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Parental, Peer, & School Influences
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Highlights of Reports on Parental, Peer & School Influences |
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The NSDUH Report: Underage Alcohol Use: Where Do Young People Drink? SAMHSA's 2006 National Survey on Drug Use & Health indicated that more than a fourth of the persons under the legal age for drinking actually drank in the past month; that is, there were 10.8 million current underage drinkers. Over a half (53.4%) of the current underage alcohol users drank at someone else's home the last time they used alcohol and another 30.3% drank in their own home. Younger female underage drinkers were more likely than older ones to have had their most recent drink in a car or other vehicle. For example, female underage drinkers aged 16 were eight times more likely to have had their last drank in a car than those aged 20 (12.8% vs. 1.6%). Among current underage drinkers aged 20, females were almost twice as likely as males to have had their most recent drink in a restaurant, bar, or club (20.0% vs. 10.2%). The NSDUH Report: Parent Awareness of Youth Use of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health includes a sample of parents and their children who live in the same household. These parent-child pairs are composed of a child aged 12 to 17 and his or her biological, step, adoptive, or foster parent. Based on SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, mothers were more likely than fathers to be aware of their child's substance use in the past year regardless of their household having a mother only or both parents. Fathers in two parent households were more likely than fathers in father-only households to be aware of their child's substance use in the past year. The older the child, the more likely that parents were aware of their child's alcohol and cigarette use in the past year. Past year substance use by youth was higher in one-parent households than those with both parents. Within one-parent households, substance use by youth was generally higher among youth in father-child pairs than mother-child pairs. The NSDUH Report: Youth Activities, Substance Use, and Family Income Based on SAMHSA's 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 92.4% of youths aged 12 to 17 participated in one or more school-based, community-based, church or faith-based, or other such activities during the past year: 27.1% participated in one to three activities, 31.4% participated in four to six activities, and 33.9% participated in seven or more activities in the past year. Youth in families of lower income were more likely not to participate in any school-based, community-based, church or faith-based or related activities; however, regardless of family income those youth who did participate had lower rates of cigarette, alcohol, or illicit drug use than those who did not participate in such activities. The greater the number of activities, the lower the rates of past year use of cigarettes, alcohol, or illicit drugs among youth. For example, the rates of illicit drug use were 18.3% for youth who participated in no such activities, 11.9% for those with 1-3 activities, 9.4% for 4-6 activities, and 6.8% for 7 or more youth activities in the past year. The NSDUH Report: Underage Alcohol Use among Full-Time College Students SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use & Health examined trends and patterns in the rates of alcohol use by full time college students aged 18 to 20 and found that the rates of past month, binge, and heavy alcohol use remained steady from 2002 to 2005. Binge drinking was defined as 5 or more drinks on the same occasion at least one day in the past month. Based on combined data from the 2002 to 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, 57.8% of full time college students underage for legal drinking used alcohol in the past month, 40.1% engaged in binge drinking, and 16.6% engaged in heavy drinking. Males were more likely than females to have used alcohol in the past month (60.4% vs. 55.6%), binge drank (46.9% vs. 34.4%), or drank heavily (22.7% vs. 11.5%). The NSDUH Report: Academic Performance and Substance Use among Students Aged 12 to 17 (2002, 2003, & 2004) Based on SAMHSA's most recent National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, 70.4% of students aged 12 to 17 reported that they had an A or B grade average in their last semester or grading period, while 29.6% had a C average or less. Younger students were more likely to report good grades than older students; for example, 75.6% of students aged 12 or 13 reported an A or B average compared with 68.3% of students aged 16 or 17. Students who did not use alcohol in the past month (72.5%) were more likely to have an A or B grade average than those drank alcohol but did not binge (67.1%) or those who binge drank alcohol in the past month (57.7%). Students who did not use marijuana in the past month (72.2%) were more likely to have an A or B grade average than those who used marijuana on 1 to 4 days in the past month (58.0%) or those using marijuana on 5 or more days in the past month (44.9%). The NSDUH Report: College Enrollment Status and Past Year Illicit Drug Use among Young Adults: 2002, 2003, and 2004 SAMHSA's National Surveys on Drug Use and Health from 2002, 2003, and 2004 were combined to get annualized averages in order to compare past year illicit drug use among college students and nonstudents at each age from 18 to 22. Past year illicit drug use rates among young adults aged 18 to 22 were similar for full-time college students (37.5%), part-time college students (38.5%), and nonstudents (38.4%). Among males, the rate of past year illicit drug use was lower for full-time college students than nonstudents (40% vs. 43%); but among females, the rate was higher for full-time college students than nonstudents (35% vs. 33%). Full-time college students were less likely than nonstudents to be past year users of cocaine (6.3% vs. 8.2%), crack cocaine (0.4% vs. 1.4%), pain relievers used nonmedically (11.6% vs. 13.9%), and methamphetamine (0.8% vs. 2.6%). The NSDUH Report: Youths' Exposure to Substance Use Prevention Messages, 2003 Based on SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2003, most youths have been exposed to some kind of substance abuse prevention message - - whether having seen or heard an alcohol or drug prevention message or talked with a parent about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. About 84% of youths aged 12 to 17 (20.8 million) in 2003 reported having seen or heard an alcohol or drug prevention message from sources such as posters, pamphlets, radio, or TV in the past 12 months. About 59% of the youths (14.6 million) reported having talked with at least one of their parents during the past year about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol or drug use. Youth who had talked with a parent about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use in the past year were less likely to report past month alcohol use, binge alcohol use, or illicit drug use than youths who had not talked with a parent. The NSDUH Report: Mother's Serious Mental Illness and Substance Use among Youths Based on SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2002 and 2003, an annual average of 18 million women aged 18 or older lived with a biological, foster, step, or adoptive child aged 12 to 17. About 11.9% of mothers (2.1 million) living with youths aged 12 to 17 had serious mental illness during the past year. About 3.2% of the mothers had both serious mental illness and also reported illicit drug use, binge alcohol use, or heavy alcohol use during the past month. Youths living with a mother who had serious mental illness (SMI) were more likely to have used alcohol or an illicit drug during the past month (26.7%) than youths living with a mother who did not have SMI (18.8%). The NSDUH Report: Substance Use and Need for Treatment Among Youths Who Have Been in Foster Care About 680,000 youths (2.7%) aged 12 to 17 in the U.S. have ever been in foster care. Based on SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, youths who have ever been in foster care had higher rates of any illicit drug use than youths who have never been in foster care (33.6% vs. 21.7%). Youths aged 12 to 17 who were in need of substance abuse treatment in the past year were more likely to have received treatment if they had ever been in foster care. The NSDUH Report: Youth Substance Use and Family Income Based on SAMHSA's 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the lower the family income, the more likely that the youths had used cigarettes or an illegal drug in their lifetime. Youths in families with annual incomes of less than $20,000 were equally likely to have ever used alcohol or inhalants as those in families with incomes of $75,000 or more. Youths age 12 to 17 in families with annual incomes of less than $20,000 were more likely to have smoked cigarettes in their lifetime than those in families with incomes of $75,000 or more (35.4% vs. 25.2%). An estimated 15% of youths in families with annual incomes of less than $20,000 had ever used prescription-type drugs nonmedically compared with 11% of those in families with incomes of $75,000 or more. The NSDUH Report: Risk & Protective Factors for Substance Use Among American Indian or Alaska Native Youths SAMHSA's 2002/2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health provided data on three categories of risk factors for substance use among American Indian or Alaska Native youths: individual/peers, family, and school. American Indian or Alaska Native youths were more likely than other youths to perceive moderate to no risk associated with substance use, to perceive their parents as not strongly disapproving of their substance use, and to believe that all or most of the students in their school get drunk at least once a week. According to American Indian or Alaska Native youths, their parents were about as likely as those of other youths to talk to their child about dangers of substance use, to let the youth know they had done a good job, to tell their youth that they were proud of something they had done, to make their youth do chores around the house or to limit the amount of time watching TV. However, parents of American Indian or Alaska Native youths were less likely to provide help with school homework or to limit the time out with friends on school nights. The NSDUH Report: Alcohol Dependence or Abuse Among Parents with Children Living in the Home Based on SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, in 2002 almost 5 million adults were alcohol dependent or alcohol abusing and had at least one child younger than age 18 living in their home. Parents with past year alcohol dependence or abuse were more likely to report household turbulence than parents who were not alcohol dependent or alcohol abusing. Household turbulence included people in their household having serious arguments and often insulting or yelling at each other. The DASIS Report: Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions Referred by Schools, 2000 School-referred youth admissions to substance abuse treatment mostly involved marijuana (56 percent) or alcohol (24 percent) as the primary substance of abuse. Admissions referred by schools were more likely to be receiving treatment for the first time than admissions referred by other sources (85 vs. 66 percent). The NSDUH Report: Substance Use Among School Dropouts In 2002, approximately 3.2 million young adults aged 18 to 24 were considered to be school dropouts. SAMHSA's 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health compared the rates of smoking, drinking, and illegal drug use among young adult school dropouts and non-dropouts. The NSDUH Report: How Youths Obtain Marijuana Among youths who obtained marijuana for free or shared it, blacks (18 percent) were more likely than whites (9 percent) or Hispanics (7 percent) to have obtained it from a relative or family member. The NHSDA Report: School Experiences and Substance Use Among Youth Students aged 12 to 17 with positive school experiences were less likely to have used alcohol or illicit drugs in the past year than students without these positive school experiences. The youth with positive school experiences were those who enjoyed going to school, who felt that their assigned schoolwork was meaningful, or who felt that the things they learned in school were going to be important later in life. Also, the rates of past year alcohol and illicit drug use were lower for youths who had seen or heard drug or alcohol prevention messages at school in the past year than youths who had NOT seen or heard drug or alcohol prevention messages at school. The NHSDA Report: Children Living with Substance Abusing or Substance Dependent Parents Based on SAMHSA's National Household Survey, in 2001 more than 6 million children lived with at least one parent who abused or was dependent on alcohol or an illicit drug during the past year. This involved about 10 percent of children aged 5 or younger, 8 percent of children aged 6 to 11, and 9 percent of youths aged 12 to 17. Prevention Chapter in 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse - presented data and discusses exposure to prevention programs and such risk factors as perceptions of risk, drug availability, parental disapproval, and delinquent behavior. Parental Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use and the Baby Boom Generation - examined family intactness, parental problems, as well as parental drug use & attitudes and the association with their children's drug use. Children's characteristics including dropping out of school, emotional problems, etc. were also examined. Children at Risk Because of Parental Substance Abuse - estimated the number and percent of infants and children age 17 and younger living with parents who used illegal drugs, cigarettes, or cigarettes, were dependent on drugs or alcohol, or who needed substance abuse treatment. Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Drug Use - includes parental, peer, school & community factors. The NHSDA Report: Substance Use Among Persons in Families Receiving Government Assistance An estimated 27 million persons aged 12 to 64 lived in families that received government assistance in the year prior to the interview. For their alcohol and illicit drug use rates, see The NHSDA Report: Substance Use Among Persons in Families Receiving Government Assistance. The NHSDA Report: Youths' Choice of Consultant for Serious Problems as Related to Substance Use SAMHSA's National Household Survey on Drug Abuse in 1999 asked youths whom they would talk to about a serious problem. Of the estimated 23 million youths aged 12 to 17, about 16 million youths reported that they would turn to a friend or sibling, 15 million to their mother, and 1 million reported that they would turn to nobody. The DASIS Report: Health Insurance Status of Admissions for Substance Abuse Treatment, 1999 In 1999, the majority (64 percent) of substance abuse treatment admissions reported no health insurance. The types of insurance reported by the substance abuse treatment admissions were Medicaid (14 percent), private insurance (13 percent), and other forms of insurance (9 percent). The NHSDA Report: How Youths Get Cigarettes In 2001, over 3 million persons aged 12 to 17 had smoked cigarettes during the past month. Although it is illegal in the United States to sell tobacco to under-aged youths, in 2001 almost 2 million youths aged 12 to 17 who smoked cigarettes in the past month purchased them personally during the same time period. The NHSDA Report: Academic Performance and Youth Substance Use Youths who received grades of D or below last semester were more likely than those with higher grades to have used cigarettes, alcohol, or illicit drugs during the past month. The NHSDA Report: Parental Disapproval of Youths' Substance Use Rates of past month use of marijuana/hashish, alcohol, or cigarettes were lower among youths who believed their parents would strongly disapprove of their substance use compared with those who felt their parents somewhat disapproved or those who thought their parents would neither approve nor disapprove. The NHSDA Report: Youth Violence and Substance Use, 2001 Update Among youths aged 12 to 17, those aged 14 or 15 reported higher rates than those younger or older for the following violent behaviors: serious fighting at school or work, group-against-group fights, and attacking others with the intent of seriously hurting them. The NHSDA Report: Team Sports Participation and Substance Use Among Youths In 2000, approximately 61 percent of youths aged 12 to 17, or more than 14 million, participated in team sports during the past year. Rates of past month use of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs were generally lower among team sports participants than nonparticipants. However, the rate of past month smokeless tobacco use was higher among team sports participants than nonparticipants. The NHSDA Report: Neighborhood Characteristics and Youth Marijuana Use Marijuana use was higher among youth who perceived high rates of such neighborhood characteristics as crime, drug selling, street fights, abandoned buildings, and graffiti than youth perceiving low rates of such neighborhood characteristics. The NHSDA Report: Availability of Illicit Drugs to Females Aged 12 to 17 Females aged 12 to 17 were more likely than their male peers to report that cocaine, crack, LSD, and heroin were fairly or very easy to obtain. The NHSDA Report: Obtaining Marijuana Easy for Youths In 1999, 57 percent of youths aged 12 to 17 agreed that obtaining marijuana would be easy. |
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Full Reports & Chapters |
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Also see prevention chapters in National Survey on Drug Use & Health
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School Influences & Experiences |
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The NSDUH Report: Youth Activities, Substance Use, and Family Income The NSDUH Report: Underage Alcohol Use among Full-Time College Students Misuse of Prescription Drugs by College Students The NSDUH Report: Substance Use Among School Dropouts The NSDUH Report: Alcohol Use and Risks Among Young Adults by College Enrollment Status The DASIS Report: Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions Referred by Schools, 2000 The NHSDA Report: School Experiences and Substance Use Among Youths The NHSDA Report: Academic Performance and Youth Substance Use The NHSDA Report: Team Sports Participation and Substance Use Among Youths School influences & youth's feeling about school - 2002 NSDUH (HTML version) (PDF format, Go to tables 3.48 - 3.53) |
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Data Tables |
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See detailed tables from latest National Survey on Drug Use & Health Parental, school & other risk & protective factors - - Detailed tables from National Survey on Drug Use: 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2002 National Survey on Drug Use & Health Detailed Tables:
2001 NHSDA now called the National Survey on Drug Use & Health: |
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This page has been accessed 331467 times since April 17, 2003. This page was last updated on April 14, 2009. |
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SAMHSA, an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's lead agency for improving the quality and availability of substance abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and mental health services in the United States. 
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