• Routine HIV Testing in Medical Settings
• Rapid HIV Testing in Non-Clinical Settings
• Routine HIV Testing of Inmates in Correctional Facilities
• HIV Partner Counseling and Referral Services
• Prevention Interventions with Persons Living with HIV
• Prevention in Medical Care Settings
• Achieving Universal HIV Testing of Pregnant Women

Routine HIV Testing in Medical Settings

Links to the full text of articles, abstracts, or journal Web sites that contain information useful in implementing selected interventions under the Advancing HIV Prevention initiative.

• Anonymous or confidential HIV counseling and voluntary testing in federally funded testing sites – United States, 1995-1997. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 1999;48(24):509-13. View Full Text
• Awkward moments in patient-physician communication about HIV risk. Epstein RM, Morse DS, Frankel RM, Frarey L, Anderson K, Beckman HB. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998;128(6):435-442. View Journal
• Emergency department-based HIV screening and counseling: experience with rapid and standard serologic testing. Kelen GD, Shahan JB, Quinn TC. Ann Emerg Med1999;33:147-155. View Abstract
• Factors associated with unrecognized HIV-1 infection in an inner-city emergency department. Alpert PL, Shuter J, DeShaw MG, Webber MP, Klein RS. Ann Emerg Med 1996;28:159-164. View Abstract
• HIV testing within at-risk populations in the United States and the reasons for seeking or avoiding H IV testing.Kellerman SE, Lehman JS, Lansky A, Stevens MR, Hecht FM, Bindman AB, Wortley PM. JAIDS 2002;31(2):202-10. View Abstract
• “I don’t know when it might pop up”: Understanding repeat HIV testing and perceptions of HIV among drug users. Vernon KA, Mulia N, Downing M, Knight K, Riess T. Journal of Substance Abuse 2001;13:215-27. View Abstract
• Identifying undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus: The yield of routine, voluntary inpatient testing. Walensky RP, Losina E, Steger-Craven KA, Freedberg KA. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:887-892. View Abstract
• Late versus early testing of HIV–16 Sites, United States, 2000-2003. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2003;52(25):581-6. View Full Text
• Principles and practice of screening for disease. Wilson JM, Junger CT. World Health Organization Public Health Paper 34;1968. View Full Text
• Recommendations for HIV testing services for inpatients and outpatients in acute-care hospital settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 1993;42(RR-2): 1-6. View Full Text
• Reducing the odds: Preventing perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. View Full Text
• Review of medical encounters in the 5 years before a diagnosis of HIV-1 infection: Implications for early detection. Klein D, Hurley LB, Merrill D, Quesenberry Jr. CP. JAIDS 2003;32:143-152. View Journal
• Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2001;50(RR-19):1-58. View Full Text
• Risk assessment to improve targeting of HIV counseling and testing services for STD clinic patients. Chen Z, Branson B, Ballenger A, Peterman TA. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:539-543. View Journal
• Routinely recommended HIV testing at an urban urgent-care clinic – Atlanta, Georgia, 2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2001;50(25):538-541. View Full Text
• The acceptability of voluntary HIV antibody testing in the United States: A decade of lessons learned. Irwin KL, Valdiserri RO, Holmberg SD. AIDS 1996;10(14):1707-17. View Journal
• Think HIV: Why physicians should lower their threshold for HIV testing. Freedberg KA, Samet JH. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1994-2000. View Table of Contents

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Rapid HIV Testing in Non-Clinical Settings

• An evaluation of California’s neighborhood interventions geared to high-risk testing (NIGHT) outreach program. Rasmussen H, Chen M, Myrick R, Truax S. In: Program and abstracts of the XIV International Conference on AIDS; July 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract ThOrD1401. View Web Site
• Conducting HIV counseling, testing and referral within the context of rapid assessment, response and evaluation in crisis response team cities. Dean HD, Gates CH. In: Program and abstracts of the XIV International Conference on AIDS; July 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract MoPeF3980. View Web Site
• HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men. Valleroy LA, MacKellar DA, Karon JM, et al. JAMA 2000;284:198-204. View Abstract
• HIV seropositivity rates in outreach-based counseling and testing services: program evaluation. DiFrancesco W, Holtgrave DR, Hoxie N, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998;19:282-288. View Abstract
• Overcoming barriers to HIV testing: preferences for new strategies among clients of a needle exchange, a sexually transmitted disease clinic, and sex venues for men who have sex with men. Spielberg F, Branson BM, Goldbaum GM, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;32:318-328. View Abstract
• Predictors of failure to return for HIV test result and counseling by test site type. Molitor F, Bell RA, Truax SR, et al. AIDS Educ Prev 1999;11:1-13. View Journal
• Rapid HIV testing in urban outreach: a strategy for improving posttest counseling rates. Keenan PA, Keenan JM. AIDS Educ Prev 2001;13:541-550. View Journal
• The acceptability of oral fluid testing for HIV antibodies: a pilot study in gay bars in a predominantly rural state. Sy FS, Rhodes SD, Choi ST, et al. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:211-215. View Journal
• Use of low complexity oral fluid HIV-tests in CDC-funded facilities. Greby S, Frey B, Royalty J, et al. In: Program and abstracts of the XIV International Conference on AIDS; July 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract TuPeD4991. View Web Site

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Routine HIV Testing of Inmates in Correctional Facilities

• 1996-1997 update: HIV/AIDS, STDs, and TB in correctional facilities. Hammett TM, Harmon P, Maruschak LM. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. July 1999. View Full Text
• HIV in prisons and jails, 1999. Maruschak L. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice 2001;1-11. View Full Text
• HIV prevention in prisons and jails: Obstacles and opportunities. Polonsky S, Kerr S, Harris B, Gaiter J, Fichtner RR, Kennedy MG. Public Health Reports 1994;109(5):615-625. View journal
• Human immunodeficiency virus in correctional facilities: A review. Spaulding A, Stephenson B, Macalino G, Ruby W, Clarke JG, Flanigan TP. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002;35:305-312. View Full Text
• Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2001. Beck A, Karberg J, Harrison P. Bureau of Justice statistics bulletin. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs 2002;1-16. View Full Text
• Prisoners in 2001. Harrison P, Beck A. Bureau of Justice statistics bulletin, U.S. Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs 2002;1-16. View Full Text
• Randomized controlled trial of HIV counseling with rapid and standard HIV tests (RESPECT-2). Metcalf CA, Cross H, Dillon BA, et al. XIV International AIDS Conference: Barcelona, Spain. July 7-12, 2002. Abstract MoOrD1019. View Web Site
• Successful linkage of medical care and community services for HIV-positive offenders being released from prison. Rich JD, Holmes L, Salas C, et al. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2001;78(2):279-289. View Abstract
• The burden of infectious disease among inmates of and releasees from U.S. correctional facilities, 1997. Hammett TM, Harmon P, Rhodes W. Am J Public Health 2002;92(11):1789-1794. View Abstract
• The importance of routine HIV testing in the incarcerated population: The Rhode Island experience. Desai AA, Latta TE, Spaulding A, Rich JD, Flanigan TP. AIDS Education and Prevention 2002;14 (Supplement B):45-52. View Abstract
• When prisoners return to the community: Political, economic, and social consequences. Petersilia J. Sentencing & Corrections. Issues for the 21st Century. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice 2000;No. 9. View Full Text

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HIV Partner Counseling and Referral Services

• Changes in partnerships and HIV risk behavior after partner notification. Hoxworth T, Spencer N, Peterman TA, Craig T, Johnson S, Maher JE. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30(1):83-8. View Abstract
• Cost-effectiveness of counseling and testing and partner notification: a decision analysis. Varghese B, Peterman TA, Holtgrave DR. AIDS 1999;13:1745-1751. View Abstract
• Efficacy of partner notification for HIV infection. Giesecke J, Ramstedt K, Granath F, Ripa T, Rado G, Westrell M. Lancet 1991;338:1096-100. View Journal
• HIV infection and AIDS in the public health and health care systems: the role of law and litigation. Gostin LO, Webber DW. JAMA 1998;279:1108-13. View Abstract
• HIV partner notification: A neglected prevention intervention [editorial]. Golden MR. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:472-475. View Full Text
• HIV partner notification: Taking a new look. Fenton K, Peterman TA. AIDS 1997;11:1535-1546. View Journal
• Human immunodeficiency virus counseling, testing, referral, and partner notification services. A cost-benefit analysis. Holtgrave DR, Valdiserri RO, Gerber AR, Hinman AR. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1225-1230. View Abstract
• Human immunodeficiency virus partner notification: cost and effectiveness data from an attempted randomized controlled trial. Toomey KE, Peterman TA, Dicker LW, et al. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:310-316. View Journal
• Intention to notify sexual partners about HIV exposure among New York City STD clinics’ clients. Carballo-Diéguez A, Remien RH, Benson DA, et al. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:465-471. View Journal
• Partner acceptance of health department notification of HIV exposure, South Carolina. Jones JL, Wykoff RF, Hollis SL, et al. JAMA 1990;264:1284-1286. View Abstract
• Partner notification for HIV and STD in the United States: low coverage for gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and HIV. Golden MR, Hogben M, Handsfield HH, et al. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:490-496. View Journal
• Partner notification for HIV and syphilis: effects on sexual behaviors and relationship stability. Kissinger PJ, Niccolai LM, Mangus M, et al. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30(1):75-82. View Journal
• Partner notification for HIV prevention: A critical reexamination. West GR, Stark KA. AIDS Education and Prevention: HIV Counseling and Testing. 1997;9(Suppl. B):68-78. View Journal
• Partner notification in the United States: An evidence-based review. Macke BA, Maher JE. Am J Prev Med 1999;17:230-242. View Abstract
• Partner violence, partner notification, and women’s decisions to have an HIV test. Maher JE, Peterson J, Hastings K, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;25:276-82.View Journal
• Patient referral outcome in gonorrhea and chlamydial infections. van Duynhoven YT, Schop WA, van der Meijden WI, van de Laar MJ. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:323-330.View Abstract
• Relative contribution of HIV-positive persons aware and unaware of their serostatus to sexual HIV exposure in the United States: Findings from a meta-analytic review. Marks GS, Senterfitt W, Crepaz N. In press
• Results of a randomized trial of partner notification in cases of HIV infection in North Carolina. Landis SE, Schoenbach VJ, Weber DJ, et al. New Engl J Med 1992;326:101-106. View Abstract
• Self-disclosure of HIV infection to sexual partners after repeated counseling. Perry SW, Card CA, Moffatt M, et al. AIDS Educ Prev 1994;6:403-11. View Journal
• Support among persons infected with HIV for routine health department contact for HIV partner notification. Golden MR, Hopkins SG, Morris M, Holmes KK, Handsfield HH. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;32:196-202. View Journal
• The risk of domestic violence and women with HIV infection: implications for partner notification, public policy, and the law. Rothenberg KH, Paskey SJ. Am J Public Health 1995;85(11):1569-76. View Abstract

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Prevention Interventions with Persons Living with HIV

• A brief history of the Ryan White CARE Act in the USA and its implications for other countries. Parham D, Conviser R. AIDS Care 2002;14(suppl 1):S3- S6. View Journal
• A randomized clinical trial of a manual- guided risk reduction intervention for HIV-Positive injection drug users. Margolin A, Avants SK, Warburton LA, Hawkins A, Shi J. Health Psychology 2003;22(2):223-8. View Journal
• Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic–United States, 2003. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2003;52(15):329-332. View Full Text
• An intervention for parents with AIDS and their adolescent children. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Lee MB, Gwadz M, Draimin B. American Journal of Public Health 2001;91:1294-1302. Available at View Full Text
• Assessment of the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural group psychotherapy programme for HIV- infected patients referred to a consultation- liaison psychiatry department. Blanch J, Rousaud A, Hautzinger M, Martinez E, Peri J, Andres S, Cirera E, Gatell J, Gasto C. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2002;71:77-84. View Journal
• Case management for substance abusers with HIV/AIDS: A randomized controlled trial. Sorensen JL, Dilley J, London J, Okin RL, Delucchi KL , Phibbs CS. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2003;29:133-150. View Abstract
• Cognitive behavioral interventions improve quality of life in women with AIDS. Lechner SC, Antoni M H, Lydston D, LaPerriere A, Ishii M, Devieux J, Stanley H, Ironson G, Schneiderman N, Brondolo E, Tobin JN, Weiss S. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2003;54:253-261. View Full Text
• Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce HIV transmission risks in HIV-Positive people. Kalichman SC, Rompa D, Cage M, DiFonzo K, Simpson D, Austin J, Buckles J, Kyomugisha F, Benotsch E, Pinkerton S, Graham J. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;21(2):84-92. View Full Text
• Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions in reducing emotional distress after human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing. Perry S, Fishman B, Jacobsberg L, Young J, Frances. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991;48:143-147. View Abstract
• Efficacy of a preventive intervention for youths living with HIV. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Lee MB, Murphy DA, Futterman D, Duan N, Birnbaum JM, Lightfoot M. American Journal of Public Health 2001;91:400-405. View Full Text
• HIV prevention case management: Current practice and future directions. Purcell DW, DeGroff AS, Wolitski R J. Health & Social Work 1998;23:282-9. View Journal
• Improving the quality of life among young people living with HIV. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Murphy DA, Wight RG, Lee MB, Lightfoot M, Swendeman D, Birnbaum JM, Wright W. Evaluation and Program Planning 2001;24(2):227-237. View Full Text
• Initial results of the Antiretroviral Treatment Access Studies (ARTAS): Efficacy of the case management trial. Gardner L, Metsch L, Loughlin A, Mahoney P, Del Rio C, Strathdee S, Gaul Z, Greenberg AE, Holmberg S, for the ARTAS Study Group Presentation at the 2003 National HIV Prevention Conference; July 2003; Atlanta, GA. View Abstract
• Long-term effectiveness of a peer-based intervention to promote condom and contraceptive use among HIV-positive and at-risk women. Fogarty LA, Heilig CM, Armstrong K, Cabral R, Galavotti C, Gielen AC, Green BM. Public Health Reports 2001;116:103-119. View Journal
• Maintenance of safer sexual behaviors: Evaluation of a theory-based intervention for HIV seropositive men with hemophilia and their female partners. Parsons JT, Huszti HC, Crudder SO, Rich L, Mendoza J. Hemophilia 2000;6:181-190. View Abstract
• Outcome of cognitive-behavioral and support group brief therapies for depressed, HIV-infected persons. Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Bahr G R, Kalichman SC, Morgan MG, Stevenson Y, Koob JJ, Brasfield TL, Bernstein BM. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993;150:1679-1686. View Full Text
• Reducing postrelease risk behavior among HIV seropositive prison inmates: The health promotion program. Grinstead O, Zack B, Faigeles B. AIDS Education and Prevention 2001;13(2):109-119. View Abstract
• Reducing sexual transmission of HIV from those who know they are infected: The need for personal and collective responsibility. Marks G, Burris S, Peterman TA. AIDS 1999;13:297-306. View Abstract
• Reducing the sexual risk behaviors of HIV+ individuals: Outcome of a randomized controlled trial. Patterson TL, Shaw WS, Semple SJ. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2003;25:137-145. View Abstract
• Stress reduction training changed number of sexual partners but not immune function in men with HIV. Coates TJ, McKusick L, Kuno R, Stites DP. American Journal of Public Health 1989;79:885-887. View Abstract
• The University of Minnesota Youth and AIDS Projects' Adolescent Early Intervention Program: A model to link HIV-seropositive youth with care. Journal of Adolescent Health 1998;23(2):115-121. View Full Text
• Towards an understanding of sexual risk behavior in people living with HIV: a review of social, psychological, and medical findings. Crepaz N, Marks G. AIDS 2002;16:135-149. View journal
• Update: AIDS—United States, 2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2002;51(27):592-5. View Full Text

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Prevention in Medical Care Settings

• A randomized clinical trial of a manual- guided risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive injection drug users. Margolis AM, Avants SK, Warburton LA, Hawkins KA, Shi J. Health Psychology 2003; 22:223-8. View Journal
• Confidential HIV testing and condom promotion in Africa: Impact on HIV and gonorrhea rates. Allen S, Serufilira A, Bogaerts J, Van de Perre P, Nsengumuremyi F, Lindan C, Carael M, Wolf W, Coates T, Hulley S. JAMA 1992;268:3338-43. View Abstract
• Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: A review. Sorensen JL, Copeland AL. Drug and Alcohol Dependency 2000; 59:17-31. View Full Text
• Effect of brief provider safer-sex counseling of HIV-1 positive patients: A multi-clinic assessment. Richardson JL, Milam J, McCutchan A, Stoyanoff S, Bolan R, Weiss J, Kemper C, Larsen RA, Hollander H, Weismuller P, Marks G. Under review.
• Effect of physician specialty on counseling practices and medical referral pattern among physicians caring for disadvantaged human immunodeficiency virus- infected populations. Duffas WA, Barragan L, Metsch CS, et.al. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003;36:1577-84. View Journal
• Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce HIV transmission risks in HIV-positive people. Kalichman SC, Rompa D, Cage M, DiFonzo K, Simpson D, Austin J, Luke W, Buckles J, Kyomugisha F, Benotsch E, Pinkerton S, Graham J. Am J Prev Med 2001;21:84-94. View Full Text
• Effectiveness of methadone treatment in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users [editorial review]. Gibson DR, Flynn NM, McCarthy JJ. AIDS 1999;13:1807-18. View Abstract
• Guidelines for national human immunodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 1999;48(RR-13):1-29. View Full Text
• HIV prevalence and associated risk in young men who have sex with men. Valleroy LA, MacKellar DA, Karon JM, Rosen DH, McFarland W, Shehan DA, Stoyanoff SR, LaLota M, Celentano DD, Koblin BA, Thiede H, Katz MH, Torian LV, Janssen RS. JAMA 2000;284:198-204. View Abstract
• HIV prevention case management guidance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources, September 1997. View Full Text
• HIV prevention through early detection and treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases – United States recommendations of the Advisory Committee for HIV and STD prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 1998;47(RR-12):1-24. View Full Text
• No time to lose: Getting more from HIV prevention. Institute of Medicine/Committee on HIV Prevention Strategies in the United States. Ruiz MS, Gable AR, Kaplan EH, Stoto MA, Fineberg HV, Trussell J, editors. 2001. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. View full text
• Resurgent bacterial sexually transmitted disease among men who have sex with men — King County, Washington, 1997 – 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 1999;48(35):773-7. View Full Text
• Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2002;51(No. RR-6):1-82. View Full Text
• The clinical manifestations and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men. Collis TK, Celum CL. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:611-22. View full text
• The serostatus approach to fighting the HIV epidemic: Prevention strategies for infected individuals. Janssen RS, Holtgrave DR, Valdiserri RO, Shepherd M, Gayle HD. Am J Public Health 2001;91(7):1019-24. View Full Text
• Towards an understanding of sexual risk behavior in people living with HIV: A review of social, psychological, and medical findings. Crepaz N, Marks G. AIDS 2002;16:135-49. View Abstract

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Achieving Universal HIV Testing of Pregnant Women

• Abbreviated regimen of zidovudine prophylaxis and perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. Wade NA, Birkhead GS, Warren BL et al. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1409-1414. View Abstract
• Dear Colleague letter. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 22, 2003. View full text
• Evaluation of a new testing policy for human immunodeficiency virus to improve screening rates. Stringer EM, Stringer JS, Cliver SP, Goldenberg RL, Goepfert AR. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001;98(6):1104-1108. View Journal
• HIV testing among pregnant women – United States and Canada, 1998-2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2003;51(45):1013-1016. View Full Text
• Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. Lancet 1999;354:795-802. View Journal
• Rapid point-of-care testing for HIV-1 in labor and delivery: Chicago, 2002. Cohen M et al. In preparation for MMWR.
• Reduction of maternal- infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1173-1180. View Abstract
• Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2001;50(RR 19):50-86. View Full Text
• Two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: A randomized trial. Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gelber RD, et al. JAMA 2002;288:189-198. View Abstract

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