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic," "Pain Relievers," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Pill Cards," "Prevalence," "Recency of Use," "Sedatives," "Stimulants," and "Tranquilizers."
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- Race/Ethnicity
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Race/ethnicity is used to refer to the respondent's self-classification as to racial and ethnic origin and identification. For Hispanic origin, respondents were asked, "Are you of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin or descent?" For race, respondents were asked, "Which of these groups best describes you?" Response alternatives were (1) white, (2) black/African American, (3) American Indian or Alaska Native, (4) Native Hawaiian, (5) other Pacific Islander, (6) Asian, and (7) other. Categories for race/ethnicity included Hispanic, non-Hispanic groups where respondents indicated only one race (white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, Asian), and non-Hispanic groups where respondents reported two or more races.
SEE: "American Indian or Alaska Native," "Asian," "Black," "Hispanic," "Two or More Races," and "White."
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- Recency of Use
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The recency question for each drug was the source for the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence rates.
The question was essentially the same for all classes of drugs. The question was: "How long has it been since you last used [drug name]?" For the four classes of psychotherapeutics, the phrase "that was not prescribed for you or only for the experience or feeling it caused" was added after the name of the drug.
For tobacco products (cigarettes, snuff, chewing tobacco, or cigars), the response alternatives were (1) within the past 30 days; (2) more than 30 days ago but within the past 12 months; (3) more than 12 months ago but within the past 3 years; (4) more than 3 years ago. For the remaining drugs, the response alternatives were (1) within the past 30 days; (2) more than 30 days ago but within the past 12 months; and (3) more than 12 months ago.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," and "Prevalence."
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- Region
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There were four regions to consider: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. These regions are based on classifications developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
SEE: "Northeast Region," "Midwest Region," "South Region," "West Region," and "Geographic Division."
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- Rounding
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The decision rules for the rounding of percentages were as follows. If the second number to the right of the decimal point was greater than or equal to 5, the first number to the right of the decimal point was rounded up to the next higher number. If the second number to the right of the decimal point was less than 5, the first number to the right of the decimal point remained the same. Thus, a prevalence rate of 16.55 percent would be rounded to 16.6 percent, while a rate of 16.44 percent would be rounded to 16.4 percent. Although the percentages in the 2002 tables generally total 100 percent, the use of rounding sometimes produces a total of slightly less than or more than 100 percent.
SEE: "Percentages."
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- Sedatives
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Measures of use of sedatives in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any prescription sedative that was not prescribed for you, or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?"
Feeder question: "The questions in this section are about the use of sedatives and barbiturates. These drugs are also called downers or sleeping pills. People take these drugs to help them relax or to help them sleep. We are not interested in the use of over-the-counter sedatives such as Sominex, Unisom, Nytol, or Benadryl that can be bought in drug stores or grocery stores without a doctor's prescription. Card D shows pictures of different kinds of prescription sedatives and lists the names of some others. These pictures show only pills, but we are interested in your use of any form of prescription sedatives that were not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling they caused."
The following prescription sedatives were listed on Pill Card D (Sedatives): (1) Methaqualone (includes Sopor®, Quaalude®) (no picture); (2) Nembutal®, Pentobarbital (no picture), Seconal®, Secobarbital (no picture), or Butalbital (no picture); (3) Restoril® or Temazepam; (4) Amytal®; (5) Butisol®; (6) Chloral Hydrate (no picture); (7) Dalmane®; (8) Halcion®; (9) Phenobarbital; (10) Placidyl®; and (11) Tuinal®.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic," "Pain Relievers," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Pill Cards," "Prevalence," "Psychotherapeutic Drugs," "Recency of Use," "Stimulants," and "Tranquilizers."
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- Serious Mental Illness
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Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as having at some time during the past 12 months a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that met the criteria for a DSM-IV (APA, 1994) disorder and that resulted in functional impairment that substantially interfered with or limited one or more major life activities. The questions that measured SMI in the 2002 NSDUH consisted of a short scale of six questions that asked respondents how often they experienced symptoms of psychological distress during the 1 month in the past 12 months when they were at their worst emotionally (see Section B.6 in Appendix B).
SEE: "Prevalence."
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- Significance
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A significance level of 0.05 is used in comparing two rates in the text for demographic subgroups of the most recent survey sample.
- Smokeless Tobacco Use
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Measures of use of smokeless tobacco in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the questions about snuff and chewing tobacco use in the past 30 days and the recency of use (if not in the past 30 days): "Now think about the past 30 days—that is, from [DATEFILL] up to and including today. During the past 30 days, have you used snuff, even once?" "How long has it been since you last used snuff?" "Now think about the past 30 days—that is, from [DATEFILL] up to and including today. During the past 30 days, have you used chewing tobacco, even once?" and "How long has it been since you last used chewing tobacco?"
Feeder questions: "These next questions are about your use of snuff, sometimes called dip... Have you ever used snuff, even once?" and "These next questions are only about chewing tobacco... Have you ever used chewing tobacco, even once?"
SEE: "Cigarettes," "Cigars," "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," and "Recency of Use."
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- South Region
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The States included are those in the South Atlantic Division—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; the East South Central Division—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; and the West South Central Division—Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
SEE: "Region" and "Geographic Division."
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- Specialty Treatment Facility
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Defined as drug or alcohol rehabilitation facilities (inpatient or outpatient), hospitals (inpatient only), and mental health centers.
SEE: "Need for Illicit Drug or Alcohol Treatment" and "Substance Abuse Treatment."
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- Stealing
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Respondents were asked how many times during the past 12 months they had stolen or tried to steal anything worth more than $50. Response alternatives were (1) 0 times, (2) 1 or 2 times, (3) 3 to 5 times, (4) 6 to 9 times, or (5) 10 or more times.
SEE: "Delinquent Behavior" and "Gang Fighting."
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- Stimulants
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Measures of use of stimulants in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any prescription stimulant that was not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?"
Feeder question: "These next questions are about the use of drugs such as amphetamines that are known as stimulants, uppers, or speed. People sometimes take these drugs to lose weight, to stay awake, or for attention deficit disorders. We are not interested in the use of over-the-counter stimulants such as Dexatrim or No-Doz that can be bought in drug stores or grocery stores without a doctor's prescription. Card C shows pictures of some different kinds of prescription stimulants and lists the names of some others. These pictures show only pills, but we are interested in your use of any form of prescription stimulants that were not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused."
The following prescription stimulants were listed on Pill Card C (Stimulants): (1) Methamphetamine (crank, crystal, ice, or speed) (no picture), Desoxyn®, or Methedrine (no picture); (2) Amphetamines (no picture), Benzedrine®, Biphetamine®, Fastin®, or Phentermine; (3) Ritalin® or Methylphenidate; (4) Cylert®; (5) Dexedrine®; (6) Dextroamphetamine (no picture); (7) Didrex®; (8) Eskatrol®; (9) Ionamin®; (10); Mazanor®; (11) Obedrin-LA® (no picture); (12) Plegine®; (13) Preludin®; (14) Sanorex®; and (15) Tenuate®.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic," "Pain Relievers," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Pill Cards," "Prevalence," "Psychotherapeutic Drugs," "Recency of Use," "Sedatives," and "Tranquilizers."
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- Substance Abuse Treatment
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Respondents were asked if they had received treatment for alcohol use, illicit drug use, or both alcohol and illicit drug use in the past 12 months in any of the following locations: a hospital overnight as an inpatient, a residential drug or alcohol rehabilitation facility where you stayed overnight, a drug or alcohol rehabilitation facility as an outpatient, an emergency room, a private doctor's office, prison or jail, a self-help group, or some other place.
SEE: "Need for Illicit Drug or Alcohol Treatment," "Prevalence," and "Specialty Treatment Facility."
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- Tobacco
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SEE: "Any Use of Tobacco," "Cigarettes," "Cigars," and "Smokeless Tobacco Use."
- Total Family Income
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SEE: "Family Income."
- Tranquilizers
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Measures of use of tranquilizers in the respondent's lifetime, the past year, and the past month were developed from responses to the question about recency of use: "How long has it been since you last used any prescription tranquilizer that was not prescribed for you, or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?"
Feeder question: "These next questions ask about the use of tranquilizers. Tranquilizers are usually prescribed to relax people, to calm people down, to relieve anxiety, or to relax muscle spasms. Some people call tranquilizers nerve pills. Card B shows pictures of some different kinds of prescription tranquilizers. These pictures show only pills, but we are interested in your use of any form of prescription tranquilizers that were not prescribed for you, or that you took only for the experience or feeling they caused."
The following prescription tranquilizers were listed on Pill Card B (Tranquilizers): (1) Klonopin® or Clonazepam; (2) Xanax®, Alprazolam, Ativan®, or Lorazepam; (3) Valium® or Diazepam; (4) Atarax®; (5) BuSpar®; (6) Equanil®; (7) Flexeril®; (8) Librium®; (9) Limbitrol®; (10) Meprobamate; (11) Miltown®; (12) Rohypnol®; (13) Serax®; (14) Soma®; (15) Tranxene®; and (16) Vistaril®.
SEE: "Current Use," "Lifetime Use," "Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic," "Pill Cards," "Pain Relievers," "Past Month Use," "Past Year Use," "Prevalence," "Psychotherapeutic Drugs," "Recency of Use," "Sedatives," and "Stimulants."
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- Two or More Races
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Respondents were asked to report which racial group describes them. Response alternatives were (1) white, (2) black/African American, (3) American Indian or Alaska Native, (4) Native Hawaiian, (5) other Pacific Islander, (6) Asian, and (7) other. Respondents were allowed to choose more than one of these groups. Persons who chose both the "Native Hawaiian" and "other Pacific Islander" categories (and no additional categories) were classified in a single category: Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. Otherwise, persons reporting two or more of the above groups and that they were not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin were included in this "Two or More Races" category. This category does not include respondents who reported more than one Asian subgroup but who reported "Asian" as their only race. Respondents reporting two or more races and reporting that they were of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin were classified as Hispanic.
SEE: "Hispanic" and "Race/Ethnicity."
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- Unmet Need
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Unmet treatment or counseling need is defined as a perceived need for mental health treatment that was not received in the past 12 months This measure also includes persons who received some mental health treatment in the past 12 months but also reported that they perceived a need for treatment. Unmet need among those who received treatment may be interpreted as delayed or insufficient treatment in the past 12 months.
SEE: "Mental Health Treatment," and "Prevalence."
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- Welfare Assistance
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Household participation in one or more government assistance programs during the prior calendar year was defined as one or more family members receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), food stamps, cash, or noncash assistance. SSI provides payments to low-income, aged, blind, and disabled persons. Food stamps are government-issued coupons used to purchase food. Cash assistance refers to cash payments through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), welfare, or other public assistance. Noncash assistance refers to services such as help getting a job, placement in an education or job training program, or help with transportation, child care, or housing.
NOTE: For youths and those respondents who were unable to respond to the insurance or income questions, proxy responses were accepted.
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- West
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The States included are those in the Mountain Division—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and the Pacific Division—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
SEE: "Region" and "Geographic Division"
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- White
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White, not of Hispanic, Spanish, or Latino origin; does not include respondents reporting two or more races. (Respondents reporting that they were white and of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin were classified as Hispanic.)
SEE: "Hispanic" and "Race/Ethnicity."
