Alberts, A. E., Chase, P., Naudeau, S., Phelps, E., & Lerner, R. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative assessments of thriving and contribution in early adolescence: Findings from the 4-H study of positive youth development. Journal of Youth Development, 1(2).

Bandy, T., & Moore, K.A. (2009). Non-participation of children and adolescents in out-of-school time programs: Child, family and neighborhood factors. Pub. #2009-39. Washington, D.C.: Child Trends. Retrieved from www.childtrends.org/files/child_trends-2009_07_22_RB_Nonparticipation.pdf (PDF, 6 Pages)

Eccles J. S., & Gootman J. A. (Eds.). (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Gavin, L., Catalano, R., David-Ferdon, C., Gloppen, K., & Markham, C. (2009). A review of positive youth development programs that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44, S11.

Kegler, M., Young, K., Marshall, L., Bui, D., & Rodine, S. (2005). Positive youth development linked with prevention in a Vietnamese-American community: Successes, challenges, and lessons learned. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 69-79.

Kliewer, W., & Murrelle, L. (2007). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: Findings from a study in selected Central American countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 448-455.

Lerner, R. M. (2004). Liberty: Thriving and civic engagement among America's youth. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. F., & Phelps, E. (2008). Wave of the future: The first five years of the 4-H study of positive youth development. Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development. Medford, MA: Tufts University.

Pittman, K. (1999). Youth Today: The power of engagement. Forum for Youth Engagement. Retrieved from www.forumforyouthinvestment.org/node/500

Pittman, K., Irby, M., & Ferber, T. (2001). Unfinished business: Further reflections on a decade of promoting youth development. In P.L. Benson and K.J. Pittman (Eds.), Trends in youth development: Visions, realities and challenges. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Roth, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). What do adolescents need for healthy development: Implications for youth policy. Social Policy Report 14(1), 3-19.

Wong, K., & Lee, T. (2005). Professional discourse of social workers working with at-risk young people in Hong Kong: Risk or resilience. In M. Ungar (Ed.), Handbook for working with children and youth: Pathways to resilience across cultures and contexts (pp. 313-327). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Zimmerman, M., & Arunkumar, R. (1994). Resiliency research: Implications for school and policy. Social Policy Report, 8, Ann Arbor, MI: Society for Research on Child Development.

Additional References from Positive Youth Development Literature

America's Promise (2006). Every child, every promise: Turning failure into action. Washington, D.C.: America's Promise. Retrieved from http://www.americaspromise.org/

Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school, and community. Portland, OR: Western Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities.

Benson, P. (1997). All kids are our kids: What communities must do to raise caring and responsible children and adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Hamilton, S. F., & Sesma, A., Jr. (2006). Positive youth development: Theory, research and application.In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol I: Theoretical models of human development,  (pp. 894-941). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Blum, R.W., & Ireland, M. (2004). Reducing risk, increasing protective factors: Findings from the Caribbean Youth Health Survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 493-500.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (2004). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Camino, L. (2005). Pitfalls and promising practices of youth-adult partnerships: An evaluator's reflections. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(1), 75-85.

Camino, L. A. (2000). Youth-adult partnerships: Entering new territory in community work and research. Applied Developmental Science, 4, 11-20.

Camino, L., & Zeldin, S. (2002). From periphery to center: Pathways for youth civic engagement in the day-to-day life of communities. Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 213-220.

Carnegie Corporation of New York (1992). A matter of time: Risk and opportunity in the non- school hours. New York, NY: Carnegie Corporation.

Cargo, M., Grams, G. D., Ottoson, J. M., Ward, P., & Green, L. W. (2003). Empowerment as fostering positive youth development and citizenship. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27, 66-79.

Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczack, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 98-124.

Catalano, R. F., Hawkins J. D., Berglund, M. L., Pollard, J. A., & Arthur, M. W. (2002). Prevention science and positive youth development: Competitive or cooperative frameworks? Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 230-239.

Choi, Y., Harachi, T. W., Gillmore, M. R., & Catalano, R. F. (2005). Applicability of the social development model to urban ethnic minority youth: Examining the relationship between external constraints, family socialization, and problem behaviors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(4), 505-534.

Damon, W. (2004). What is positive youth development? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 591(1), 13-24.

Gambone, M. A., & Connell, J. P. (2004). The community action framework for youth development. The Prevention Researcher, 11(2), 17-20.

Ginsburg, M. T. (2007). Viewing our adolescent patients through a positive lens. Contemporary pediatrics, 24(1), 65-76.

Gressley, K., Tessman, K., Hall, L., & Parrott, A. (August, 2009). Essential elements of the 4-H experience: Overview. Retrieved from http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/family/az1495.pdf (PDF, 4 Pages).

Flanagan, C. A., & Faison, N. (2001). Youth civic development: Implications of research for social policy and programs. Social Policy Report, 15(1).

Flanagan, C. A., & Van Horn, B. (2003). Youth civic engagement: A logical next step in community youth development. In Villarruel, F. A., Perkins, D. F., Borden, L. M., & Keith, J. G. (Eds.), Community youth development: Programs, policies, and practices (pp. 273- 296). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Jones, K. R. (2006). Relationships matter: A mixed methods evaluation of youth and adults working together as partners. Journal of Youth Development, 1(2).

Jones, K. R. (2005). Positive youth development. Cooperative Extension Service. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky.

Jones, K., Byer, K., & Zeldin, S. (2008). Youth-adult partnerships in community decision- making: An evaluation of five state 4-H youth in governance programs. Chevy Chase, MD: National 4-H Council.

Jones, K. R., & Perkins, D. F. (2006). Youth and adult perceptions of their relationships within community-based youth programs. Youth and Society, 38(1), 90-109.

Kress, C. (2004). The eight essential elements of 4-H. Retrieved from http://www.national4-hheadquarters.gov/library/elements.ppt (PowerPoint)

Larson, R. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55, 170-183.

Leblanc, J. C., Talbot, P. J., & Craig, W. M. (2005). Psychosocial health in youth: An international perspective. In M. Ungar (Ed.), Handbook for working with children and youth: Pathways to resilience across cultures and contexts (pp. 165-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Lerner, R. M., (2005). Promoting positive youth development: Theoretical and empirical bases. Retrieved from http://ase.tufts.edu/iaryd/documents/pubPromotingPositive.pdf (PDF, 92 Pages).

Lerner, R. M. (1995). America's youth in crisis: Challenges and options for programs and policies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Lerner, R. M., & Castellino, D. R. (2002). Contemporary developmental theory and adolescence: Developmental systems and applied developmental science. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 122-135.

Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.

Pittman K., Irby M., Tolman J., Yohalem N., & Ferber T. (2001). Preventing problems, promoting development, encouraging engagement: Competing priorities or inseparable goals? Forum for Youth Investment. Retrieved from http://www.forumforyouthinvestment.org/node/105

Pollard, J. A., & Hawkins, J. D. (1999). Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Social Work Research, 23(3), 145-158.

Scales, P. C., & Leffert, N. (1999). Developmental assets: A synthesis of the scientific research on adolescent development. Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.

Search Institute (1995). Essentials of asset building: A curriculum for trainers – Everyone's an asset builder. Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.

Sipe, C. L., & Gambone, M. A. (1998). Support for youth: A profile of three communities. Philadelphia, PA: Public Private Ventures.

Tebes, J. K., Feinn, R., Vanderploeg, J. J., Chinman, M. J., Shepard, J., Brabham, T., Genovese, M., & Connell, C. (2007). Impact of a positive youth development program in urban after-school settings on the prevention of adolescent substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 239-247.

Tolan, P. H. (1996). How resilient is the concept of resilience? Community psychologist, 29, 12-15.

Villarruel, F. A., Perkins, D. F., Borden, L. M., & Keith, J. G. (2003). Community youth development: Practice, policy and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

W.T. Grant Foundation (1988). The forgotten half: Pathways to success for America's youth and young families. New York, NY: W.T. Grant Foundation.

Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Youniss, J., McLellan, J. A., & Yates, M. (1997). What we know about engendering civic identity. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 620-631.

Youth Leadership Institute. (2002). Young active citizens curriculum: Youth and adults at the table. San Francisco, CA: Youth Leadership Institute.

Zeldin, S. (2004). Youth as agents of adult and community development: Mapping the processes and outcomes of youth engaged in organizational governance. Applied Developmental Science, 8, 75-90.

Zeldin, S., Camino, L., Calvert, M., & Ivey, D. (2002). Youth-adult partnerships and positive youth development: Some lessons learned from research and practice in Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Extension. Retrieved from http://www1.cyfernet.org/prog/teen/02-youthadult.pdf (PDF, 20 Pages).