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"blood pressure"

Slides: 1–12 of 31
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Considerations That Differ From Nonrandomized Studies

Presentation: Study Size Planning for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research
Keywords: considerations | nonrandomized study | randomized controlled trial
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Comparative Adverse Effects of Oral Agents: CV Effects

Presentation: Analgesics for Osteoarthritis—An Update
Keywords: comparative adverse effects | outcomes | strength of evidence | NSAIDs | CV risk
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Background: Treatment

Presentation: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs), or Direct Renin Inhibitors (DRI) for Adults With Hypertension
Keywords: treatment | hypertension | diet | exercise | weight | antihypertensive medication
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Rationale for Update

Presentation: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs), or Direct Renin Inhibitors (DRI) for Adults With Hypertension
Keywords: systematic review | comparative effectiveness | ACEI | ARB | hypertension | aliskiren | DRI
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Evidence of Benefits: Blood Pressure-Lowering Effects

Presentation: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs), or Direct Renin Inhibitors (DRI) for Adults With Hypertension
Keywords: blood pressure | ACEIs | ARBs | DRI | aliskiren | ramipril | losartan
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What To Discuss With Your Patients

Presentation: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs), or Direct Renin Inhibitors (DRI) for Adults With Hypertension
Keywords: barriers | blood pressure medication | shared decisionmaking | tradeoffs | patients
This slide presents a table describing how the comparator or outcomes assessed can affect applicability of the study. The table consists of two columns of six rows. Column one is titled ,“Conditions that limit applicability” and column two is titled, “Features that should be extracted into evidence tables.” The data rows are organized under subheader rows. The first row below the column header is a subheader row is designated Comparator. This is followed by two data rows. Each data row contains conditions described in column one and associated features to be extracted in column two. In the first row, conditions that limit applicability: regimen not reflective of current practice. In the second column, features that should be extracted into evidence tables: medication dose, schedule and duration, followed in parentheses by the words if applicable. In the second row, conditions that limit applicability: use of substandard alternative therapy. In the second column, features that should be extracted into evidence tables: comparator chosen vs. others available, followed in parentheses by the words if applicable. The next row is the subheader row entitled, “Outcomes.” This is followed by one data row. In the column, conditions that limit applicability: surrogate endpoints, brief follow-up periods, improper definitions for outcomes, composite endpoints . In the second column, features that should be extracted into evidence tables: outcomes (benefits and harms) and how they were defined.
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Comparator, Outcomes, and Applicability

Presentation: Assessing Applicability
Keywords: comparator | applicability | outcomes
Despite standard therapy, patients with stable ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function continue to be at risk for future cardiovascular events. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is critical for regulating blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and fluid volume homeostasis and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacological agonists of this system include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These drugs block adverse effects of the RAAS by blocking the activity of angiotensin II. Through the stimulation of angiotensin II type-1 receptors, angiotensin II may have several potentially harmful activities including induction of aldosterone production, which can cause sodium retention and increased fluid retention that, in turn, leads to an increase in blood pressure, increased aldosterone production, which can possibly lead to promotion of pathogenic remodeling (i.e., atherosclerosis and fibrosis), constriction of blood vessels, which can lead to increased blood pressure, and potential reduction in the availability of nitric oxide through the production of free radicals and the induction of endothelial dysfunction that may impact endothelial wall integrity. ACEIs act on the RAAS by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II and inhibiting the breakdown of bradykinin, which is a potent vasodilator. ARBs block the angiotensin II type-1 receptor and reduce the pharmacologic effects of angiotensin II, regardless of whether angiotensin II is created by the angiotensin-converting enzyme or by pathways that do not include this enzyme. ACEIs and ARBs may potentially provide several pharmacological effects over and above that of blood pressure reduction alone, which may impact cardiovascular events.
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Pharmacologic Effects of Antagonists on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Presentation: Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and/or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Added to Standard Medical Therapy for Treating Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease and Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function
Keywords: angiotensin II-receptor blocker | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | pharmacology
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Missing Data Considerations

Presentation: Considerations for Statistical Analysis in Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research
Keywords: missing data
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Causal Models and the Structural Relationship of Variables (3 of 7)

Presentation: Covariate Selection for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research
Keywords: causal models | intermediate variables
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Effectiveness of Questionnaires and Clinical Prediction Rules

Presentation: Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults
Keywords: clinical prediction rules | detection | diagnosis | monitor | polysomnography | questionnaires | screening | strength of evidence | outcomes
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Physical Examination

Presentation: Management of an Adult With Type 2 Diabetes With Antidiabetic Medications: A Case Scenario
Keywords: type 2 diabetes | Physical examination | blood pressure | heart rate | neurologic exam
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