Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States
Appendix A: Supplement: Safety and Toxicity of Individual Antiretroviral Agents in Pregnancy
Entry Inhibitors
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Glossary of Terms for Supplement
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Carcinogenic = producing or tending to produce cancer
- Some agents, such as certain chemicals or forms of radiation, are both mutagenic and clastogenic.
- Genetic mutations and/or chromosomal damage can contribute to cancer formation.
Clastogenic = causing disruption of or breakages in chromosomes
Genotoxic = damaging to genetic material such as DNA and chromosomes
Mutagenic = inducing or capable of inducing genetic mutation
Teratogenic = interfering with fetal development and resulting in birth defects
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Two drugs have been approved in this new class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs aimed at inhibiting viral binding or fusion of HIV to host target cells. Binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp)120 to the CD4 receptor induces conformational changes that enable gp120 to interact with a chemokine receptor such as CCR5 or CXCR4 on the host cell; binding of gp120 to the coreceptor causes subsequent conformational changes in the viral transmembrane gp41, exposing the “fusion peptide” of gp41, which inserts into the cell membrane. A helical region of gp41, called HR1, then interacts with a similar helical region, HR2, on gp41, resulting in a “zipping” together of the two helices and mediating the fusion of cellular and viral membranes. Enfuvirtide, which requires subcutaneous (SQ) administration, is a synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide derived from a naturally occurring motif within the HR2 domain of viral gp41, and the drug binds to the HR1 region, preventing the HR1-HR2 interaction and correct folding of gp41 into its secondary structure, thereby inhibiting virus-cell fusion. Enfuvirtide was approved for use in combination with other ARV drugs to treat advanced HIV infection in adults and children 6 years of age or older. Maraviroc interferes with viral entry at the chemokine coreceptor level; it is a CCR5 coreceptor antagonist approved for combination therapy for HIV infection in adults infected with CCR5-tropic virus.
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon, T-20)
Maraviroc (Selzentry, MVC)