Early Efforts
Southern women did not organize in appreciable numbers until the 1890s and failed to mount effective statewide campaigns until 1910. The earliest attempt to organize Virginia women in a campaign for the right to vote occurred in 1870, when New Jersey native Anna Whitehead Bodeker invited several men and women sympathetic to the cause to a meeting that launched the first Virginia State Woman Suffrage Association in Richmond. Between 1870 and 1872, Bodeker, as president of the new association, tried to win public support for woman suffrage by writing articles for the local press and inviting national suffrage leaders to lecture in Richmond. She also attempted unsuccessfully to vote in the municipal election in November 1871, asserting her qualifications under the new Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Equal Suffrage League
Within its first few months, the league, under the able direction of Valentine, joined with the National American Woman Suffrage Association and began a public campaign to educate Virginia citizens on the issue. The league held street meetings in Capitol Square and on Broad Street at the corners of Fifth and Sixth streets, where Clark would set up her easel and start painting to lure the curious to suffrage speeches. "It reached the point," she remembered, "where I couldn't see a fireplug without beginning 'Ladies and gentlemen.'" Clark was elected secretary and later helped direct legislative initiatives, designed and drew postcards, organized suffrage rallies, and went on speaking tours that helped establish new league chapters throughout the state.
The woman suffrage movement coincided with major national reform movements seeking to improve public education, create public health programs, regulate business and industrial practices, and establish standards and create agencies to ensure pure food and public water supplies. Public debate on these issues and simultaneous demands for better roads and public services transformed politics in Virginia and brought into the political process people who had not been active participants earlier. Women were making practical gains, venturing out into the world, forming women's associations, and participating in reform movements. They put these organizational skills to good use to rally for the vote.
Valentine persuaded a group of Richmond businessmen to form the Men's Equal Suffrage League of Virginia. The state archivist Hamilton J. Eckenrode was among those who signed a resolution in support of woman suffrage in 1912, arguing that the state constitution should be amended "so as to enable Virginia Women to vote on equal terms with Virginia men."
The Suffrage Argument
Public opinion responded slowly to the league's message, but membership in the organization climbed steadily and spread to other areas of the state. In 1914, the Equal Suffrage League reported 45 local chapters; by 1916 that number had grown to 115, including 23 organized in that year alone, and almost every town in Virginia with more than 2,500 residents had a suffrage league. By 1919, membership had reached 32,000, making it most likely the largest state association in the South. Antisuffragists formed a counter organization in 1912 to refute the league's arguments, claiming that most Virginia women had no interest in voting and that woman suffrage would open the door for black women to vote, thus violating the restrictive spirit behind Virginia's 1902 constitution.
Suffrage and Race
By 1915, antisuffragists were openly exploiting racial fears. They argued that giving women the vote, which meant providing African American women the vote, could as much as double the African American vote and lead to Black control at the polls. The system of white supremacy in the South, carefully constructed and nurtured since the end of Reconstruction (1865–1877), was at risk.
As a result, Black Virginians were almost completely silenced in the public debate. "There was nothing an African American could say [in Virginia] that would help the woman suffrage cause," historian Suzanne Lebsock has written. Nonetheless, women and men in African American communities discussed the issue of women's voting rights. The St. Luke Herald, of which Richmond banker Maggie Walker was managing editor, kept the issue before its readers. She also spoke about the necessity of having the ballot to force those in power to respond to the concerns of African American women. Walker belonged to the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, which supported votes for women. Portsmouth community activist Josephine Norcom was the federation's delegate to the 1916 convention of the National Association of Colored Women and served on its Resolutions Committee, which endorsed the federal suffrage amendment.
Still, when women won the vote in 1920, African American women in Virginia actively participated in registration efforts. Black leaders in Richmond organized registration drives and how-to-register meetings. Maggie Walker visited City Hall to demand that more officials be employed to speed up the registration process and reduce the time women spent standing in line. And African American community organizer Ora Brown Stokes petitioned the registrar of voters, without success, to appoint Black deputies to assist in registering the large numbers of African American women anxious to vote.
By the time the books closed for the 1920 elections, 2,410 Black women had registered in Richmond (10,645 white women had registered). They still found themselves excluded from the all-white Virginia League of Women Voters—the league's president, Adèle Clark, later recalled with regret that the organization "never had the nerve" to enroll Black women—and formed their own Virginia Negro Women's League of Voters. By the end of 1920, several thousand Black women had registered to vote and their voices began to be heard in Virginia.
After the Fight
Time Line
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July 1848 - The first women's rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York, to argue for women's right to vote.
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1870 - Anna Whitehead Bodeker organizes the first Virginia State Woman Suffrage Association and serves as president.
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November 1871 - Anna Whitehead Bodeker tries unsuccessfully to vote in a Virginia municipal election.
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1893 - Orra Gray Langhorne, of Lynchburg, organizes the short-lived Virginia Suffrage Society.
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November 27, 1909 - A group of women, including Kate Waller Barrett, Kate Langley Bosher, Adèle Clark, Ellen Glasgow, Nora Houston, Mary Johnston, Lila Meade Valentine, and Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith, found the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia.
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February 1910 - The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia joins the National American Woman Suffrage Organization.
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1912 - Lila Meade Valentine persuades a group of Richmond businessmen to form the Men's Equal Suffrage League of Virginia.
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1912 - Anti-suffragists in Virginia organize a counter organization to refute the arguments of suffragists.
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1912 - The General Assembly defeats a bill that would give women the right to vote.
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1914 - The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia begins publishing a monthly newspaper called the Virginia Suffrage News.
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1914 - The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia has forty-five local chapters.
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June 10, 1915 - The Virginia branch of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage is organized in Richmond.
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1916 - The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia has 115 local chapters.
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1919 - Membership in the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia reaches 32,000, making it most likely the largest state association in the South.
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June 4, 1919 - The U.S. Congress passes the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment guarantees women the right to vote.
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1920 - State archivist Morgan P. Robinson registers women to vote.
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1920 - The newly founded Virginia League of Women Voters begins to sponsor registration drives and voter education programs.
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1920 - Charlotte Woodward, at age nintey-one, becomes the only surviving member of the Seneca Fall meeting to legally vote under the Nineteenth Amendment.
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1920 - Mary-Cooke Branch Munford is appointed to the Democratic National Committee.
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February 12, 1920 - The General Assembly votes not to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees women the right to vote.
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August 18, 1920 - Tennessee becomes the thirty-sixth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, completing the ratification process.
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September 1920 - The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia disbands. The Virgina League of Women Voters is organized as its successor.
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October 1920 - Thirteen thousand Richmond women, 10,645 white and 2,410 black, register to vote.
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November 6, 1923 - Sarah Lee Fain, of Norfolk, and Helen Timmons Henderson, of Buchanan County, become the first women elected to the General Assembly.
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1924 - Kate Waller Barrett of Alexandria serves as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention.
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February 21, 1952 - The General Assembly ratifies the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, thirty-two years after it became law.
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November 1953 - Kathryn H. Stone becomes the first woman elected to the General Assembly since 1931.
References
Further Reading
External Links
- By Popular Demand: "Votes for Women" Suffrage Pictures, 1850–1920, Library of Congress American Memory
- Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party, Library of Congress American Memory
- Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks, 1897–1911, Library of Congress American Memory
- Library of Virginia Working Out Her Destiny online exhibition
- We Demand: Women’s Suffrage in Virginia
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First published: February 8, 2008 | Last modified: July 29, 2020