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An Evaluation of College Online Alcohol-Policy Information
VIVIAN B. FADEN, PhD; MARCY L. BASKIN*
Abstract. Excessive and underage drinking by US college and university students continues to be a
significant problem. Curtailing the misuse of alcohol on college campuses is an important goal of
college and university administrators because of the many negative consequences resulting from
alcohol misuse. As part of their prevention programs, US colleges and universities are required by
law to make information about their alcohol policies available to students. Often the source of this
information is the school's Web site. The authors evaluated the alcohol-policy information that is
available on the Web sites of the 52 top national universities listed in the 2002 rankings of
US News and World Report. In general, they found that the information was difficult to
find, was located in many areas of the Web site, and did not provide complete information about the
school's alcohol policy.
Key Words: college alcohol policy, Web site
Excessive and underage drinking among college and university students is a widely acknowledged
problem.123 According to a number of national surveys, about 40% of college and university students
engage in heavy episodic drinking (often called "binge" drinking), typically defined as consuming 5
or more drinks in a row for men and 4 or more in a row for women at least once in the past 2 weeks.
345 Many of these students are under the legal drinking age; Wechsler et al6 found that, in 2001,
77.4% of underage college students drank alcohol. Furthermore, half of the students under 21 years
of age reported that they found alcohol very easy to obtain.6
The negative consequences of excessive and underage drinking by these college and university
students can be serious. According to a recent study, approximately 1,400 alcohol-related deaths,
500,000 alcohol-related unintentional injuries, and 70,000 alcohol-related sexual assaults or date
rapes occur each year among college students aged 18 to 24 years.7 An additional 600,000
students aged 18 to 24 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking.7
Grossman and Markowitz8 identified the following 4 types of violent behavior that may
occur as the result of drinking: (1) getting in trouble with the police or college authorities, (2)
damaging property, (3) getting into a fight or argument, and (4) taking advantage of another person
sexually or being taken advantage of sexually. In addition to these consequences, heavy drinkers
among college students have been found to maintain lower grades,5 miss more classes,
and fall behind in school work more often then their peers.3910
In another recent study, Knight et al11 identified 37.9% of 4-year college students as
reporting symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence.
Because of the many negative outcomes of alcohol use, reducing the misuse of alcohol on college
campuses is a top priority of college administrators. In addition, to be eligible for federal funds,
the "Drug Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989" (PL 101-226) obligates colleges and
universities to implement a "program to prevent the use of illicit drugs and the abuse of alcohol
by students." 12 At a minimum, this program must include the distribution of information
to students about (1) laws regulating alcohol and drug use, including minimum legal drinking-age
laws, as well as any other standards of conduct that are applicable to students at the institution;
(2) the penalties for breaking local, state, and federal laws and campus rules; (3) the health
risks associated with the abuse of alcohol; and (4) any counseling, treatment, or rehabilitation
programs that are available to students. The legislation also requires a biennial evaluation of
the program.12
Many components may be included in the alcohol policy on a particular campus. To satisfy the
provisions of PL 101-226, the majority of college and university alcohol policies include a section
articulating applicable local, state, and federal laws, a description of the health risks of alcohol
consumption, and information about the provision of and referral to services for alcohol-related
problems. Colleges and universities are also legally required to detail the penalties for
infractions of their alcohol policy and give a copy to their students. Penalties for violations
may vary from campus to campus and can range from warnings and fines to expulsion.
In addition to providing this information, many specific regulations may be included in a
school's alcohol policy. For example, schools can prohibit sponsorship of campus events by alcohol
retailers, place restrictions on advertising, and prohibit or restrict alcohol consumption in
residence halls.13 Schools can also place limitations on student- or campus-sponsored
events that involve alcohol. Other possible policy components include designating specific areas
where alcohol can be consumed, restricting such areas to students of legal drinking age,
eliminating self-service, and not serving alcohol at campus functions that underage individuals
may attend.13 Some colleges and universities mandate that trained servers must be
present at functions where alcohol is served, and many schools have instituted keg
restrictions,13 as well as prohibiting alcohol in parking lots to eliminate alcohol
from tailgating parties.14
Alcohol-policy information has typically been provided in student handbooks. However, with
college students' increasing reliance on the Internet "as their primary and, in some cases, sole
source of information,"15 we expected colleges and universities to have responded by
putting their alcohol policy online, in addition to providing it in the hard copy edition of their
student handbook. Given the "wired" nature of today's students and the certainty that reliance on
the Web as a source of information will increase, providing alcohol-policy information online is
both logical and responsible. Indeed, according to Kenneth Kotovsky of Carnegie Mellon University,
"students' first recourse for any kind of information is the web."15 In addition, for
the interested parents of prospective students who will probably not have a hard copy of the
students' handbook, putting the policy online makes it more accessible.
Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the information about alcohol policies that could be
ascertained from college and university Web sites. Our goal was to learn about the accessibility
of this information online and about how accurately one could characterize a school's policy from
the information provided on its Web site. To do this, we investigated the Web sites of the "top 50
national universities" (52 due to ties) listed in US News and World Report's rankings in 2002.16
Method
We reviewed the recent, relevant literature on college and university alcohol policies and
visited the Web sites of a number of well-known schools to compile a list of components we thought
would provide an accurate and fairly complete delineation of an institution's alcohol policy. We
then organized these components into four categories: (1) information/explanation; (2) rules,
restrictions, and requirements; (3) possible consequences delivered to groups; and (4) possible
consequences delivered to individuals.
The national universities (52 due to ties) whose Web site we chose to examine are listed in the
Appendix. Because these are large institutions, we reasoned that they should have the resources to
develop well-articulated alcohol policies and to create comprehensive, user-friendly Web sites.
We carefully explored the Web sites of these 52 schools as a means of evaluating the available
information in the categories that we had identified. We began by using the National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Web site, (http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov), which
provides links to alcohol policies that are found on college and university Web sites. If the
university was not a link on the NIAAA page (links to college and university Web sites are
continually being added to the list), we began our search on the institution's home page. Following
this, we browsed the site extensively. We consistently searched on the terms student alcohol policy,
student handbook, alcohol regulations, alcohol policy, and undergraduate alcohol policy whenever
the Web sites had this capability.
We also consistently examined the student handbook when it was available online. However, the
sites varied in their organization and sophistication, which influenced our search process. In
general, we were guided, much as a casual searcher would be, in our individual searches by how
particular Web sites were organized. We searched the 52 sites thoroughly and repeatedly to
determine whether the policy components we had identified were mentioned anywhere on the site.
To conduct our review of the sites, we looked as all Web pages with any reference to the alcohol
policy. Parts of the policy were often found under residential life or Greek life, but because only
information relevant to that page would be included, the most accurate representation of the
school's policy was typically the "main alcohol policy" page. By main alcohol policy page, we mean a
page on the Web site that contained information related only to the alcohol policy that was clearly
labeled as the university alcohol policy. We labeled the university's policy incomplete until we
found the main alcohol-policy page, which would often be the only place to include certain features,
such as an explanation of alcohol-related laws. This page could often be found in several places,
such as in the online handbook or on the university policy page. We used all of the information we
found in the various Web site locations to compile our report of the university's Web-based
alcohol-policy information.
Next, we sought to assess the accuracy and completeness of the information we had developed. To
do this, we randomly selected 9 schools from our list of 52. We telephoned these schools to ask
administrative personnel, such as the dean of students, about the school's alcohol policy. We asked
about each of the policy components we had identified and also inquired whether any feature of their
policy was missing from our list. If the individual we were speaking with could not provide all the
information, we asked to speak with someone who could. In addition, we requested a hard copy of the
student handbook.
To summarize agreement between the Web site statement and the information provided by
administrators, we used the kappa statistic,17 a measure of concordance that can take on
values from < 0 (no agreement) to 1 (perfect agreement). We computed kappa for each school and
policy category by using the components in a category as the observations. The average kappa over
the 9 schools is reported for each policy category.
Results
By examining the college and university Web sites, we were able to ascertain information about
the alcohol policy of 50 of the 52 schools. We could not find the policies of 2 schools on the
institutions' Web sites. A third school explicitly stated on its main alcohol-policy page that the
entire alcohol policy was not on the Web site, although some information was available there.
The Web sites varied in ease of use, with some schools presenting their alcohol policy in one
location and others providing the information in multiple locations. For example, general campus
regulations would often be found on the main alcohol-policy page, whereas the rules specific to
event planning would be located under student activities. The schools also varied considerably in
the degree of detail about a policy that was available online. As a result, we were unable to
determine whether the absence of information about the alcohol policy component meant that a school
did not have that particular component as part of its policy or that the information was not
included on its Web site. When we were unable to locate any information about a specific policy
component, we labeled it as "no mention." However, it is possible that the information was elsewhere
on the Web site and that we were unable to locate it.
Table 1 contains a summary of the data we were able to find for the 52 schools we studied. The 2
schools with no information are always included in the "no mention" category. Of the remaining 50
colleges and universities, almost all included certain components in their online policy
information: 49 explained or cited state and federal laws, and 26 described the health risks
associated with alcohol consumption in the main policy page. Another 22 described these risks in
other parts of their Web sites such as student health services. The majority of schools provided
information about counseling somewhere on their Web site34 listed it on the main alcohol-policy
page, and 14 showed it elsewhere on the site. In addition, the schools often provided specific
information about how to contact such services, 26 on the main alcohol-policy page and 22 elsewhere
on the site. When counseling information was not included on the main alcohol-policy page, it was
most often on the university's health-services page.
Twenty-nine schools had some kind of advertising restrictions, and 19 specifically prohibited
advertisements from mentioning alcohol. Nine schools forbade alcohol at membership recruitment for
student organizations (including Greek "rush"), and 12 of the schools noted mandatory programs on
alcohol abuse or event planning for members of organizations planning to hold events where alcohol
would be served.
In addition to alcohol intervention programs, all the schools for which we found information
cited possible disciplinary sanctions for violations of the alcohol policy that were similar to
those for other nonacademic offenses. But they differed in that 38 of the schools presented the
information about sanctions in the main policy page, whereas 11 schools did not mention specific
sanctions in that page. All of the schools that provided information had similar sanctions,
including warnings, suspensions, and expulsions. The parental notification policy was often more
difficult to locate. Some schools notified parents if an underage student was caught drinking;
others notified parents only if an underage student committed an alcohol-related disciplinary
violation. One school notified parents in extreme circumstances only. In all, we found the parental
notification policy of only 13 schools.
We also enumerated how many components in a category each of the 52 schools' Web sites contained
comments on. In Table 2, the average number of components mentioned for the group of 52 schools is
shown by category. An examination of that table indicates that many of the components we had
delineated were not commented on in the majority of Web sites.
The data in Table 3 show the means and ranges of the kappa statistics for the 9 schools in the
validation sample to indicate the level of agreement between the Web site and the administrator's
information. The kappa statistics were generally low, indicating relatively poor concordance between
the Web site and administrator's information. An examination of the data indicated the lack of
agreement largely resulted from the schools' often having policy components in place that were not
mentioned on their Web sites. By contrast, when we found information on the Web site, it was almost
always consistent with the information provided by the administrators. We did not include the 2
schools for which no information was available on the Web site in the validation sample of 9
schools.
Often, we would not find a policy component on the Web site; yet, when we spoke to the
administrator, we learned that a particular component was, in fact, part of the school's alcohol
policy. To evaluate the significance of not finding a policy component on a school's Web site, we
computed the percentage of instances in which schools had the policy component even though we did
not locate it on the Web site. This part of the analysis was based on the 9-school validation
sample and was done for the category on rules, restrictions, and regulations and for the 2
consequence categories. The results ranged from a low of 13% for the sponsorship by alcohol
manufacturers to 100% for most of the individual consequences. In sum, we found that even when we
did not locate a policy component on the Web site, it was quite likely (generally 50% or higher)
that a school had such a policy in place. None of the administrators we spoke with identified any
additional components of their institution's alcohol policy that were not included in the list of
components we asked about.
Table 1
Summary of Alcohol-Related Policies and Content of Web Site
Information for 52 National Universities That Award Doctoral Degrees |
|
Mention |
No Mention |
Policy/content |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
On policy page |
Elsewhere |
Policy incomplete |
Information/explanation |
|
Explanation/citation of applicable laws |
49 |
94.23 |
0 |
0.00 |
3 |
5.77 |
Description of health risks |
26 |
50.00 |
22 |
42.31 |
4 |
7.69 |
Information about counseling |
34 |
65.38 |
14 |
26.92 |
4 |
7.69 |
Phone numbers/contact for counseling |
26 |
50.00 |
22 |
42.31 |
4 |
7.69 |
|
Permitted |
Not permitted |
Policy incomplete |
Rules, restrictions, requirements |
|
Consumption |
|
In residence halls |
32 |
61.54 |
2 |
3.85 |
18 |
34.62 |
In public places |
0 |
0.00 |
38 |
73.08 |
14 |
26.92 |
In stadium |
1 |
1.92 |
10 |
19.23 |
41 |
78.85 |
Tailgating |
5 |
9.62 |
1 |
1.92 |
46 |
88.46 |
Alcohol references in advertising |
7 |
13.46 |
19 |
36.54 |
26 |
50.00 |
Use student funds to buy alcohol |
2 |
3.85 |
8 |
15.38 |
42 |
80.77 |
Alcohol at membership recruitment |
0 |
0.00 |
9 |
17.31 |
43 |
82.69 |
Sponsorship by alcohol manufacturer |
4 |
7.69 |
3 |
5.77 |
45 |
86.54 |
|
Restricted |
Not restricted |
Policy incomplete |
Kegs |
27 |
51.92 |
1 |
1.92 |
24 |
46.15 |
Activities that promote drinking games |
16 |
30.77 |
0 |
0.00 |
36 |
69.23 |
Advertising of alcohol |
29 |
55.77 |
0 |
0.00 |
23 |
44.23 |
|
Required |
Not required |
Policy incomplete |
Nonalcoholic drinks, food at parties |
31 |
59.62 |
0 |
0.00 |
21 |
40.38 |
Registration of parties |
27 |
51.92 |
1 |
1.92 |
24 |
46.15 |
Security at events with alcohol |
10 |
19.23 |
3 |
5.77 |
39 |
75.00 |
Host trained in alcohol abuse, event planning |
12 |
23.08 |
0 |
0.00 |
40 |
76.92 |
|
Yes |
No |
Policy incomplete |
Possible consequences |
|
Group |
|
Prohibited to sell, serve alcohol |
11 |
21.15 |
0 |
0.00 |
41 |
78.85 |
Denial of program approval |
14 |
26.92 |
0 |
0.00 |
38 |
73.08 |
Organization probation |
15 |
28.85 |
0 |
0.00 |
37 |
71.15 |
Loss of organizational status |
18 |
34.62 |
0 |
0.00 |
34 |
65.38 |
Individual |
|
Fines |
13 |
25.00 |
0 |
0.00 |
39 |
75.00 |
Parental notification |
12 |
23.08 |
1 |
1.92 |
39 |
75.00 |
Warning |
42 |
80.77 |
0 |
0.00 |
10 |
19.23 |
Suspension |
41 |
78.85 |
0 |
0.00 |
11 |
21.15 |
Expulsion |
43 |
82.69 |
0 |
0.00 |
9 |
17.31 |
Dismissal from university housing |
15 |
28.85 |
0 |
0.00 |
37 |
71.15 |
Alcohol education sessions |
22 |
42.31 |
0 |
0.00 |
30 |
57.69 |
Alcohol evaluation |
19 |
36.54 |
0 |
0.00 |
33 |
63.46 |
Alcohol treatment |
23 |
44.23 |
0 |
0.00 |
29 |
55.77 |
|
Additional |
|
Policy in one location |
18 |
34.62 |
31 |
59.62 |
3 |
5.77 |
Mentioned sanctions on alcohol-policy page |
38 |
73.08 |
11 |
21.15 |
3 |
5.77 |
Table 2
Mean Number of Alcohol-Policy Components
Mentioned in 52 College and University
Web Sites, by Category
|
|
Components |
Category |
n |
Mentioned M |
Information/explanations |
4 |
2.6 |
Rules |
15 |
6.2 |
Consequences |
|
Group |
4 |
1.2 |
Individual |
9 |
4.5 |
Table 3
Concordance of Web Site and Administrator-
Reported Alcohol-Policy Information for
9 Validation Schools
|
|
K |
Policy Category |
M |
Range |
Information/explanations |
.18 |
.05-.23 |
Rules |
.36 |
.06-.70 |
Consequences |
|
Group |
.15 |
0.0-.24 |
Individual |
.20 |
.06-.48 |
Comment
Many studies have examined college students' excessive and underage drinking and its
consequences. Other studies have evaluated the efficacy of certain policy measures, including some
of those mentioned earlier. Fewer studies have attempted to enumerate what policies are currently
in place on a national level, and no study that we are aware of has examined the efficacy of the Web
as a dissemination tool for information about alcohol policy.
As we have already mentioned, the Drug Free Schools and Campuses Regulations Act of 1989 requires colleges and universities to provide a copy of their alcohol policy to students.12
Traditionally, this information was provided in the handbook distributed to first-year students,
but as the Internet gains in popularity, the information is increasingly being provided online.
In fact, for 4 of the 9 schools that we followed up on in person, the student handbook was only
available online, which made the Internet the sole source of alcohol policy information for students
and parents.
Although research indicated that providing information about state laws and campus regulations
and the negative consequences of alcohol misuse is not a sufficient deterrent to consumption for
most students,1920 it is still important for such information to be available
and accessible. We thought it would be a simple task to locate a school's alcohol policy on its Web
site; for some schools it was, but in many cases we discovered that the alcohol policy was often
difficult to find among all of the other information on a school's Web site.
The difficulty in locating some of the policy components was unexpected. We did not anticipate
that the information would be in so many locations. In fact, most schools break up their alcohol
policy under different departments, such as the office of student activities and the office of
residential life. Several of the schools did not have clear links to the alcohol policy, and/or the
searcher had to go through multiple links to find the policy. Combined, these challenges could
discourage a casual searcher and dissuade him or her from continuing to search for the policy.
Knowing where to begin searching can also be a problem. General Web site searches (when one uses
the site search engines with terms such as student alcohol policy and student handbook) often did
not bring up the main alcohol policy page. We found policy components in different places in
different college and university Web sites. We spent hours searching for all of the Web-based
alcohol policy information a school had to offer, but a casual searcher would be unlikely to be as
persistent.
The schools we studied had similar policy components, especially regarding penalties for
noncompliance. But few of the schools included information in their Web sites that encompassed the
majority of the components we had identified. Some schools had only a brief paragraph that mainly
referred to the state law but did not provide many specifics, such as campus rules or disciplinary
consequences, on their sites. Sometimes these components could be found elsewhere. Other schools had
more detailed policies on line, but most sites lacked information about some components, especially
group consequences.
Limitations
Several limitations in our study that may have influenced our findings on the 52 schools should
be noted. Despite our having searched each Web site extensively, when we found no information about
a policy component, we could not know for certain whether the particular school had no policy to
address that component or whether more information was available on the Web site but we could not
find it. Nevertheless, because we searched extensively and persistently, we assume that we found
most of the online information available. In general, the validation portion of our study revealed
that when we found information on the Web sites, it was accurate, but that when we did not find
information about a component, it was still very likely that the school did have an alcohol policy
on it.
Although we randomly selected the 9 schools to follow up with in person in the validation phase
of our study, most were, by chance, large state schools (5/9) and in the lower half of the Top 50
(7/9). None was in the top 15, and the percentage of the public schools in our survey (66.67%) was
greater than in the Top 50 (32.69%). In spite of these limitations, this phase of the study was
extremely useful. Following up with a subsample of our original group of schools allowed us to
evaluate the quality of the alcohol-policy information that could be derived from a complete and
careful search of college and university Web sites compared with information that was directly
provided by university authorities who were very knowledgeable about their school's alcohol
policy.
The gaps in the Web-site-derived information indicate that colleges and universities need to post
more complete information about their alcohol policies online, and the difficulties we encountered
in accessing and collecting the information indicate that they should consider presenting it in a
single location on their Web site. In addition, we found that the alcohol-policy information was
easier to use when it was presented in outline format, and colleges and universities may want to
consider presenting their policies in this way. If a student, prospective student, or parent is
seeking alcohol-policy information, finding it and using it should be easy. A person who goes
online to find information about the alcohol regulations on a particular campus should not be
required to go through a complicated process to locate what she or he is looking for.
Recommendations
We recommend that schools post their complete policies in one location on their Web sites and
that searches on terms such as alcohol policy or alcohol regulations link directly to the complete
policy. Similarly, Web sites should provide clear links to the policy from the health-center page,
the pages on student and residential life, and perhaps others. We believe it is the responsibility
of colleges and universities to enhance their Web sites to meet these criteria so that students and
parents have easy online access to this important information.
Note
Please address comments and correspondence to Vivian B. Faden, PhD, Chief of the Epidemiology
Branch, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, NIH, NIAAA/DBE, 6000 Executive Blvd, Suite 514,
Rockville, MD 20892 (e-mail: vfaden@willco.niaaa.nih.gov).
*Vivian B. Faden is chief of the Epidemiology Branch, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, where Marcy L. Baskin was a research intern at the time the study was completed. Copyright is not claimed. This article is in the public domain.
Appendix
National Universities That Award
Doctoral Degrees: Top 50 According to US News and World Report, 200216 |
Rank |
University |
|
1 |
Princeton University (NJ) |
2 |
Harvard University (MA)
Yale University (CT)
|
4 |
California Institute of Technology |
5 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Stanford University (CA)
University of Pennsylvania
|
8 |
Duke University (NC) |
9 |
Columbia University (NY)
Dartmouth College (NH)
University of Chicago
|
12 |
Northwestern University (IL)
Rice University (TX)
|
14 |
Cornell University (NY)
Washington University in St. Louis
|
16 |
Brown University (RI)
Johns Hopkins University (MD)
|
18 |
Emory University (GA) |
19 |
University of Notre Dame (IN) |
20 |
University of CaliforniaBerkeley* |
21 |
University of Virginia*
Vanderbilt University (TN)
|
23 |
Carnegie Mellon University (PA)
Georgetown University (DC)
|
25 |
University of MichiganAnn Arbor* |
26 |
University of CaliforniaLos Angeles*
Wake Forest University (NC)
|
28 |
Tufts University (MA)
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill*
|
30 |
College of William and Mary (VA)* |
31 |
University of California-San Diego* |
32 |
New York University
University of Wisconsin-Madison*
|
34 |
Brandeis University (MA)
University of Southern California |
36 |
University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign*
University of Rochester (NY)
|
38 |
Boston College
Case Western Reserve University (OH)
Lehigh University (PA)
|
41 |
Georgia Institute of Technology*
University of CaliforniaDavis*
University of CaliforniaIrvine*
Yeshiva University (NY)
|
45 |
University of Washington* |
46 |
Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park*
Tulane University (LA)
|
48 |
Pepperdine University (CA)
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY)
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station*
University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara*
University of TexasAustin*
|
|
Note. Blank in rank column indicates tie with last-listed rank.
* Indicates public school.
|
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Last reviewed: 9/23/2005
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