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Journal Articles

CDC staff wrote the following peer-reviewed journal articles, which cover oral health topics of significance in the public health community.

On this page—

Adult Oral Health

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Barker LK, Canto MT, Dye BA, Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Hyman J, Jaramillo F, Kingman A, Nowjack-Raymer R, Selwitz RH, Wu T. Surveillance for dental caries, dental sealants, tooth retention, edentulism, and enamel fluorosis. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2005;54(03);1–44.

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Estupiñán-Day S, Baez R. Analysis of prevalence and trends of dental caries in the region of the Americas between the 1970s and 1990s. Int Dent J 1999;49(6):22–329. View abstract on PubMed.

Blicher B, Joshipura K, Eke PI. Validation of self-reported periodontal disease: A systematic review. J Dent Research 2005;84(10):881–890. View full text.*

Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG, Barker LK, Thornton-Evans G, et al. Trends in oral health status, United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(248); 2007. View full text. (PDF–1.8Mb)

Eke PI. Public health implications of periodontal infections in adults: conference proceedings. J Publ Health Dent 2005;65(1):56–65.

Eke PI, Genco RJ. CDC periodontal disease surveillance project: background, objectives, and progress report. J Periodontology 2007;78(7 Supple):1366–1372.

Eke PI, Thornton-Evans GO, Beckles GL. Dental visits among dentate adults with diabetes—United States, 1999 and 2004. MMWR 2005;54(46):1181–1183.

Gaffield ML, Colley Gilbert BJ, Malvitz DM, Romaguera R. Oral health during pregnancy: An analysis of information collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. J Am Dent Assn 2001;(132):1009–1016. View full text.*

Gooch BF, Bailey W. Fluoride isn’t just for kids. Dent Abstr 2005;50(2):68–69.

Gooch BF, Eke PI, Malvitz DM. Public health and aging: retention of natural teeth among older adults—United States, 2002. MMWR;52(50):1226–1229.

Gooch BF, Malvitz DM, Griffin SO, Maas WR. Promoting the oral health of older adults through the Chronic Disease Model: CDC’s perspective on what we still need to know. J Dent Educ 2005;69(9):1058–1063. View full text.*

Griffin S, Barker L, Griffin P, Cleveland J, Kohn W. Oral health needs among adults in the United States with chronic diseases. J Am Dent 2009;140(10); 1266–1274. View abstract.*

Griffin SO, Gray SK, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. Caries risk in formerly sealed teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 2009; 140(4):415–23. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL, Zlobin N. New coronal caries in older adults: implications for prevention. J Dent Res 2005;84(8):715–720. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL, Zlobin N. Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res 2004;83(8):634–638. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley VN. Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults. Journal of Dental Research 2007;86(5):410–414. View abstract on PubMed.

Jaramillo F, Eke PI, Thornton-Evans GO, Griffin SO. Acculturation and dental visits among Hispanic adults. Preventing Chronic Disease 2009;6(2). View full text.

Macek MD, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Lockwood SL, Malvitz DM. Updated comparison of the caries susceptibility of various morphological types of permanent teeth. J Publ Health Dent 2003;63(3):174–182. View abstract on PubMed.

Promoting oral health: interventions for preventing dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries: a report on the recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR 2001;50(RR-21):1–13.

Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. MMWR 2001;50(RR-14):1–42.

Surveillance for use of preventive health-care services by older adults, 1995–1997. MMWR 1999;48(SS08):51–88.

Tomar SL, Asma S. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. J Periodontol 2000;(71):743–751. View abstract on PubMed.

Tomar SL, Lester A. Dental and other health care visits among U.S. adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23(10):1505–1510. View full text.*

Total tooth loss among persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years—selected states, 1995–1997. MMWR 1999;48(10):206–210.

Truman BI, Gooch BF, Evans CA Jr. (Eds.). The Guide to Community Preventive Services: Interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(1 Supp). View full text in several PDF documents.*

Children's Oral Health

Adewakun A, Beltrán-Aguilar EB. Early childhood caries in Anguilla, British West Indies. General Dent 2003;51(1):42–47. View abstract on PubMed.

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Goldstein JW, Lockwood SA. Fluoride varnishes: a review of their clinical mechanism, efficacy, and safety. J Am Dent Assn 2000;131:589–596. View full text.*

Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG, Barker LK, Thornton-Evans G, et al. Trends in oral health status, United States, 1988–1994 and 1999-2004. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(248); 2007. View full text. (PDF–1.8Mb)

Griffin SO, Jones K, Kolavic Gray S, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. Exploring four-handed delivery and retention of resin-based sealants. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(3):281–289. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Kolavic Gray S, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. Caries risk in formerly sealed teeth. JADA 2009;140(4):415–423.

Griffin SO, Oong E, Kohn W, Vidakovic B, Gooch BF, and CDC Dental Sealant Systematic Review Work Group. The effectiveness of sealants in managing caries lesions. J Dent Research 2008; 87(2) 169–174. View abstract.*

Griffin SO, Gooch B, Beltrán ED. Dental services, costs and factors associated with hospitalization for Medicaid eligible children, Louisiana 1996–1997. J Publ Health Dent 2000;60(1):21–27. View abstract on PubMed

Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Malvitz DM, Heiden KD. Estimating prevalence and severity of caries in the mixed dentition: A comparison of two screening protocols. J Publ Health Dent 2004;64(1):14–19. View abstract on PubMed.

Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Gooch BF, Barker LK. Comparing the costs of three sealant delivery strategies. J Dent Res 2002;81(9):641–645. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Jones KA, Lockwood S, Mosca NG, Honore PA. Impact of increasing Medicaid dental reimbursement and implementing school sealant programs on sealant prevalence. J Public Health Manag Pract 2007;13(2):202–206. View full text.*

Impact of targeted, school-based dental sealant programs in reducing racial and economic disparities in sealant prevalence among schoolchildren—Ohio, 1998–1999. MMWR 2001;50(34):736–738.

Jones K, Griffin S, Moonesinghe R, Jaramillo F, Vousden C. Reducing dental sealant disparities in school-aged children through better targeting of informational campaigns. Prev Chronic Dis 2005;2(2).

Kolavic Gray S, Griffin, SO, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. A comparison of the effects of toothbrushing and handpiece prophylaxis on retention of sealants. JADA 2009;140(1):38–46.

Macek M, Matte T, Sinks T, Malvitz D. Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation, United States, 1988–1994. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(1):130–134. View full text.*

Oong EM, Griffin SO, Kohn W, Gooch BF, Caufield PW. The effect of dental sealants on the bacteria levels in caries lesions: a review of the evidence. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139(3):271–278. View full text.*

Salas MT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Chavaría P, Solórzano I, Horowitz H. Enamel fluorosis in 12 and 15-year-old school children in Costa Rica. Results of a National Survey, 1999. Community Dental Health 2008;25:178–184. View abstract on PubMed.

Truman BI, Gooch BF, Evans CA Jr. (Eds.). The Guide to Community Preventive Services: Interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(1 Supp). View full text in several PDF documents.*

Community Water Fluoridation

Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries. MMWR 1999;48(41):933–940.

Bailey W, Duchon K, Barker L, Maas W. Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water – United States, 1992–2006. MMWR 2008; 57(27):737–741.

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Barker L, Dye BA. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the United States, 1999–2004. NCHS data brief, no 53. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010.

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Griffin SO, Lockwood SA. Prevalence and trends in enamel fluorosis in the United States from the 1930s to the 1980s. J Am Dent Assn 2002;133:157–165. View full text.*

Engineering and administrative recommendations for water fluoridation, 1995. MMWR 1995;44(RR–13):1–40. Also available as a PDF file (PDF–338K).

Griffin SO, Beltrán E, Lockwood S, Barker L. Esthetically objectionable fluorosis attributable to water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30(1):199–209. View abstract on PubMed.

Griffin SO, Gooch BF, Lockwood SA, Tomar SL. Quantifying the diffused benefit from water fluoridation in the United States. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:120–129. View abstract on PubMed.

Griffin SO, Jones K, Tomar SL. An economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. J Publ Health Dent 2001;61(2):78–86. View abstract on PubMed.

Lalumandier JA, Hernandez LC, Locci AB, Reeves TG. U.S. drinking water: Fluoridation knowledge level of water plant operators. J Publ Health Dent 2001;61(2):92–98. View abstract on PubMed.

Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water—United States, 2000. MMWR 2002;51(7):144–147.

Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. MMWR 2001;50(RR-14):1–42.

Ten Great Public Health Achievements—United States, 1900–1999. MMWR, December 24, 1999;48(50):1141.

Water fluoridation and costs of Medicaid treatment for dental decay—Louisiana, 1995–1996. MMWR 1999;48(34):753.

Dental Sealants

Fontana M, Zero DT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Gray, SK. Techniques for Assessing Tooth Surfaces in School-Based Sealant Programs. J Am Dent Assoc 2010;141(7):854–860. View abstract.*

Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Gray SK, Kohn WG, Rozier RG, Siegal M, Fontana M, Brunson D, Carter N, Curtis DK, Donly KJ, Haering H, Hill LF, Hinson HP, Kumar J, Lampiris L, Mallatt M, Meyer DM, Miller WR, Sanzi-Schaedel SM, Simonson R, Truman BI, Zero DT. Preventing dental caries through school-based sealant programs: Updated recommendations and reviews of evidence. J Am Dent Assn 2009;140(11):1356–1365. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Gooch BF, Barker LK. Comparing the costs of three sealant delivery strategies. J Dent Res 2002;81(9):641–645. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Jones K, Kolavic Gray S, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. Exploring four-handed delivery and retention of resin-based sealants. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(3):281–289. View full text.*

Griffin SO, Kolavic Gray S, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. Caries risk in formerly sealed teeth, JADA 2009;140(4):415–423.

Impact of targeted, school-based dental sealant programs in reducing racial and economic disparities in sealant prevalence among schoolchildren—Ohio, 1998–1999. MMWR 2001;50(34):736–738.

Kolavic Gray S, Griffin SO, Malvitz DM, Gooch BF. A comparison of the effects of toothbrushing and handpiece prophylaxis on retention of sealants. JADA 2009;140(1):38–46.

Infection Control

Allos BM, Schaffner W. Transmission of hepatitis B in the health care setting: the elephant in the room ... or the mouse? J Infect Dis 2007;195(9):1245–1247. View full text.*

Carlton JE, Dodson TB, Cleveland JL, Lockwood SA. The risk of percutaneous injury in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55:553–556. View abstract on PubMed.

Cleveland J, Foster M, Barker L, Brown G, Lenfestey N, Lux L, Corley T, Bonito A. Advancing infection control in dental care settings: Factors associated with dentists' implementation of guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Am Dent Assoc 2012;143(10):1127–1138. View full text.*

Cleveland J, Robison V, Panlilio A. Tuberculosis epidemiology, diagnosis and infection control recommendations for dental settings: an update on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. J Am Dent 2009;140(09); 1092–1099. View full text.*

Cleveland J, Gooch B, Bolyard E, Simone P, Mullan R, Marianos D. TB infection control recommendations from the CDC, 1994: Considerations for dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:593–600. View full text.*

Cleveland J, Gooch BF, Mills SE. Commentary: Improving dental water quality in the new millennium. Dent Abstr 2000;45(4):152–153.

Cleveland J, Lockwood S, Gooch B, Mendelson MH, Chamberland ME, Valauri DV, Roistacher SL, Solomon JM, Marianos DW. Percutaneous injuries during dental procedures: An observational study. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:745–751. View full text.*

Cleveland JL, Barker L, Gooch BF, Beltrami EM, Cardo D. Use of HIV postexposure prophylaxis by dental health care personnel: An overview and updated recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133(12):1619–1630. View full text.*

Cleveland JL, Barker LK, Cuny EJ, Panlilio AL. National Surveillance System for Health Care Workers Group. Preventing percutaneous injuries among dental health care personnel. J Am Dent Assoc 2007;138(2):169–178. View full text.*

Cleveland JL, Cardo DM. Occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus: risk, prevention, and management. Dent Clin N Am 2003;47:681–696. View abstract on PubMed.

Cleveland JL, Gooch BF, Lockwood SA. Occupational blood exposures in dentistry: a decade in review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18(10):717–721. View abstract on PubMed.

Cleveland JL, Gooch BF, Shearer BG, Lyerla RL. Risk and prevention of hepatitis C virus infection: implications for dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1999;130:641–647. View full text.*

Cleveland JL, Griffin SO, Romaguera RA. Benefits of using rapid oral HIV-tests in dental offices (abstract 3196). Journal of Dental Research. 2005;84 (Special Issue A):CD ROM.

Cleveland JL, Kohn WG. Antimicrobial resistance and dental care: a CDC perspective. Dental Abstracts 1998;43:108–110.

Cleveland JL, Marianos DW. Special Considerations for Dentistry. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. AIDS: Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:675–683.

Cleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, Gruninger SE, Gooch BF, Shapiro CN. Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among US dentists, 1983–1992. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;127:1385-1392. View full text.*

Coulter I, Marcus M, Freed JR, Der-Martirosian C, Cunningham WE, Andersen RM, Maas WR, Garcia I, Schneider DA, Genovese B, Shapiro MP, Bozzette SA. Use of dental care by HIV-infected medical patients. J Dent Res 2000;79(6):1356–1361. View PDF file.* (PDF–643K)

Duffy R, Cleveland J, Hutin Y, Cardo D. Infection control practices among dentists, Valcea, Romania, 1998. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2004;25:570–575. View PDF file.* (PDF–125K)

Gooch BF, Cardo DM, Marcus R, McKibben PS, Cleveland JL, Srivastava PU, Culver DH, Bell DM. Percutaneous exposures to HIV-infected blood among dental workers enrolled in the CDC needlestick study. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:1237–1242. View full text.*

Gooch BF, Cleveland JL, Lyerla RL. Hepatitis C: A national concern. Dental Abstracts 1998;44:144–145.

Gooch BF, Siew C, Cleveland JL, Gruninger SE, Lockwood SA, Joy ED. Occupational blood exposure and HIV infection among oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:128–134. View PDF file.*

Klevens RM, Gorwitz RJ, Collins AS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a primer for dentists. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139 (10):1328–1337. View full text.*

Kohn WG, Harte JA, Malvitz DM, Collins AS, Cleveland JL. Eklund KJ. Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings, 2003. J Am Dent Assn 2004;135(1):33–47. View full text.*

Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, Nainan O, Khristova M, Williams I. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery. J Infect Dis 2007;195(9):1311–1314. View full text.*

Oral Cancer

Krishna R, Liff J, Chen A, Eke PI, Robison V. Racial differences in factors that influence survival with oral cancer in Georgia: 1978–2001. Prev Chronic Dis 2005;2(2).

Preventing and controlling oral and pharyngeal cancer—recommendations from a national strategic planning conference. MMWR 1998;47(RR–14). Also available as a PDF file (PDF–197K).

Promoting oral health: interventions for preventing dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries: a Report on the Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR 2001;50(RR–21):1–13.

Truman BI, Gooch BF, Evans CA Jr. (Eds.). The Guide to Community Preventive Services: Interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(1 Supp). View full text in several PDF documents.*

Oral Health and Pregnancy

Beltrán E, Beltrán RJ. Oral diseases and conditions throughout the lifespan. II. Systemic Diseases. General Dent 2004;52(2):107–114. View abstract on PubMed.

Ressler-Maerlender J, Krishna R, Robison V. Oral health during pregnancy: current research at the Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Women's Health 2005;14(10):880–882. View abstract on PubMed.

Periodontal Disease

Beck J, Eke PI, Dongming L, Madianos P, Couper D, Moss K, Elter J, Heiss G, Offenbacher S. Association between IgG antibody to oral organisms and carotid intima-medial wall thickness in community-dwelling adults. Atherosclerosis 2005;183:342–348. View abstract on PubMed.

Beck J, Eke PI, Dongming L, Madianos P, Couper D, Moss K, Elter J, Heiss G, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease: Reappraisal of the exposure measures. Circulation 2005;112(1):19–24. View full text.*

Beltrán E, Beltrán RJ. Oral diseases and conditions throughout the lifespan. II. Systemic Diseases. General Dent 2004;52(2):107–114. View abstract on PubMed.

Blicher B, Joshipura K, Eke PI. Validation of self-reported periodontal disease: A systematic review. J Dent Res 2005;84(10):881–890. View full text.*

Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG, Barker LK, Thornton-Evans G, et al. Trends in Oral Health Status, United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(248); 2007. View full text. (PDF–1.8M)

Dye BA, Thornton-Evans G. A brief history of national surveillance efforts for periodontal disease in the United States. J Periodontol 2007;78(7 Suppl):1380–1386. View full text. (PDF–103K)

Eke PI, Genco RJ. CDC periodontal disease surveillance project: background, objectives, and progress report. J Periodontol 2007;78(7 Suppl):1366–1372. View full text. (PDF–305K)

Eke PI. Public health implications of periodontal infections in adults: Conference proceedings. J Publ Health Dent 2005;65(1):56–65.

Eke PI, Dye B, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco R. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. Published online 30 August 2012:1-7. View full text.*

Eke PI, Page PC, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco RJ. Update of the Case Definitions for Population-Based Surveillance of Periodontitis. J Periodontol 16 March 2012:1-9. View full text.*

Eke PI, Thornton-Evans G, Dye BA, Genco R. Advances in Surveillance of Periodontitis: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project. J Periodontol 11 February 2012: 1-9. View full text.*

Eke PI, Thornton-Evans G, Wei L, Borgnakke WS, Dye BA. Accuracy of NHANES Periodontal Examination Protocols. J Dent Res 2010;89(11): 1208–1213. View abstract.*

Miller K, Eke PI, Schoua-Glusberg A. Cognitive evaluation of self-report questions for surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007;78(7 Suppl):1455–1462. View full text. (PDF–168K)

Okoro CA, Balluz LS, Eke PI, Ajani UA, Trine TW, Town M, Mensah GA, Mokdad AH. Tooth loss and heart disease: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Am J Prev Med 2005;29(5 Suppl 1):50–56. View abstract on PubMed.

Page RC, Eke PI. Case definitions for use in population-based surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007;78(7 Suppl):1387–1399. View full text. (PDF–185K)

Tomar SL. Public health perspectives on surveillance for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2007;78(7 Suppl):1380–1386. View full text. (PDF–130K)

Special Topics

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Beltrán RJ. Oral diseases and conditions throughout the lifespan. I. Diseases and conditions associated with tooth loss. General Dent 2004;52(1):21–27. View abstract on PubMed.

Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Malvitz, DM, Lockwood S, Rozier GR, Tomar SL. Oral health surveillance: past, present, and future challenges. J Publ Health Dent 2003;63(3):141–149. View abstract on PubMed.

Beltrán E, Beltrán RJ. Oral diseases and conditions throughout the lifespan. II. Systemic Diseases. General Dent 2004;52(2):107–114. View abstract on PubMed.

Beltrán E, Cherrett H, Holodell M, Jaramillo F, Robison V. Tanzania Site Assessments, March 2006. Refugee Camps. Dar es Salaan, Tanzania, Faculty of Dentistry, Muhinbill University, Tanzania Dental Association, 2006:1–41. View full text. (PDF–2Mb)

Beltrán-Neira RJ, Beltrán Aguilar ED. Taxonomy in dental education. J Dent Educ 2004;68:978–984. View abstract on PubMed.

Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Malvitz DM. The role of evidence in formulating public health programs to prevent oral disease and promote oral health in the United States. J Evidence-Based Dental Practice 2006:6(1):85–89. View abstract on PubMed.

Jaramillo F, Eke PI, Thornton-Evans GO, Griffin SO. Acculturation and dental visits among Hispanic adults. Preventing Chronic Disease 2009;6(2). View full text.

Lavinghouze RS, Price AW, Parsons B. The Environmental Assessment Instrument. Harnessing the environment for programmatic success, Health Promotion Practice 2009;10(2):176–185.

Lavinghouze RS, Price AW, Smith KA. The program success story: a valuable tool for program evaluation. Health Promot Pract 2007;(8) 323–331. View abstract on Pubmed.

Maas W. Access to care: what can the United States learn from other countries. Comm Dent Oral Epid 2006;34(3):232–240. View abstract on PubMed.

Malvitz DM, Barker LK, Phipps KR. Development and status of the National Oral Health Surveillance System. Preventing Chronic Disease 2009;6(2). View full text.

Riley JL III, Tomar SL, Gilbert GH. Smoking and smokeless tobacco: increased risk for oral pain. J of Pain 2004;5:217–222. View abstract on PubMed.

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