Dietary Screener Questionnaire: Scoring Procedures
How Analytical Scoring Procedures Were Developed
Scoring procedures were developed to convert a respondent's screener responses to estimates of individual dietary intake for fruits and vegetables (cups), fiber (g), added sugars (tsp), calcium (mg), dairy (cup equivalents), and whole grains (ounce equivalents) using the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-hour dietary recall data. The following equations were estimated in the NHANES 2003-2006. (Scoring algorithms for fiber, calcium, and whole grains are forthcoming.)
For cup equivalents of fruits and vegetables:
E ([Fruits and Veg]1/2) = b0+ b1([NFG1P1 + NFG2P2+... + NFG10P10]1/2)
Cup equivalents of fruits and vegetables were square-root-transformed to approximate normality; NFGk is the usual number of times per day an individual consumed food group k; Pk is the median portion size in fruit and vegetable cup equivalents of group k; and k indexes the nine fruit and vegetable food groups. We calculated weighted least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients b0 and b1 in the NHANES 2003-2006 samples, stratifying by sex and age group (2-17; 18+), and excluding extreme exposure values.
For teaspoons of added sugars:
E ([Added Sugars].33) = b0+ b1([NFG1P1+ NFG2P2+...+ NFG4P4].33)
Teaspoons of added sugars were cube-root-transformed to approximate normality; NFGk is the usual number of times per day that an
individual consumed food group k; Pk is the median portion size in added sugars teaspoons of group k; and k indexes the four added
sugar food groups. We calculated weighted least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients b0and b1in the NHANES 2003-2006
samples, stratifying by sex and age group (2-17; 18+), and excluding extreme exposure values.
For cup equivalents of dairy:
E ([Dairy]1/2) = b0+ b1([NFG1P1+ NFG2P2+...+ NFG4P4]1/2)
Cup equivalents of dairy were square-root-transformed to approximate normality; NFGk is the usual number of times per day an
individual consumed food group k; Pk is the median portion size in dairy cup equivalents of group k; and k indexes the four dairy food groups.
We calculated weighted least-squares estimates of the regression coefficients b0 and b1 on the NHANES 2003-2006 samples,
stratifying by sex and age group (2-17; 18+), and excluding extreme exposure values.
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Scoring Procedures
We performed the following steps to estimate the individual intake of fruits and vegetables, added sugars, and dairy.
- Estimation of Pk:
The median sex- and age-specific portion sizes for each food were estimated from NHANES 2003-2006. For
fruit and vegetable variables, the unit was MyPyramid cup equivalents of fruits and vegetables (Tables 1 and 2); for
added sugars, the unit was MyPyramid teaspoons of added sugar Tables 3 and 4). For dairy, the unit was MyPyramid cup equivalents (Tables 5 and 6).
For fruits and vegetables, a MyPyramid cup equivalent is defined by theUS Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Health and Human Services, as defined in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, as:
- vegetables: 1 cup raw or cooked; 1 cup vegetable juice; or 2 cups leafy salad greens
- fruit: 1 cup raw or cooked; ½ cup dried fruits; or 1 cup fruit juice.
Table 1. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Cup Equivalents per Mention by Sex and Age for Fruits and Vegetables Analyses: Children
Food Group |
Age Group (years) |
2-3
| 4-5
| 6-7
| 8-9
| 10-11
| 12-13
| 14-15
| 16-17
|
Boys |
Fruit (P1) |
0.593960 |
0.637200 |
0.702503 |
0.824490 |
0.858231 |
0.983798 |
0.976005 |
0.955500 |
100% fruit juice (P2) |
0.734405 |
0.751000 |
0.812000 |
0.812000 |
0.843000 |
1.249333 |
1.312000 |
1.439000 |
Salad (P3) |
0.124988 |
0.130669 |
0.249975 |
0.145440 |
0.145440 |
0.218000 |
0.250000 |
0.249975 |
Fried potatoes (P4) |
0.320600 |
0.318000 |
0.372000 |
0.545000 |
0.375000 |
0.479532 |
0.545000 |
0.711510 |
Other potatoes (P5) |
0.341880 |
0.499800 |
0.500000 |
0.750000 |
0.515485 |
0.765500 |
0.700590 |
1.000000 |
Dried beans (P6) |
0.321000 |
0.250038 |
0.342000 |
0.332000 |
0.440250 |
0.438150 |
0.630700 |
0.482000 |
Other vegetables (P7) |
0.249900 |
0.306500 |
0.312400 |
0.347700 |
0.397750 |
0.316223 |
0.318160 |
0.309015 |
Tomato sauce (P8) |
0.351000 |
0.425250 |
0.586703 |
0.316000 |
0.587000 |
0.733000 |
0.525000 |
0.708500 |
Salsa (P9) |
0.051383 |
0.106080 |
0.159120 |
0.193000 |
0.231000 |
0.116000 |
0.309555 |
0.206392 |
Pizza (P10) |
0.253843 |
0.256000 |
0.284000 |
0.283250 |
0.290000 |
0.401795 |
0.496000 |
0.546259 |
Girls |
Fruit (P1) |
0.531500 |
0.632000 |
0.650160 |
0.660667 |
0.812333 |
0.858980 |
0.845610 |
0.867000 |
100% fruit juice (P2) |
0.734557 |
0.754416 |
0.749580 |
0.798096 |
0.815000 |
1.000980 |
1.103333 |
1.300000 |
Salad (P3) |
0.249975 |
0.268000 |
0.218000 |
0.208500 |
0.250000 |
0.203500 |
0.291000 |
0.374963 |
Fried potatoes (P4) |
0.272000 |
0.293000 |
0.455500 |
0.272425 |
0.456713 |
0.493592 |
0.455500 |
0.543178 |
Other potatoes (P5) |
0.499800 |
0.500000 |
0.500000 |
0.562478 |
0.715000 |
0.515485 |
0.749700 |
0.501000 |
Dried beans (P6) |
0.247050 |
0.346000 |
0.390320 |
0.217736 |
0.357500 |
0.562118 |
0.320000 |
0.406725 |
Other vegetables (P7) |
0.241000 |
0.250000 |
0.333426 |
0.302000 |
0.349000 |
0.264000 |
0.323000 |
0.276250 |
Tomato sauce (P8) |
0.323700 |
0.387810 |
0.370000 |
0.460802 |
0.517080 |
0.776000 |
0.587000 |
0.525000 |
Salsa (P9) |
0.053040 |
0.056500 |
0.231000 |
0.154148 |
0.106080 |
0.412718 |
0.112000 |
0.154148 |
Pizza (P10) |
0.198327 |
0.256500 |
0.290000 |
0.248400 |
0.300000 |
0.319783 |
0.350000 |
0.444000 |
Table 2. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Cup Equivalents per Mention by Sex and Age for Fruits and Vegetables Analyses: Adults
Food Group |
Age Group (years) |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
>78 |
Men |
Fruit (P1) |
0.867300 |
0.911790 |
0.867300 |
0.867300 |
0.813000 |
0.715500 |
0.713000 |
100% fruit juice (P2) |
1.480620 |
1.458000 |
1.437000 |
1.147570 |
0.999440 |
0.812045 |
0.780813 |
Salad (P3) |
0.291000 |
0.375000 |
0.390500 |
0.400500 |
0.499950 |
0.407500 |
0.388810 |
Fried potatoes (P4) |
0.622000 |
0.663435 |
0.548000 |
0.548055 |
0.545000 |
0.455000 |
0.444000 |
Other potatoes (P5) |
0.836000 |
0.767025 |
0.874650 |
0.930000 |
0.809676 |
0.809676 |
0.536000 |
Dried beans (P6) |
0.563000 |
0.524700 |
0.597726 |
0.563000 |
0.480533 |
0.377000 |
0.411000 |
Other vegetables (P7) |
0.333401 |
0.406500 |
0.388250 |
0.410901 |
0.431000 |
0.442680 |
0.375188 |
Tomato sauce (P8) |
0.612000 |
0.688000 |
0.637962 |
0.925000 |
0.861500 |
0.861800 |
0.486000 |
Salsa (P9) |
0.177021 |
0.212160 |
0.198000 |
0.265000 |
0.206392 |
0.132000 |
0.231000 |
Pizza (P10) |
0.647000 |
0.729000 |
0.694861 |
0.693760 |
0.759000 |
0.542720 |
0.293000 |
Women |
Fruit (P1) |
0.764240 |
0.750000 |
0.739187 |
0.775915 |
0.742000 |
0.633000 |
0.632000 |
100% fruit juice (P2) |
1.242252 |
1.003392 |
1.000000 |
1.000000 |
0.813000 |
0.749580 |
0.750000 |
Salad (P3) |
0.318225 |
0.395500 |
0.500000 |
0.500000 |
0.437502 |
0.375000 |
0.333500 |
Fried potatoes (P4) |
0.480000 |
0.446660 |
0.444000 |
0.385000 |
0.455275 |
0.444000 |
0.320000 |
Other potatoes (P5) |
0.749700 |
0.500000 |
0.697000 |
0.555500 |
0.570960 |
0.666000 |
0.515000 |
Dried beans (P6) |
0.390000 |
0.342000 |
0.321000 |
0.333000 |
0.341398 |
0.323400 |
0.305000 |
Other vegetables (P7) |
0.308000 |
0.361100 |
0.333300 |
0.389714 |
0.396680 |
0.389083 |
0.350667 |
Tomato sauce (P8) |
0.624000 |
0.480000 |
0.388000 |
0.537240 |
0.563000 |
0.710000 |
0.336660 |
Salsa (P9) |
0.129000 |
0.212160 |
0.174877 |
0.206392 |
0.138705 |
0.231000 |
0.097852 |
Pizza (P10) |
0.433541 |
0.444000 |
0.432000 |
0.431609 |
0.488653 |
0.569016 |
0.390861 |
Table 3. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Teaspoons per Mention by Sex and Age for Added Sugars Analyses: Children/Adolescents
Food Group |
Age Group (years) |
2-3
| 4-5
| 6-7
| 8-9
| 10-11
| 12-13
| 14-15
| 16-17
|
Boys |
Soda (P1) |
3.142293 |
4.714080 |
7.588000 |
6.746025 |
8.271500 |
8.938500 |
10.618209 |
11.755190 |
Sugar/honey in coffee/tea (P2) |
1.000000 |
1.000000 |
1.382000 |
1.382000 |
1.000062 |
1.000062 |
2.559500 |
2.559500 |
Fruit drinks, energy drinks (P3) |
4.405266 |
4.617000 |
4.692120 |
4.790000 |
5.966880 |
6.841511 |
7.978000 |
8.157000 |
Candy (P4) |
1.856000 |
2.225000 |
1.778000 |
3.148000 |
2.618980 |
2.674000 |
2.731076 |
4.249883 |
Doughnuts (P5) |
2.405700 |
3.100420 |
2.737800 |
4.395000 |
3.826746 |
4.109025 |
4.395000 |
4.811400 |
Cookies, cake, pie, brownies (P6) |
1.814927 |
2.054360 |
2.640000 |
2.573000 |
3.482000 |
3.180000 |
4.058775 |
3.999500 |
Ice cream (P7) |
2.345500 |
3.253000 |
3.253000 |
2.977730 |
3.875520 |
4.392990 |
6.650000 |
3.975072 |
Girls |
Soda (P1) |
3.144742 |
4.726890 |
5.364167 |
6.288856 |
7.875000 |
7.889000 |
8.984976 |
9.428160 |
Sugar/honey in coffee/tea (P2) |
1.000000 |
1.000000 |
1.382000 |
1.382000 |
1.323098 |
1.323098 |
2.000000 |
2.000000 |
Fruit drinks, energy drinks (P3) |
3.822525 |
4.258716 |
4.617000 |
5.028540 |
5.019210 |
5.091030 |
8.157000 |
7.391000 |
Candy (P4) |
2.098600 |
2.120000 |
1.451500 |
2.248833 |
2.248500 |
2.618980 |
2.618980 |
2.722667 |
Doughnuts (P5) |
2.405700 |
2.593800 |
2.659300 |
3.664865 |
3.296500 |
4.395000 |
4.395000 |
3.463040 |
Cookies, cake, pie, brownies (P6) |
1.810160 |
2.417000 |
2.752750 |
3.225000 |
3.115333 |
2.679119 |
2.790000 |
2.468400 |
Ice cream (P7) |
2.477200 |
3.156580 |
2.774000 |
3.785000 |
4.775000 |
2.977730 |
4.063000 |
5.006500 |
(Table 3 was updated on 12 June 2012.)
Table 4. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Teaspoons per Mention by Sex and Age for Added Sugars Analyses: Adults
Food Group |
Age Group (years) |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
>78 |
Men |
Soda (P1) |
11.601377 |
10.480288 |
10.327300 |
9.428160 |
8.994700 |
8.994700 |
7.889000 |
Sugar/honey in coffee/tea (P2) |
2.000124 |
2.000124 |
2.500155 |
2.484333 |
1.500000 |
1.488188 |
1.653277 |
Fruit drinks, energy drinks (P3) |
8.559500 |
8.232800 |
10.264077 |
8.141300 |
7.558200 |
5.439624 |
5.439624 |
Candy (P4) |
3.475000 |
3.259468 |
3.031745 |
3.054975 |
2.974000 |
2.359090 |
2.445380 |
Doughnuts (P5) |
4.282600 |
4.262250 |
3.708000 |
3.517150 |
4.289115 |
2.789390 |
3.127400 |
Cookies, cake, pie, brownies (P6) |
3.761000 |
3.756900 |
4.387860 |
3.735000 |
3.192000 |
3.230824 |
2.667387 |
Ice cream (P7) |
5.052000 |
5.262000 |
5.052000 |
4.680000 |
4.508965 |
3.691000 |
3.849000 |
Women |
Soda (P1) |
9.336096 |
8.947000 |
7.953000 |
8.617500 |
7.865340 |
7.295500 |
5.917000 |
Sugar/honey in coffee/tea (P2) |
2.000000 |
2.000124 |
2.000000 |
1.666770 |
1.500000 |
1.382000 |
1.000062 |
Fruit drinks, energy drinks (P3) |
7.258570 |
7.493000 |
6.451665 |
6.230040 |
6.798000 |
4.536750 |
4.113113 |
Candy (P4) |
2.703000 |
2.121000 |
2.275000 |
2.248500 |
2.098600 |
1.858320 |
1.686480 |
Doughnuts (P5) |
4.191040 |
3.112720 |
3.127000 |
2.781216 |
3.242000 |
3.150500 |
2.383229 |
Cookies, cake, pie, brownies (P6) |
2.661000 |
3.340980 |
3.651000 |
3.208920 |
2.821134 |
2.729500 |
2.572640 |
Ice cream (P7) |
3.509870 |
3.875520 |
3.300180 |
3.094000 |
2.949000 |
3.350500 |
3.300180 |
Table 5. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Cup Equivalents per Mention by Sex and Age for Dairy Analyses: Children/Adolescents
Food Group |
Age Group (years) |
2-3
| 4-5
| 6-7
| 8-9
| 10-11
| 12-13
| 14-15
| 16-17
|
Boys |
Cheese (P1) |
0.406426 |
0.461000 |
0.370440 |
0.562000 |
0.646000 |
0.555500 |
0.633500 |
0.667000 |
Pizza (P2) |
0.569568 |
0.706000 |
0.759935 |
0.756010 |
0.717858 |
0.982000 |
1.114109 |
1.453760 |
Milk (P3) |
0.773875 |
0.812500 |
0.906413 |
0.969000 |
0.998400 |
1.125000 |
1.313025 |
1.281500 |
Ice cream (P4) |
0.073260 |
0.132000 |
0.102000 |
0.105000 |
0.182500 |
0.226000 |
0.281174 |
0.199778 |
Girls |
Cheese (P1) |
0.370000 |
0.423000 |
0.370440 |
0.469920 |
0.518500 |
0.470000 |
0.506268 |
0.578648 |
Pizza (P2) |
0.471123 |
0.658000 |
0.863877 |
0.700196 |
0.740715 |
0.717858 |
0.858929 |
1.040520 |
Milk (P3) |
0.666931 |
0.781750 |
0.802333 |
0.812520 |
1.000000 |
1.030500 |
1.000000 |
1.000400 |
Ice cream (P4) |
0.061880 |
0.146965 |
0.153000 |
0.165330 |
0.190000 |
0.183000 |
0.194480 |
0.220440 |
Table 6. Median Portion Size (Pk) in Cup Equivalents per Mention by Sex and Age for Dairy Analyses: Adults
Food Group |
Age Group (years) |
18-27 |
28-37 |
38-47 |
48-57 |
58-67 |
68-77 |
>78 |
Men |
Cheese (P1) |
0.684333 |
0.609250 |
0.623022 |
0.586278 |
0.580562 |
0.470000 |
0.505700 |
Pizza (P2) |
1.317000 |
1.500000 |
1.190850 |
1.325659 |
1.166539 |
1.113000 |
0.726591 |
Milk (P3) |
1.313025 |
1.313025 |
1.311965 |
1.000400 |
1.000000 |
0.833333 |
0.781563 |
Ice cream (P4) |
0.261840 |
0.238967 |
0.264000 |
0.264000 |
0.271000 |
0.220448 |
0.226000 |
Women |
Cheese (P1) |
0.498330 |
0.472500 |
0.456667 |
0.468000 |
0.438209 |
0.469920 |
0.432075 |
Pizza (P2) |
0.878526 |
0.853000 |
0.851482 |
0.968774 |
0.988000 |
0.992000 |
0.713000 |
Milk (P3) |
1.042083 |
1.000000 |
0.968000 |
0.999000 |
0.750300 |
0.750000 |
0.708500 |
Ice cream (P4) |
0.198000 |
0.201000 |
0.205000 |
0.226980 |
0.192889 |
0.221000 |
0.194480 |
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- Estimation of b0 and b1:
For MyPyramid cup equivalents of fruits and vegetables, including and excluding French fries, for each age group and sex,
the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 7. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Cup Equivalents of Total Fruits and Vegetables and Fruits and Vegetables Excluding French Fries, by Age Group and Sex
Parameter |
Boys/Men |
Girls/Women |
Children/Adolescents - Summary Variable with French fries |
0.462566 |
0.392324 |
0.811788 |
0.854301 |
Children/Adolescents - Summary Variable excluding French fries |
0.568998 |
0.475719 |
0.811989 |
0.835264 |
Adults - Summary Variable with French fries |
0.477564 |
0.410216 |
0.799518 |
0.839939 |
Adults - Summary Variable excluding French fries |
0.578625 |
0.482013 |
0.805304 |
0.831193 |
For MyPyramid teaspoons of added sugars, estimation of b0 and b1, the model is:
E ([Dietary Factor]1/3) = b0+ b1([NFG1P1+ NFG2P2+ ...+ NFG7P7]1/3)
For MyPyramid teaspoons of added sugars, for each age group and sex, the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 8. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Teaspoons of Added Sugars, by Age Group and Sex
Parameter |
Boys/Men |
Girls/Women |
Children/Adolescents |
1.288727 |
1.208901 |
0.647088 |
0.638897 |
Adults |
1.169086 |
1.161424 |
0.689624 |
0.646632 |
(Table 8 was updated on 12 June 2012.)
For MyPyramid cup equivalents of dairy, estimation of b0and b1, the model is:
E ([Dairy]1/2) = b0+ b1([NFG1P1+ NFG2P2+ ... + NFG4P4]1/2)
For MyPyramid cup equivalents of dairy, for each age group and sex, the estimates of the parameters are:
Table 9. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Sum of Foods Predicting Cup Equivalents of Dairy, by Age Group and Sex
Parameter |
Boys/Men |
Girls/Women |
Children/Adolescents |
0.327834 |
0.348004 |
0.884728 |
0.871675 |
Adults |
0.397486 |
0.428353 |
0.868178 |
0.811133 |
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SAS programs for several of the exposures are available. Scoring algorithms for fiber, calcium, and whole grains are forthcoming.
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