Appellant Questions and AnswersIntroduction As a Federal employee, you have an obligation to do your job efficiently, honestly and courteously. The Federal Government, as your employer, has an obligation to maintain a personnel system that balances the interests of its employees, the agencies that employ them, and the public they serve. In order to meet its obligation, the Government must sometimes take personnel actions that adversely affect employees. When it does so, it must ensure that those employees are protected from unfair or arbitrary treatment. Under the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA), most Federal employees may appeal various personnel actions affecting them to the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB or Board). This publication provides general information about your rights when such actions are taken against you and discusses the Board's appeals process. The discussion applies to typical proceedings before the Board and is not all-inclusive, nor is the information regulatory in nature. Specific appealable actions are governed by the pertinent statutes, regulations, and case law. Some laws have specific requirements for handling appeals that differ from those described in this publication. See question #27. 1. What is the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board? The Merit Systems Protection Board is an independent, quasi-judicial agency in the Executive branch of the Federal Government that serves as the guardian of Federal merit systems. The Board is composed of three members who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. They serve overlapping, non-renewable 7-year terms. The Board is bipartisan. No more than two of its three members may be from the same political party. 2. Where is the Board located? The Board's headquarters is in Washington, DC. It has regional and field offices in major cities. The Board's regional and field offices and the geographic areas they serve are listed on the MSPB Web site at www.mspb.gov. 3. How can I get information about the Board and the appeals process? Information about the Board is available on the MSPB Web site at www.mspb.gov. You can send email to the Board at mspb@mspb.gov, or telephone, toll free, and leave a message at 1-800-209-8960. 4. Does the Board hear all types of Federal employee appeals? No. The CSRA authorized the Board to hear appeals of various agency actions, including appeals previously heard by the Civil Service Commission and appeals arising from new causes of action created by the CSRA. Certain other actions may be appealed to the Board under regulations of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Since a principal purpose of the CSRA was to streamline Federal personnel management, Congress did not make all personnel actions appealable to the Board. 5. What kinds of actions may be appealed to the Board? Under the CSRA, the majority of the cases are appeals of agency adverse actions--removals, suspensions of more than 14 days, reductions in grade or pay, and furloughs of 30 days or less. Other types of actions that may be appealed to the Board include: performance-based removals or reductions in grade, denials of within-grade salary increases, reduction-in-force actions, OPM suitability determinations, OPM employment practices, OPM determinations in retirement matters, denials of restoration or reemployment rights, and terminations of probationary employees under certain circumstances. See question #27 for descriptions of other statutes that provide for appeals to the Board. 6. What can I do if I am affected by a personnel action that is not appealable to the Board?
No. The employees and others (e.g., applicants for employment, annuitants in retirement cases) who may appeal specific actions to the Board vary in accordance with the law and regulations governing those actions. In some cases, classes of employees, such as political appointees, are excluded. Employees of specific agencies are excluded with respect to certain actions. 8. Who may appeal an adverse action to the Board? Employees who may appeal adverse actions are:
9. Do agencies have to advise employees of their right to appeal personnel actions to the Board? When an agency takes an appealable action against an employee, the agency must provide the employee with: (1) a notice of the time limits for appealing to the Board, (2) the address of the appropriate Board regional or field office for filing the appeal, (3) a copy or access to a copy of the Board's regulations, (4) a copy of the Board's appeal form, and (5) a notice of any rights concerning the agency or a negotiated grievance procedure. You may not be advised of other potential rights. See question #27 for a description of other statutes that may apply. 10. Does the Board hear appeals from employees who are covered by a negotiated grievance procedure? If an employee is a member of a bargaining unit that is represented by a union or an association, the bargaining agreement may have a negotiated grievance procedure available to the employee. Many times, the grievance procedure will cover personnel actions that by law may otherwise be appealed to the Board. If a bargaining unit employee is covered by such a "broad scope" grievance procedure, then the employee has a choice between filing either a grievance with the agency or an appeal with the Board, but may not do both. (Under the terms of some union contracts, Postal Service employees may be able to pursue a grievance under the negotiated grievance procedure and also file an appeal with the Board.) 11. Does the Board hear complaints of discrimination in connection with personnel actions? Generally, yes, if the personnel action can be appealed. See question 5. If an employee alleges discrimination in connection with most actions that are otherwise appealable to the Board, the Board has jurisdiction over the matter. Discrimination allegations that do not involve actions within the Board's jurisdiction may be pursued through the employing agency and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 12. How do I file an appeal with the Board?
Although an appeal may be in any format, it must be in writing and contain all of the information specified in the Board's regulations. An appeal must be signed by you or your representative, if you have designated one. 14. Do I have any recourse if I miss the deadline for filing an appeal? Yes, but if you file an appeal after the deadline for filing, you must show a good reason for the delay and include supporting evidence. The administrative judge will provide an opportunity for you to show why your appeal should be accepted even though you filed late. 15. May the agency respond to my appeal? An agency has the right to respond to an appeal but must do so within 20 calendar days of the date of the Board's order acknowledging receipt of the appeal. If a response is not submitted within the time limit, and the agency does not show good cause for an extension, the case will proceed and may be decided on the basis of the available information. 16. Who can represent me in an appeal before the Board, if I choose to have a representative? You can choose any person to represent you as long as that person is willing and able to serve. You can also represent yourself. Typical representatives include private attorneys, union attorneys, and other union representatives. The agency may challenge your representative on the basis of conflict of interest or conflict of position. If your representative is disqualified, you will be given a reasonable time to obtain another representative. 17. Who decides my appeal? When a Board regional or field office receives an appeal, the case is assigned to an administrative judge in that office. The administrative judge will issue a decision after considering all of the relevant evidence in the case. 18. Are hearings held on all appeals? Once it is established that your appeal was timely filed and that the Board has jurisdiction, you have a right to a hearing on the merits of your case: You may present evidence, including the testimony of witnesses, at the hearing. However, you may waive the right to a hearing and choose instead to have the appeal decided on the basis of the written record, which will include all pleadings, documents and other materials filed in the proceeding. Sometimes hearings are conducted by telephone or video conferencing rather than in person. 19. Who has the burden of proof in appeals proceedings? The Agency: The agency has the burden of proving that it was justified in taking the action. If the agency meets its burden of proof, the Board must decide in favor of the agency, unless you show that there was "harmful error' in the agency's procedures, that the agency decision was based on a prohibited personnel practice, or that the decision was not in accordance with the law. The Appellant: You have the burden of proving that your appeal is within the Board's jurisdiction and that it was timely filed. You also have the burden of proving any "affirmative defenses" that you raise, for example, discrimination or reprisal for whistleblowing. You also have the burden of proof in retirement cases. 20. Is the decision issued by the administrative judge final? The initial decision of the Administrative Judge will become the final decision of the Board 35 days after the date of the decision unless a party files a petition for review with the 3-member Board in Washington. A petition for review by the MSPB must be filed within 35 days after the date the initial decision is issued or within 30 days after the date you receive the initial decision, whichever is later. 21. How does the Board decide whether to grant a petition for review? The Board may grant a petition for review when it is established that there is new significant evidence that was not available when the record was closed, or that the Administrative Judge's decision is based on an erroneous interpretation of law or regulation. The Board's decision on a petition for review constitutes final administrative action. 22. If the initial decision is in my favor, and the agency (or another party) files a petition for review, do I have to wait for relief until the Board issues a decision? If you are the prevailing party, the agency will grant you any relief provided in the initial decision pending the outcome of any petition for review. However, "interim relief' will not be granted if the Administrative Judge determines that it is not appropriate. If the decision requires your return to your workplace, the agency does not have to take this action if it determines that such a return would be unduly disruptive. However, it still has to restore you to pay and benefits status. The granting of interim relief does not require the payment of back pay or attorney fees. 23. What actions may administrative judges take on appeals? The initial decision of the Administrative Judge may dismiss the appeal if the matter is not within the Board's jurisdiction or if the appeal was not filed within the required time limit and good cause for the untimely filing is not shown. Appeals that are not dismissed may be settled voluntarily by the parties. If the parties wish to have the settlement agreement enforceable by the Board, they must ask the Administrative Judge to enter the agreement into the record. In appeals that are decided on the merits (not dismissed or settled), the decision of the Administrative Judge may affirm the agency's action, reverse the action, or--in certain cases--mitigate (modify) the penalty imposed by the agency. 24. What actions may the Board take on petitions for review? The Board may dismiss a petition if it determines that the matter is not within the Board's jurisdiction or if the petition was not filed within the required time limit and good cause for the untimely filing is not shown. The Board may deny a petition if it does not meet the criteria for review. See question #21 above. If the Board grants a petition, its final decision may affirm or reverse the initial decision of the administrative judge, in whole or in part. The Board may also modify the decision of the Administrative Judge, vacate it, or remand (send back) the case to the administrative judge for further processing. 25. What can I do if I am dissatisfied with the final decision of the Board? You can request court review. Once an initial decision of an Administrative Judge has become final, or the Board has issued a final decision on a petition for review, you can seek review of the final decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The court must receive your request for review within 60 days of your receipt of the Board's final decision. The court normally will not waive this time limit and filings that do not meet the deadline will be dismissed. In cases involving allegations of discrimination, you may seek review of the final Board decision by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) or you may file a civil action in an appropriate U.S. district court within 30 days of your receipt of the decision. 26. What happens if I appeal a case involving an allegation of discrimination to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission? In a case appealable to the Board that involves an allegation of discrimination (a "mixed case"), you may ask the EEOC to review the Board's final decision on the discrimination issue. If the EEOC disagrees with the Board's decision on the discrimination issue, the case is returned to the Board. If the Board does not adopt the EEOC decision, then the case is referred to a Special Panel made up of a Chairman appointed by the President, one member of the Board, and one EEOC commissioner. The Special Panel issues the final decision in the case, which then may be appealed to an appropriate U.S. district court. 27. Do the procedures described in this publication apply to all appeals to MSPB? Some laws that authorize appeals to MSPB include procedural requirements that differ from the general procedures described in this publication. Such laws may require that you first exhaust the procedures of another agency before filing with MSPB, and the time limits for filing differ from those discussed in this publication. Also, because the basis for an appeal to MSPB is an alleged violation of one of these laws, you cannot expect your agency to advise you of an alleged violation and a right to appeal to MSPB. Laws with different procedural requirements include the following:
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